• We find that ERK activity is essential for serum-induced osteoblast proliferation in vitro because inhibition of MAPK/ERK kinase activity by U0126 completely abolished both serum-induced activation of ERK and proliferation of mouse (MBA-15.4) and human (MG-63) osteoblast cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These data suggest that ANG II increases ACE and attenuates ACE2 expression in neurons via the ANG II type 1 receptor, p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. (nebraska.edu)
  • G protein-coupled receptors can activate Erk MAPK pathways through a variety of mechanisms, including stimulation of Src, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3-K), protein kinase C (PKC), or the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In isolated strips of rat aorta, the MAPK/Erk kinase inhibitor U0126 (50 μM), Src inhibitor PP1 (0.5 μM), PKC inhibitors calphostin C (1 μM) and chelerythrine (10 μM), and the PI-3-K inhibitor LY294002 (1-20 μM) reduced 5-HT-induced contraction. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. (plos.org)
  • Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated MKK4, a direct target of MAP3K4, and activated p38 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of Sry expression. (plos.org)
  • This mutant, which we called boygirl ( byg ), was shown to contain an early stop codon that disrupts the autosomal gene encoding MAP3K4, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (plos.org)
  • Our data indicate, for the first time, a requirement for MAPK signaling in the developing XY gonad in order to facilitate normal expression of SRY and the downstream testis-determining genes and also suggest that reduced dosage of MAP3K4 may be the cause of a previously described autosomal sex-reversing mutation in the mouse. (plos.org)
  • A variety of extrinsic cues converge on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway. (nature.com)
  • Here we found that the germinal ablation of the MAPK c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase isoform 1 (JNK1) results in a significant reduction of myelin in the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum at both postnatal and adult stages. (nature.com)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family in serum-induced secretion of LIF and IL-6 by bone marrow stromal cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • FCS also induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • 3: Both PD98059 (MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) attenuated FCS-induced LIF protein production and gene expression. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Erk3, also known as MAPK6 or p97 MAPK, is almost 50% identical to Erk1/2 at the kinase domain located in its amino-terminal region. (creativebiomart.net)
  • The present study explored the effect of NAC on LPS‑induced apoptosis of HUVECs and determined the participation of the p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the process of apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Targeting TRAF6-MAPK/NF-κB-chemokine signaling pathways may provide a novel therapeutic approach for reducing post-TBI neuroinflammation and concomitant secondary injury. (researchsquare.com)
  • Also, production of Matrix Metallo Proteinases (MMPs) of the skin is induced via activation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) signaling cascade[ 2 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The pheromone signalling pathway of baker's yeast belongs to a class of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling pathways, which in eukaryotes commonly play a key role in the transmission and translation of extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses such as cell differentiation, proliferation or stress responses. (mpg.de)
  • We were able to show that the core of the MAPK signalling pathway, the phosphorylation cycle, has measurable fitness costs. (mpg.de)
  • Visfatin induces human endothelial VEGF and MMP-2/9 production via MAPK and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways: novel insights into visfatin-induced angiogenesis. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Both welding fumes induced the activation of the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), leading to the increased expression of COX-2 in the RAW 264.7 cells. (cdc.gov)
  • It belongs to the MAPK superfamily of stress-activated protein kinases. (thermofisher.com)
  • In mechanistic studies, we found that exogenous supplementation of suramin can activate Nrf2, and accordingly inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, thereby alleviating the inflammation and ECM degeneration of chondrocytes stimulated by IL-1ß. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results of their new study suggest that these malformations are a result of KRAS -induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK-ERK) signaling pathway in brain endothelial cells. (medscape.com)
  • In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
  • The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
  • We selected most pathways MAPK4 participated on our site, such as B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway, Focal Adhesion, Insulin Signaling, which may be useful for your reference. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Also, other proteins which involved in the same pathway with MAPK4 were listed below. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Furthermore, these effects were proposed to be mediated via the p38MAPK signaling pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Thus integrins modulate the efficiency of the Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, acting at several distinct levels. (nih.gov)
  • We have shown that both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and PAKs (p21-activated kinases) play a role in integrin regulation of the Erk pathway, acting primarily at the level of Raf-1. (nih.gov)
  • Several studies suggest that melanoma may be resistant to treatment because of resistance to apoptosis and that this may be the result of activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. (bmj.com)
  • These results provide important histological support for the proposal that inhibition of this signalling pathway may be useful in treatment of melanoma. (bmj.com)
  • J147 played these roles mainly by activating the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway evokes an intracellular signaling cascade in response to extracellular stimuli such as heat and stress. (tocris.com)
  • That the pheromone signalling pathway of yeast contains negative feedback regulations could be seen as clear indication of selection for increased accuracy. (mpg.de)
  • Surprisingly, however, both theoretical and experimental analyses of the signalling pathway showed that its accuracy could be easily further improved by increasing the sensitivity of one of the negative feedbacks. (mpg.de)
  • The pheromone signalling pathway (shown schematically on the left) possesses multiple positive and negative feedbacks that are induced at varying stimulation strength. (mpg.de)
  • The discrepancy disappears when the energy investment in the operation of the signalling pathway is also considered. (mpg.de)
  • When these are taken into account, and the accuracy of the signal transduction is weighed against the energetic costs of the signalling pathway operation, the naturally observed design appears optimal,' explains Alexander Anders, first author of the current publication. (mpg.de)
  • ERK5 Signalling and Resistance to ERK1/2 Pathway Therapeutics: The Path Less Travelled? (babraham.ac.uk)
  • The RAS-regulated RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signalling pathway is frequently de-regulated in human cancer. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • However, recent studies have suggested that BRAFi/MEKi and ERK1/2i resistance can arise through activation of a parallel signalling pathway leading to activation of ERK5, an unusual protein kinase that contains both a kinase domain and a transcriptional transactivation domain. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Transcriptional activation of p21(waf1/cip1) by alkylphospholipids: role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in the transactivation of the human p21(waf1/cip1) promoter by Sp1. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Moreover, we showed that perifosine activates the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, and this activation promotes the phosphorylation of Sp1 in known mitogen-activated protein kinase residues (threonine 453 and 739), thereby leading to increased Sp1 binding and enhanced p21(waf1/cip1) transcription. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a scaffolding protein that brings together mitogen-activated protein kinases and their transcription factor targets for the activation of specific signaling pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiple signaling pathways participate in pigmentation by regulating the expression level of MITF. (frontiersin.org)
  • Numerous anti-melanogenic agents have been developed which target tyrosinase activity, melanosome transfer, or melanogenic related signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • Welding fume-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. (cdc.gov)
  • The goal was to examine the potential mechanisms by which welding fumes with different metal compositions may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activate inflammatory signaling pathways in an in vitro model. (cdc.gov)
  • JNK pathways are activated by stress and inflammatory signals. (thermofisher.com)
  • These results represent a novel mechanism by which alkylphospholipids modulate transcription, and may contribute to the discovery of new signal transduction pathways crucial for normal and neoplastic cell cycle control. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • The structural organization of these kinases into specific signaling domains is facilitated by scaffolding proteins involved in closely tethering different kinases so that successive phosphorylation events can occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • We further demonstrated that in vitro administration of pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly upregulated expression levels of CCL2 and CXCL1 as well as phosphorylation (activation) of the stress-associated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 in cultured astrocytes prepared from cerebral cortices of neonatal rats. (researchsquare.com)
  • This has led to the development of a range of ERK1/2 inhibitors (ERKi) that either inhibit kinase catalytic activity (catERKi) or additionally prevent the activating pT-E-pY dual phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2 (dual-mechanism or dmERKi). (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 (ERK-1), ERK-2, and p38 MAP kinase by LPS were demonstrated on Western blot analysis. (nih.gov)
  • GM-CSF expression and release in AM is controlled by NF-kappaB activation, and this is modulated by phosphorylation of MKK-1 and p38 MAP kinase acting on histone acetylation. (nih.gov)
  • They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES). (bvsalud.org)
  • We have previously shown that excretory-secretory product-62 (ES-62), a homologue of phosphorylcholine-containing molecules that are secreted by human parasites and which is active in rodent models of filarial infection, is able to polyclonally activate certain protein tyrosine kinase and mitogen-activating protein kinase signal transduction elements in B lymphocytes. (eurekamag.com)
  • Zinc has "mimetic" activity where it is involved in a range of functions including insulin receptor signal transduction, insulin storage, secretion and tissues/organelle distribution, and inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases [ 5 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Signal transduction in cells: precise or economical? (mpg.de)
  • Mathematical modeling of signal transduction networks has previously been used to map out thermodynamical using rate equations is increasingly attracting attention as a properties of protein-folding models (6,7). (lu.se)
  • Recognizes endogenous levels of total p44/p42 MAP kinase (Erk1,2) protein. (reageno.com)
  • To test this hypothesis by examining the expression of ERK1/2 and its activated form in histological sections of melanoma and its relation to known prognostic features of the disease. (bmj.com)
  • Expression of activated ERK1/2 in melanocytic lesions appears to be related to malignant potential so that activation of ERK1/2 may be important in melanoma progression. (bmj.com)
  • This may be relevant to the suggestion of kinase-independent effects of ERK1/2 and the therapeutic use of ERKi. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • These resistance mechanisms frequently involve reinstatement of ERK1/2 signalling and BRAFi are now deployed in combination with one of three approved MEK1/2 inhibitors (MEKi) to provide more durable, but still transient, clinical responses. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, inhibitors to ERK1/2 (ERK1/2i) have also been developed to counteract ERK1/2 signalling. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)
  • This inhibition is reversed by cotreatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and by the GC receptor antagonist, RU486, suggesting a classical transcriptional mechanism. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Phosphatase activity was up-regulated by Dex treatment, and inhibition of ERK activity by Dex was also reversed by the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, vanadate. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The inhibition of these above proteins could significantly suppress melanosome transport, which is an important mechanism for developing skin whitening agents. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mostajeran M, Wetterling F, Blixt FW, Edvinsson L, Ansar S. Acute mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 inhibition improves functional recovery and vascular changes after ischaemic stroke in rat-monitored by 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging. (lu.se)
  • The EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478 (0.25-1 μM) was without effect. (aspetjournals.org)
  • We here evaluated the effects of SP600125 (anthra[1,9- cd ]pyrazole-6 (2 H )-one), an inhibitor of c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK), on the activation of PSCs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 2010) A novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine is a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent protein kinases 1, 2, and 9, which demonstrates antitumor effects in human tumor xenografts following oral administration. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Anle138b is an oligomeric aggregation inhibitor that inhibits formation of pathological prion protein (PrP Sc ) and α-synuclein aggregates in vitro . (tocris.com)
  • The human trabecular meshwork cells were treated with t BHP for 1 or 2 h with or without pretreatment of SB203580, an inhibitor of MAP kinase homologs. (molvis.org)
  • PD 098059 (10 microM), an inhibitor of upstream activator of MKK-1, inhibited GM-CSF expression, but the expression of GM-CSF was not inhibited by SB 203580 (10 microM), an inhibitor of p38-MAP kinase. (nih.gov)
  • A screen of 72 inhibitors against 456 human kinases. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • 2010) Activation state-dependent binding of small molecule kinase inhibitors: structural insights from biochemistry. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • In recent years, melanin cell biology has become a broader research field and several important proteins contributing to melanogenesis and melanosome transport have been elucidated, paying the way for identifying melanin synthesis inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
  • A superfamily of PROTEIN SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. (bvsalud.org)
  • SP600125 inhibited interleukin-1β-induced JNK activity and activator protein-1 activation, but it did not affect the activation of extracellular-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Visfatin promotes angiogenesis by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Despite the requirement for a number of transcription factors and secreted signalling molecules in sex determination, intracellular signalling components functioning in this process have not been defined. (plos.org)
  • However, the intracellular signal that regulates cytokine secretion in bone marrow stromal cells has not been determined. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Glucocorticoids induce rapid up-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and dephosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and impair proliferation in human and mouse osteoblast cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • SP600125 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation, inducible monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production, and serum-induced type I collagen production. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Our results unveil a novel player in the complex regulation of OPC biology, on the one hand showing that JNK1 ablation cell-autonomously determines alterations of OPC proliferation and branching architecture and, on the other hand, suggesting that JNK1 signaling in OLs participates in myelination in vivo. (nature.com)
  • The proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and excessive extracellular matrix protein accumulation are the basic pathological processes of myocardial fibrosis. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Importance The RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase/ERK cascade plays a crucial role in melanoma cell proliferation and survival. (drug-injury.com)
  • The expression of caspase‑3, Bax, Bcl‑2, phosphorylated (p)‑p38MAPK/total (t‑)p38MAPK and p‑endothelial e nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/t‑eNOS proteins were determined by western blotting. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This study is to investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in tert -butyl hydroperoxide ( t BHP)-induced apoptosis of human trabecular meshwork (iHTM) cells. (molvis.org)
  • Ultraviolet radiation can cause change in physical texture and appearance of the skin via complex signaling cascades, which results in the production of free radicals. (ijpsonline.com)
  • However, infrared illumination activates enzymes and probably also Ca+ channels in the membranes [26]. (researchgate.net)
  • However, Erk3 is distinguished from other MAP kinases in that it lacks the conserved TXY motif in its activation loop, poss Encodes a nuclear and cytoplasmically localized MAP kinase involved in mediating responses to pathogens. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Our preliminary study found that CCL2 was mainly co-localized with the astroglial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), while the CCL2 receptor chemokine C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2) was mainly co-localized with the neuronal nuclear marker NeuN in TBI model rats, suggesting that CCL2‒CCR2 signaling is a major driver of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and concomitant motor and cognitive dysfunction following TBI [9]. (researchsquare.com)
  • and amphoterin, a nuclear protein sometimes found in the ECM (Table 1 ). (jci.org)
  • We determined the mechanisms of GM-CSF regulation in AM from normal volunteers activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by examining the role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and MAP kinase kinase (MKK-1). (nih.gov)
  • This study investigated the pathogenic functions of TRAF6 signaling following TBI in vivo and in vitro. (researchsquare.com)
  • In vitro studies using infra-/red light have not shown any useful impact on wound healing by activating cells located in deeper skin layers such as fibroblasts or stem cells [2] . (researchgate.net)
  • Thus, the principle of protein or peptide haptenation could be used in in vitro assays to predict the sensitization potential of a new chemical entity. (cdc.gov)
  • Raina D.B., Larsson D., Mrkonjic F., Isaksson H., Kumar A., Lidgren L., Tägil L. Gelatin- hydroxyapatite- calcium sulphate based biomaterial for long term sustained delivery of bone morphogenic protein-2 and zoledronic acid for increased bone formation: In-vitro and in-vivo carrier properties. (lu.se)
  • Visfatin Stimulates Production of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 and Interleukin-6 in Human Vein Umbilical Endothelial Cells. (thieme-connect.com)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase family in serum-induced leukaemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6 secretion by bone marrow stromal cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • and both can effectively induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) or abnormally activated fibroblasts. (frontiersin.org)
  • The centre of the tuberculous granuloma may undergo caseous necrosis surrounded by activated macrophages, T-cells and fibroblasts. (ersjournals.com)
  • C-jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 4 is a scaffold protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG9 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene which is abundantly expressed in testicular haploid germ cells encodes a protein that is recognized by sperm-agglutinating antibodies and implicated in infertility. (wikipedia.org)
  • The byg mutation is an A to T transversion causing a premature stop codon in the gene encoding MAP3K4 (also known as MEKK4), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase. (plos.org)
  • 4: Expression of a dominant-negative mutant form of JNK1 that blocked FCS-induced JNK activity had no effect on protein production and gene expression of these cytokines. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Recent studies have highlighted zinc's dynamic role as a "cellular second messenger" in the control of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. (hindawi.com)
  • Given the low plasma concentration of zinc and its importance in cellular signaling, it is essential that the availability and distribution of "free" zinc (free zinc is used to differentiate zinc involved in cell signaling from zinc that tightly bound to protein and therefore thermodynamically unavailable) are tightly controlled [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Cellular signal transmission is not only optimized for precision - it also includes a cost cap. (mpg.de)
  • The relationship between information and energy, a concept well established in physics and engineering, is likely to fundamentally shape cellular signalling networks. (mpg.de)
  • One of the questions addressed by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, headed by biophysicist Victor Sourjik, is: What enables reliable transmission of signals in the "noisy" cellular environment? (mpg.de)
  • Our work suggests that cost-benefit trade-off in information transfer must have been important in the evolution of cellular signalling systems. (mpg.de)
  • This helps us to better understand the evolutionary optimization of cellular signalling networks. (mpg.de)
  • Binding of these ligands to RAGE does not accelerate clearance or degradation but rather begins a sustained period of cellular activation mediated by receptor-dependent signaling. (jci.org)
  • Using patch-clamp electrophysiology in brain slices prepared from male rats, we reveal that opioid withdrawal abruptly reduces the ability of these peptides to inhibit neurotransmission, a direct consequence of a protein kinase A (PKA)-driven increase in the synaptic activity of peptidases. (jneurosci.org)
  • Receptors in the posterior pharynx are then activated to initiate the involuntary phase of deglutition, which involves carefully sequenced contraction of numerous head and neck muscles. (nature.com)
  • e.g. inflammation, genotoxicity, and This chapter focuses on issues as- ellers, growth factors, growth factor epigenetic alterations) and can have sociated with the understanding and receptors, signal transducers, and both genetic and epigenetic origins. (who.int)
  • Mutagenesis signalling molecules cade. (who.int)
  • Production of several reactive oxygen species damages Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), proteins and lipids[ 3 ].It may also cause premature aging, sunburn and or skin cancer[ 4 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Melanoma in particular exhibits a high incidence of activating BRAF and NRAS mutations and such cells are addicted to the activity of these mutant oncoproteins. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • In collaboration with a group at the University of Geneva (Dr S.I. Nikolaev and Dr S.E. Antonarakis) and the group of Dr J.E. Fish from University of Toronto, they performed exome DNA sequencing of the tissue samples of 26 patients and found somatic activating KRAS mutations in some of them. (medscape.com)
  • In total, the researchers detected somatic activating KRAS mutations in tissue samples from 45 of 72 patients and in none of the 21 paired blood samples. (medscape.com)
  • The mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog, WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1), is activated downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor during decidualization. (bioone.org)
  • Xiao, L, Haack, KKV & Zucker, IH 2013, ' Angiotensin II regulates ACE and ACE2 in neurons through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling ', American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology , vol. 304, no. 11, pp. (nebraska.edu)
  • Use of effector domain mutants of Rac suggest that Nischarin acts downstream of Rac, probably at the level of PAK-family kinases. (nih.gov)
  • Integrins clearly play a key role in regulating both mitogenic signalling and cell migration. (nih.gov)
  • The actions of the proteins that control the uptake, storage, and distribution of zinc, the zinc transporters, are under intense investigation due to their emerging role in type 2 diabetes. (hindawi.com)
  • He also showed that double-stranded (ds)RNA- and ZDNA binding proteins had a role in poxvirus pathogenesis. (cdc.gov)
  • The underlying mechanisms of matrix destruction in TB remain poorly understood but consideration of the lung extracellular matrix predicts that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) will play a central role, owing to their unique ability to degrade fibrillar collagens and other matrix components. (ersjournals.com)
  • To investigate the role of serum-and-glucocorticoid-inducible-kinase-1 (SGK1) in colitis and its potential pathological mechanisms. (wjgnet.com)
  • This sheds light upon the role of the Smad7 protein in this system. (lu.se)
  • Rapid onset of systemic insulin resistance and adipose tissue remodeling but initially increased insulin-stimulated glucose transport despite deteriorating insulin signaling with high fat feeding in mice. (lu.se)
  • Gouda and Bhandary, 2018 ), which leads to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and ultimately leads to the formation of fibrotic lesions ( Pardo and Selman, 2002 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In biological systems, random fluctuations of signals always lead to background noise, which can impede cell communication. (mpg.de)
  • This analysis discriminates between different biological mechanisms to achieve a transient signal from a sustained TGF-b input, where one mechanism is to use a negative feedback to turn the signal off. (lu.se)
  • It is used to simulate the Monte Carlo method, ST naturally provides ensembles of kinetics of large signaling networks, where one cannot only solutions rather than single ones, subject to analysis by rely on biological intuition. (lu.se)
  • A series of caspases proteins have been shown to be activated by the death induced signal complex [a form of death ligand that binds to the corresponding death receptor on the cell surface ( 13 )], which in turn induces apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • MMPs are a group of zinc-dependent extracellular proteinases which include collagenase and elastase, responsible for the degradation of collagen and elastin respectively[ 1 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • For example, aberrant subcellular signaling of zinc concentrations in the cytosol and organelles may contribute to insulin responsiveness [ 17 ] and thus promote insulin resistance. (hindawi.com)
  • Activated PSCs are implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis and inflammation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Accordingly, mechanisms that contribute to dysfunctional zinc signaling are suggested to be associated with metabolic disease states including cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes. (hindawi.com)
  • This abrogated expression of the decidual marker genes, insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 ( IGFBP1 ) and prolactin ( PRL ), and prevented adoption of decidual cell morphology. (bioone.org)
  • Expression analysis of mutant XY gonads at the same stage also reveals a dramatic reduction in Sox9 and, crucially, Sry at the transcript and protein levels. (plos.org)
  • Further analysis in terms of parameter sensitivity reveals that this negative feedback loop in TGF-b signaling renders the system global robustness. (lu.se)
  • Indeed, we also found that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) following TBI promoted cognitive recovery and reduced the numbers of activated astrocytes in the ipsilateral hippocampal region and cortex after 2 weeks of treatment [10]. (researchsquare.com)
  • In this study, we determined the expression of ACE and ACE2 in response to ANG II in a neuronal cell culture and the subsequent signaling mechanism(s) involved. (nebraska.edu)
  • A mouse catecholaminergic neuronal cell line (CATH.a) was treated with ANG II (30, 100, and 300 nM) for 24 h, and protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. (nebraska.edu)
  • ANG II induced a significant dose-dependent increase in ACE and decrease in ACE2 mRNA and protein expression in CATH.a neurons. (nebraska.edu)
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can regulate the expression of apoptotic factors, including caspase‑3, Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Once activated, it resulted in MITF degradation and further down-regulated the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, Myosin Va, Rab27a and Cdc42, ultimately inhibited melanin synthesis and melanosome transport. (frontiersin.org)
  • Activation of cAMP protein kinase A (PKA) stimulates pigmentation through cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) dependent upregulation of MITF expression ( Rodríguez and Setaluri, 2014 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used for determining procollagen I and III mRNA expression and protein production. (thieme-connect.com)
  • It was also found that visfatin upregulated collagen I and III production, procollagen I and III mRNA expression and protein production. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Also, welding fumes increased protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1, activating the Nrf2-Keap-HO-1pathway. (cdc.gov)
  • In this report, we investigated the mechanism by which perifosine induces p21(waf1/cip1) protein expression. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Transient activation of AMP-activated protein kinase at G1/S phase transition is required for control of S phase in NIH3T3 cells. (nih.gov)
  • Extracellular signals are transduced into cells through mitogen-activated protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • In response to pancreatic injury and in cell culture, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are transformed ("activated") into highly proliferative myofibroblast-like cells that express α-smooth muscle actin and produce extracellular matrix components. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Precise signaling is crucial for the fitness of every living organism: whether during development or while communicating with a possible mating partner, only accurate transmission of received signals enables cells to trigger appropriate responses. (mpg.de)
  • Central, but not peripheral, nervous system ERK2 is essential for itch signals in murine allergic skin inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • Our results suggest that ERKi, including current clinical candidates, act as 'kinase degraders', driving the proteasome-dependent turnover of their major target, ERK2. (babraham.ac.uk)