Extrachromosomal bacterium plasmids. Medical search. Frequent questions

Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 to a few hundred kilobase (kb) segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Plasmids are fragments of double-stranded DNA that typically carry genes and can replicate independently from chromosomal DNA. (addgene.org)
They contain extrachromosomal DNA called plasmid, which can replicate independently. (motelmexicolabali.com)
Much like a Tweet gone viral, plasmids replicate independently of chromosomes and often contain genes that benefit the host for survival, such as antibiotic resistance. (zymoresearch.de)

Some bacteria have extrachromosomal DNA molecules that are called Plasmids. (rajusbiology.com)
The bacterial cytoplasm has extrachromosomal self replicating autonomous circular DNA molecules known as Plasmids. (gkchronicle.com)
Prokaryotic organisms normally contain small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules called plasmids that can serve as vectors. (pharmacy180.com)
Plasmids are extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and other organisms, that differ significantly from genomic DNA in both form and function. (keydifference.info)
Plasmids are circular DNA molecules most frequently found in bacteria but sometimes in other organisms as well. (keydifference.info)
Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that are distinct from the chromosomal DNA of the host cell. (stemcelldaily.com)
Plasmids are extrachromosomal, self-replicating, usually circular, double-stranded DNA molecules, found naturally in many bacteria and also in some yeast. (cbsetuts.com)
The plasmid molecules may be present in 1 or 2 copies or in multiple copies (500-700) inside the host organism. (cbsetuts.com)
Origin and evolution of plasmids: Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotic organisms, such as yeast. (theinternet.io)
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. (lookformedical.com)
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells. (lookformedical.com)

Plasmids are extra-chromosomal mobile genetic elements able to transfer between bacteria through conjugation 1 . (nature.com)
Like the bacterial chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA is replicated upon cell division, and each daughter cell receives at least one copy of the plasmid. (addgene.org)
Plasmids are also known as extra-chromosomal elements or genetic tools. (stemcelldaily.com)
Plasmids are also known as sex factors , conjugants , extra chromosomal replicons , or transfer factors . (stemcelldaily.com)
However, it can be difficult to identify plasmid sequences from chromosomal sequences in genomic and metagenomic data. (iit.edu)
Plasmids are physically different from chromosomal DNA. (excedr.com)
An illustrative diagram of bacteria showing bacterial chromosomal DNA and Plasmids. (excedr.com)

Virulence plasmids contain the genetic elements necessary for bacteria to become pathogenic. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the circular chromosome, ''C. thermocellum'' also has a plasmid which is an extrachromosomal genetic element that is not essential in affecting its lifestyle. (kenyon.edu)
Escherichia coli - E. coli is the most widely used bacterium in genetic experiments. (gkchronicle.com)
Contrasting genomic DNA, plasmid DNA functions independently from it to act as its own genetic component - usually providing antibiotic resistance or enzyme production capabilities to its host. (keydifference.info)
Plasmid DNA serves as a second small DNA molecule with additional genetic data. (keydifference.info)
Plasmid DNA plays an integral part in genetic engineering and biotechnology, serving as vectors to introduce specific genes into cells for therapeutic production, gene function research studies, or to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs). (keydifference.info)
Genomic DNA is essential to human development, inheritance, and gene regulation while plasmid DNA - while not found naturally within humans - may play an essential role in antibiotic resistance as well as genetic engineering and bacterial adaptation. (keydifference.info)
The term plasmid was coined by Joshua Lederberg in 1952, who discovered that some bacteria can exchange genetic material through a process called conjugation. (stemcelldaily.com)
Plasmids have been widely used in biotechnology and genetic engineering, as they can be manipulated to introduce, modify, or delete specific genes in the host cell. (stemcelldaily.com)
Plasmids are also important tools in genetic engineering, gene therapy, and drug production. (iit.edu)
[1] In terms of genetic modification , recombinant DNA is produced through the addition of relevant DNA into an existing organismal genome , such as the plasmid of bacteria, to code for or alter different traits for a specific purpose, such as immunity. (wikidoc.org)
Our findings show how an extremely common genetic module can be used to ensure plasmid maintenance during stress-induced developmental transitions, with implications for plasmid dynamics in B. cereus s.l. bacteria. (dundee.ac.uk)
2. Extrachromosomal existence: Plasmids might have arisen from selfish genetic elements, like bacteriophages or transposons, that took on a stable extrachromosomal existence. (theinternet.io)
2. Recombination: Plasmids can undergo genetic recombination, which involves the exchange of DNA sequences between different plasmids within a single cell or between a plasmid and the host chromosome. (theinternet.io)
This process allows for the rapid spread of beneficial genes, such as antibiotic resistance, among bacterial populations and contributes to the overall genetic diversity of plasmids. (theinternet.io)
Furthermore, plasmids are also regarded as mobile genetic elements and the process of their transmission of genetic material, through conjugation, is a type of mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. (excedr.com)
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria. (lookformedical.com)
However, as an endosymbiotic bacterium, Wolbachia does not grow outside the host cell environment, and large-scale recovery of the bacteria required mass rearing of their host, preferably clones of a single individual to avoid strain genetic diversity, or amplification of cell cultures infected with a single Wolbachia strain. (bvsalud.org)
Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burg- Genetic loci are found in perfect or near-perfect association dorferi , is the most common vector-borne disease in the in B. burgdorferi in the Northeast ( 9-12 ). (cdc.gov)

The ESBLs are encoded by large plasmids that can confer the information between strains as well as different species of organisms. (vin.com)
What organisms where the recombinant DNA is introduced usually bacteria? (motelmexicolabali.com)
Most Monera are single-celled organisms, like bacteria and archaea. (rajusbiology.com)
Monera used to be a term for a group of tiny organisms called bacteria. (rajusbiology.com)
While plasmid DNA cannot be passed between organisms directly, both types play important roles in biological processes with potential implications in fields like biotechnology, genetics, and medicine. (keydifference.info)
Through this technology, it has become possible to transfer genes between distantly related organisms such as humans and bacteria or plants and bacteria. (cbsetuts.com)
Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor . (alchetron.com)
For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and Archaea were the dominant forms of life. (alchetron.com)
This process can result in the adaptation of plasmids to changing environmental conditions or host organisms. (theinternet.io)
Other organisms having virulence plasmid include Agrobacterium tumefaciens (contain Ti plasmid) and Salmonella enterica . (excedr.com)

Fertility plasmids, or f plasmids, allow for conjugation to occur whereas resistance plasmids, or r plasmids, contain genes that convey resistance to a variety of different antibiotics such as ampicillin and tetracycline. (wikipedia.org)
Incorporating our fitness results into a simple population dynamics model revealed a new set of conditions for plasmid stability in bacterial communities, with plasmid persistence increasing with bacterial diversity and becoming less dependent on conjugation. (nature.com)
Conjugation genes were identified portraying the conjugation ability amongst Pandoraea plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, we found a shared region amongst some of the plasmids that consists of conjugation genes. (frontiersin.org)
The identification of genes involved in replication, segregation, toxin-antitoxin systems and conjugation, would aid the design of drugs to prevent the survival or transmission of plasmids carrying pathogenic properties. (frontiersin.org)
Although they can be found in archaea and eukaryotes, they play the most significant biological role in bacteria where they can be passed from one bacterium to another by a type of horizontal gene transfer (conjugation), usually providing a benefit to the host, such as antibiotic resistance. (addgene.org)
These names reflect their ability to transfer from one cell to another through a process called conjugation, which involves the formation of a pilus (a thin tube-like structure) between two cells and the transfer of a copy of the plasmid. (stemcelldaily.com)
The plasmid consist of two components - the transfer factor (RTF) which is responsible for conjugation transfer, and a resistance determinant (r) for each of the several drugs. (micrordt.com)
3. Horizontal gene transfer: Plasmids can be transferred between bacteria through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. (theinternet.io)
During cell division, the plasmid in bacterial cells is copied and one plasmid is transferred to each daughter cell through a process called bacterial conjugation. (excedr.com)
For example, based on their ability to transfer genes through conjugation, they are grouped as conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids. (excedr.com)
Also known as F-plasmid, fertility plasmids contain TRA genes that help in the transfer of genes to other bacterial species through conjugation. (excedr.com)

In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids, whereas, in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
Because cDNA has no intervening sequences, it can be cloned into an expression vector for the synthesis of human proteins by bacteria or eukaryotes. (pharmacy180.com)
Plasmids are small circular DNA fragments that are found in many microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotes. (stemcelldaily.com)
3. Ancient origin: Another possibility is that plasmids have an ancient origin, predating the divergence of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (theinternet.io)

Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. (wikipedia.org)
Linear plasmids of prokaryotes are found either containing a hairpin loop or a covalently bonded protein attached to the telomeric ends of the DNA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
Actinomycetes and bacteria are two types of prokaryotes . (pediaa.com)
Bacteria are a type of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell wall is made up of murine polysaccharides. (pediaa.com)
26. The most abundant prokaryotes helpful to humans in making curd from milk and in production of antibiotics are the ones categorised as (Prelims 2012) (a) cyanobacteria (b) archaebacteria (c) chemosynthetic autotrophs (d) heterotrophic bacteria. (recruitmenttopper.com)
Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes , bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes . (alchetron.com)
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are near-ubiquitous in prokaryotes and have multiple biological roles, including plasmid stabilization during vegetative growth. (dundee.ac.uk)

Usually, small plasmids are present in high numbers and large plasmids are present in few numbers. (stemcelldaily.com)
Members of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group of bacteria often contain multiple large plasmids, including those encoding virulence factors in B. anthracis. (dundee.ac.uk)

Plasmids often carry genes that confer some advantage to the host cell, such as antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, or metabolic capabilities. (stemcelldaily.com)
Plasmids often carry genes that confer selective advantages to their host, such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to metabolize specific compounds. (theinternet.io)

Plasmids are naturally occurring extrachromosomal DNA that are most commonly found in bacteria. (zymoresearch.de)
Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA found in bacteria and are associated with the genes for antibiotic resistance which are often exchanged between bacteria and consequentially, are seen by many to embody a serious threat to global health. (lineadna.com)

Actinomycetes refer to filamentous bacteria while bacteria refer to a large group of microorganisms with a murine cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. (pediaa.com)
Actinomycetes are abundant next to bacteria while bacteria are one of the most abundant types of microorganisms. (pediaa.com)
Bacteria are a large group of microorganisms. (pediaa.com)
All cyanobacteria and bacteria are unicellular and prokaryotic microorganisms, i.e. they are not having any distinctive nucleus. (gkchronicle.com)
common noun bacteria , singular bacterium ) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms . (alchetron.com)
The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. (alchetron.com)
Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA found in microorganisms. (iit.edu)
This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria but that are not produced by microorganisms (such as gastric juices and hydrogen peroxide). (worldsbest.rehab)

Degradative plasmids that contain genes that allow bacteria to degrade a variety of substances such as aromatic compounds and xenobiotics. (wikipedia.org)
Plasmids contain genes that provide survival benefits to host cells under specific environmental conditions, including nutrient metabolic genes or stress response genes that aid the survival of host cells in certain environments. (keydifference.info)
They contain genes encoding proteins that help the bacteria to digest those compounds that are not commonly present in nature, such as xylene, camphor, toluene, and salicylic acid. (excedr.com)
Col plasmids contain genes that produce bacteriocin, helping one bacterial species to kill other bacterial species. (excedr.com)

Unlike the circular chromosome which is necessary for viability, the loss of the plasmid will not affect the bacteria's ability to reproduce. (kenyon.edu)
By the 1970s the combined discoveries of restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and gel electrophoresis allowed for the ability to move specific fragments of DNA from one context to another, such as from a chromosome to a plasmid. (addgene.org)

To address the gap of knowledge on this, the complete sequences of eight plasmids from Pandoraea spp. (frontiersin.org)
The information on plasmid sequences in Pandoraea spp. (frontiersin.org)
is useful as the sequences did not match any known plasmid sequence deposited in public databases. (frontiersin.org)
Typically plasmids contain the minimum essential DNA sequences for this purpose, which includes a DNA replication origin, an antibiotic-resistance gene, and a region in which exogenous DNA fragments can be inserted. (addgene.org)
Researchers developed a quick method for monitoring promoter activity in a mammalian cells by fusing the firefly luciferase gene to cloned promoter sequences in plasmid DNA. (zymoresearch.de)
Here, we demonstrate the power of machine learning in classifying plasmid sequences from genomic data. (iit.edu)
We have developed a new tool called PlasmidHunter, which uses machine learning to predict plasmid sequences based on gene content profile. (iit.edu)
Currently, plasmids are constructed by first digesting DNA sequences using restriction enzymes and then ligating the ends of the DNA fragments using the enzyme DNA ligase. (excedr.com)

Moreover, genomic results showed a link between pOXA-48_K8 fitness effects and bacterial phylogeny, helping to explain plasmid epidemiology. (nature.com)
Genomic integration of plasmid DNA ushered in the development of transgenic animals and stable cell lines, adding insane goodies to the researcher's toolbox like knock-outs, knock-ins, overexpression, disease models, conditional mutants, fluorescently labeled proteins, and targeted integration that are commonplace today. (zymoresearch.de)
Genomic and Plasmid DNA are two distinct varieties of DNA found in living species. (keydifference.info)
During sporulation the genomic content of the cell is heavily compressed, which could result in counterselection of extrachromosomal genomic elements, unless they have robust stabilization and segregation systems. (dundee.ac.uk)
Nowadays, the production of full Wolbachia genomes does not require the physical isolation of the bacterial strains from their respective hosts, and the bacterium is often sequenced as a by-catch of host genomic projects. (bvsalud.org)
To determine any genomic differences that may occur between S. citri populations, the bacterium was isolated and cultured from different times and hosts, and S. citri DNA purified and subjected to PacBio sequencing. (biomedcentral.com)

Plasmid DNA vaccines are genetically engineered to contain a gene which encodes for an antigen or a protein produced by a pathogenic virus, bacterium or other parasites. (wikipedia.org)
Most pathogenic bacteria belong to gram negative group. (vivadifferences.com)
Few pathogenic bacteria belong to gram positive group. (vivadifferences.com)
However several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera , syphilis , anthrax , leprosy , and bubonic plague . (alchetron.com)

They often carry beneficial genes that help bacteria adapt to harsh conditions, but they can also carry genes that make bacteria harmful to humans. (iit.edu)

The linear plasmids which contain a protein that has been covalently attached to the 5' end of the DNA strands are known as invertrons and can range in size from 9 kb to over 600 kb consisting of inverted terminal repeats. (wikipedia.org)
Exceptions are the linear plasmids in bacteria Streptomyces spp and Borrelia spp. (stemcelldaily.com)

More than 900 restriction enzymes have been isolated from over 230 strains of bacteria. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
About 900 restriction enzymes are known that have been isolated from 230 strains of bacteria. (cbsetuts.com)
Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. (lookformedical.com)

Some of the most clinically relevant resistance genes, such those encoding carbapenemases (ß-lactamase enzymes able to degrade carbapenem antibiotics), are carried on conjugative plasmids that spread across high-risk bacterial clones 5 , 6 . (nature.com)
In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills , the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology , and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals. (alchetron.com)
However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them. (worldsbest.rehab)
They contain the genes that help bacteria to protect themselves in unfavorable environments, such as in the presence of antibiotics or poison. (excedr.com)
For serious infections, combinations of antibiotics are often necessary because multiple species of bacteria may be present or because combinations act synergistically against a single species of bacteria. (msdmanuals.com)
The data suggest that the mucoid phenotype could be associated with extrachromsomal element(s) carrying resistance genes to antibiotics and that these extrachromosomal elements may not harbour resistance determinants to chloramphenicol. (scirp.org)

In 1952, Joshua Lederberg coined the term plasmid, in reference to any extrachromosomal heritable determinant. (addgene.org)

The copy number is regulated by various factors, such as the size of the plasmid, the origin of replication, and the availability of nutrients and energy. (stemcelldaily.com)
All bacterial plasmids replicate on their own and contain an origin of replication (which controls the plasmid's host range and copy number) and genes that contribute to the survival of bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance genes. (excedr.com)
The common components present in all man-designed plasmids are the origin of replication, selection marker, antibiotic resistance gene, promoter region, primer binding sites, and cloning site. (excedr.com)

These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea . (alchetron.com)

Compatibility of plasmids - this refers to the ability of two different plasmids to coexist in the same bacterial cell. (stemcelldaily.com)

They fall in the category of conjugative plasmids. (excedr.com)
Degradative plasmids belong to the group of conjugative plasmids. (excedr.com)

With the characterization of restriction enzymes in the 1960s, the development of bacteria transformation and cloning techniques in the 1970s, and the invention of PCR by Kary Mullis in 1983, plasmid DNA has enjoyed a Rolling Stones-esque career arc and staying power, with seemingly limitless utility. (zymoresearch.de)
This process involves restriction enzymes, ligases plasmid for the recombinant DNA. (saralstudy.com)

Naturally occurring circular plasmids can be modified to contain multiple resistance genes and several unique restriction sites, making them valuable tools as cloning vectors in biotechnology. (wikipedia.org)
The use of plasmids is also key within gene therapy , where their related viruses are used as cloning vectors or carriers, which are means of transporting and passing on genes in recombinant DNA through viral reproduction throughout an organism. (wikidoc.org)

Hence, the spread of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance properties caused by plasmids is possible, leading to a threat in public health. (frontiersin.org)

Bacterial plasmids can also function in pigment production, nitrogen fixation and the resistance to heavy metals. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we determined the fitness effects of the major antibiotic resistance plasmid pOXA-48_K8 in wild-type, ecologically compatible enterobacterial isolates from the human gut microbiota. (nature.com)
Additionally, genes conferring virulence and antibiotic resistance were identified amongst the plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
They isolated an antibiotic resistance gene (piece of DNA) from a plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
Plasmids provide anti-biotic resistance to the bacterial cells in which they are present. (gkchronicle.com)
when bacteria acquire these plasmids through horizontal gene transfer, their acquisition could spread the resistance posing a significant threat to public health. (keydifference.info)
They are extrachromosomal and not essential for the survival of the cell, but they may confer some advantages such as antibiotic resistance or virulence. (stemcelldaily.com)
This is a gene that confers resistance to a certain antibiotic or toxin, which helps in identifying and selecting the cells that contain the plasmid. (stemcelldaily.com)
This plasmid is the great choice in medical importance as it leads to the spread of multiple drug resistance among bacteria. (micrordt.com)
Resistance plasmids are also known as R-plasmids or R-factors. (excedr.com)
Furthermore, the extrachromosomal elements bearing the mucoid phenotype and the resistance elements in the mucoid strains do not significantly impact on the fitness of the cognate strain. (scirp.org)

Plasmids that are used most commonly in the field of recombinant DNA technology have been optimized for their use of studying and manipulating genes. (addgene.org)

Prokaryotic bacteria is a single cell and acts as an organism. (gkchronicle.com)

Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. (motelmexicolabali.com)
The first genetically modified organism to be created was a bacterium, in 1973. (motelmexicolabali.com)

Plasmids can replicate themselves and transfer themselves horizontally via horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. (keydifference.info)
Plasmids play a significant role in bacterial adaptation and evolution by allowing for horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. (theinternet.io)
In summary, the origin and evolution of plasmids are complex and multifaceted processes, shaped by mutation, recombination, horizontal gene transfer, and selection. (theinternet.io)

In addition to DNA found outside the nucleus in cells, infection by viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA. (wikipedia.org)
They observed that when viruses entered the bacteria, the viral DNA was cut into small pieces and inactivated by certain bacterial enzyme. (faqs.org)
In addition, many nucleic acid-based therapies also rely on viral vectors for efficient transfection and expression of plasmid DNA. (lineadna.com)
[1] In the classical instance, the use of recombinant DNA provides the initial cell from which the host organism is then expected to recapitulate when it undergoes further cell division, with bacteria remaining a prime example due to the use of viral vectors in medicine that contain recombinant DNA inserted into a structure known as a plasmid . (wikidoc.org)
In the introduction of useful genes into the plasmid, the bacteria are then used as a viral vector, which are encouraged to reproduce so as to recapitulate the altered DNA within other cells it infects, and increase the amount of cells with the recombinant DNA present within them. (wikidoc.org)

Extrachromosomal DNA (abbreviated ecDNA) is any DNA that is found off the chromosomes, either inside or outside the nucleus of a cell. (wikipedia.org)
With some help from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens , scientists successfully integrated recombinant plasmid DNA into plant chromosomes. (zymoresearch.de)
Degradation of bacterial chromosomes: Plasmids might have originated from the degradation and rearrangement of bacterial chromosomes, leading to the formation of smaller, autonomously replicating DNA elements. (theinternet.io)
In this scenario, plasmids and chromosomes share a common ancestor and gradually evolved distinct features over time. (theinternet.io)
Some of the plasmids that end up in the exclusome originate from outside the cell, while others - known as telomeric rings - come from the capped ends of chromosomes, the telomeres. (myscience.ch)
Plasmids that can't be separated off could theoretically embed themselves in the chromosomes. (myscience.ch)

These naturally occurring plasmids have been modified to serve as vectors in the laboratory. (cbsetuts.com)

The combination of a DNA fragment with a plasmid or vector DNA backbone generates a recombinant DNA molecule, which can be used to study DNA fragments of interest, such as genes. (addgene.org)
A vector DNA such as plasmid is used to deliver an alien piece of DNA into the host organism. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
It was linked with a plasmid vector and transferred into E. coli. (dkgoelsolutions.com)
However, the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi , Northeast (82%), followed distantly by the Midwest (9%) the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, in the tick vector ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Linear bacterial plasmids have been identified in several species of spirochete bacteria, including members of the genus Borrelia (to which the pathogen responsible for Lyme disease belongs), several species of the gram positive soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces, and in the gram negative species Thiobacillus versutus, a bacterium that oxidizes sulfur. (wikipedia.org)
The adenine-thymine rich hairpin loops of the Borrelia bacteria range in size from 5 kilobase pairs (kb) to over 200 kb and contain the genes responsible for producing a group of major surface proteins, or antigens, on the bacteria that allow it to evade the immune response of its infected host. (wikipedia.org)

It is classified as a gram-positive bacteria which means that the cell body is only surrounded by a single bilayer lipid membrane. (kenyon.edu)
Because it is a gram-positive bacterium, the outside of the cell membrane also contains a thick cell wall known as murein, which is made of peptidoglycans. (kenyon.edu)
Aside from the general internal framework of the cell, ''C. thermocellum'' is a gram-positive bacteria. (kenyon.edu)
Actinomycetes are Gram-positive while bacteria can be either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. (pediaa.com)
The " gram-positive " and " gram negative " are terms used by microbiologists to classify bacteria. (vivadifferences.com)
For proper determination as to weather a bacteria is gram-positive or gram-negative, microbiologist usually performs a special type of staining technique referred to as Gram Stain . (vivadifferences.com)
The staining method uses crystal violet dye which is retained by the peptidoglycan cell wall of both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. (vivadifferences.com)
Based on the properties of cell walls, bacteria is divided into 2 types, Gram positive and Gram negative. (gkchronicle.com)
Thick walled bacteria (Gram positive) will retain the color of staining and the thin walled (Gram negative) bacteria will not retain the color. (gkchronicle.com)
23. Which Of The Gram-Positive Bacteria Is Workhorse For Fields. (iubians.com)
The causative agent of anthrax is B. anthracis , a nonmotile , Gram-positive , aerobic or facultatively anaerobic , endospore -forming, rod -shaped bacterium . (wikidoc.org)
B. anthracis , the causative agent of anthrax , is a nonmotile , Gram-positive , aerobic or facultatively anaerobic , endospore -forming, rod -shaped bacterium approximately 4 μm by 1 μm, although under the microscope it frequently appears in chains of cells . (wikidoc.org)
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria mainly isolated from milk and milk products. (lookformedical.com)
A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. (lookformedical.com)
A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. (lookformedical.com)

Plasmid persistence in bacterial populations is strongly influenced by the fitness effects associated with plasmid carriage. (nature.com)
These fitness costs make it difficult to explain how plasmids are maintained in bacterial populations over the long-term in the absence of selection for plasmid-encoded traits, a puzzle known as "the plasmid-paradox" 10 . (nature.com)
Third, most mathematical models of plasmid population biology study clonal or near-clonal populations. (nature.com)
To fully understand plasmid persistence in natural bacterial populations, it will be necessary to address these limitations. (nature.com)
Here, we have shown that a Type III TA system, based on an RNA antitoxin and endoribonuclease toxin, from plasmid pAW63 in Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki HD-73 can dramatically promote plasmid retention in populations undergoing sporulation and germination, and we provide evidence that this occurs through the post-segregational killing of plasmid-free forespores. (dundee.ac.uk)
4. Selection: Plasmids that confer advantageous traits to their host bacteria are more likely to persist and spread within bacterial populations. (theinternet.io)
We address the Lyme disease incidence may result from a disparity in the hypothesis that B. burgdorferi populations in the Northeast human invasiveness of the bacteria in the Northeast and Midwest caused by fundamentally different evolutionary and Midwest have fundamentally different evolutionary histories. (cdc.gov)

For example, plasmids can be used to produce recombinant proteins, such as insulin or human growth hormone, in bacteria or yeast cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
Plasmids are used as @V06606@ for cloning @D01597@ in bacteria or yeast host cells. (iupac.org)

More likely is that the nuclear plasmid genes of viruses or bacteria are translated into proteins, which disrupts the cell physiology," says Ruth Kroschewski from the Institute of Biochemistry at ETH Zurich. (myscience.ch)
Proteins found in any species of bacterium. (lookformedical.com)

In the late 1960s, Werner Arber in Switzerland, and Hamilton Smith, at Johns Hopkins University were studying how some bacteria resist invasion by viruses. (faqs.org)
The Mobilome: Metagenomic Analysis of Circular Plasmids, Viruses, and Other Extrachromosomal Elements. (cdc.gov)

Coccus, Bacillus, and Spirillum are the basic shapes of bacteria. (pediaa.com)
They appear in different shapes, Rod shaped are bacteria called Bacillus, Spherical shaped bacteria are called Coccus, Spiral coiled are called Spirillum, Comma shaped bacteria are called Vibrio, etc. (gkchronicle.com)
Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis . (worldsbest.rehab)

He named this molecule plasmid, from the Greek word plasmos, meaning molded or formed. (stemcelldaily.com)

Description and significance== Like most species from the Clostridium genus, ''C. thermocellum'' is a bacteria that has a rod-like shape for its cell body. (kenyon.edu)
Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative, ovoid, non-motile bacterium from the genus Chlamydia . (roboscreen.com)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a species of Gram-negative diplococci non-motile bacteria from the genus Neisseria . (roboscreen.com)

It's commonly understood that the first eukaryotic cells resulted from the fusion of an early form of bacteria with an archaeon, a single-celled organism similar to a bacterium. (myscience.ch)

This is a region that contains several restriction enzyme recognition sites, which allow the insertion of foreign DNA fragments into the plasmid. (stemcelldaily.com)
As some C. trachomatis isolates are reported not to carry cryptic plasmid or have deletion(s) in it [7], "RealLine Chlamydia trachomatis/ Neisseria gonorrhoeae" assay kit detects two DNA fragments from gyrA gene and cryptic plasmid, specific to C. trachomatis species. (roboscreen.com)

Cultivation of anaerobic bacteria. (slideshare.net)

Scientists have been artificially engineering plasmid DNA in order to unlock the secrets of life ever since. (zymoresearch.de)
Plasmids are artificially altered and constructed in labs to use as a tool for transferring foreign DNA in specific cell types. (excedr.com)
In this article, we will review the types of plasmids, how they are artificially designed in labs for laboratory assays, and their applications. (excedr.com)

Plasmids can also be used to study gene expression and regulation, gene function and interaction, and gene therapy. (stemcelldaily.com)

The bacterium had its genome completely sequenced because it contains a unique extracellular enzyme system capable of breaking down insoluble cellulose into ethanol which is vital for biomass energy. (kenyon.edu)
Plasmid DNA may not form part of the human genome, yet still play an essential role within our bodies. (keydifference.info)

Extrachromosomal DNA in the cytoplasm has been found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. (wikipedia.org)
In the cytoplasm of the bacteria, the main DNA lies bare without being enclosed in a nucleus. (gkchronicle.com)
Illustration: The nucleus recognizes plasmids (DNA rings, pictured) and shuttles them into the cytoplasm, where they become part of a newly discovered organelle, the exclosome. (myscience.ch)

These processes enable plasmids to play a crucial role in bacterial adaptation, evolution, and survival in diverse environments. (theinternet.io)

Plasmids can vary in size from 1 kb to 200 kb, and they can exist in different species and get transferred from one cell to another. (stemcelldaily.com)
Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory. (alchetron.com)
Plasmids are extrachromosomal self-replicating circular forms of DNA present in most bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. Coli), containing genes related to catabolism and metabolic activity, [1] and allowing the carrier bacterium to survive and reproduce in conditions present within other species and environments. (wikidoc.org)

Although extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is found in normal eukaryotic cells, extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a distinct entity that has been identified in the nuclei of cancer cells and has been shown to carry many copies of driver oncogenes. (wikipedia.org)

Plasmid stabilization/stability protein-encoding genes were observed in some plasmids but were not established for participating in plasmid segregation. (frontiersin.org)

For instance, most plasmids are replicated in E. coli and are relatively small (∼3000 - 6000 basepairs) to enable easy manipulation. (addgene.org)
For example, certain Escherichia coli (or E.coli ) strains present in the human gut and other animals when containing virulence plasmids, cause vomiting and diarrhea. (excedr.com)

They published their findings in a 1974 paper entitled "Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids in vitro ", which described a technique to isolate and amplify genes or DNA segments and insert them into another cell with precision, creating a transgenic bacterium . (wikidoc.org)

Anatomy15

Organisms55

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs56

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes106

Disciplines and Occupations5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care8

Replicate independently4

Molecules11

Chromosomal7

Genetic19

Organisms10

Conjugation12

Eukaryotes5

Prokaryotes7

Large plasmids2

Often carry genes that confer2

Found in bacteria2

Microorganisms8

Contain genes4

Chromosome2

Sequences8

Genomic6

Pathogenic4

Carry genes1

Linear plasmids2

Strains of bacteria3

Antibiotics6

Term plasmid1

Origin of replicat3

Archaea1

Different plasmids1

Conjugative plasmids2

Restriction enzymes2

Cloning vectors2

Virulence factors1

Resistance11

Recombinant DNA Techno1

Prokaryotic1

Genetically2

Horizontal gene tra3

Viral5

Chromosomes6

Serve as vectors1

Vector4

Borrelia2

Gram positive15

Populations7

Yeast2

Proteins2

Viruses2

Bacillus3

Molecule1

Genus3

Single-celled o1

Fragments2

Anaerobic bacteria1

Artificially3

Gene therapy1

Genome2

Cytoplasm3

Survival1

Species3

Eukaryotic1

Stabilization1

Coli2

Transgenic1