Extracellular olfactory receptor neurons. Medical search. Frequent questions

Kallmann syndrome is a developmental disease characterized by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency and olfactory bulb hypoplasia. (nih.gov)
Similar to other sensory modalities, olfactory information must be transmitted from peripheral olfactory structures, like the olfactory epithelium, to more central structures, meaning the olfactory bulb and cortex. (wikibooks.org)
Due to phylogeny, olfactory sensory activity is transferred directly from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex, without a thalamic relay. (wikibooks.org)
Neural integration and analysis of olfactory stimuli may not involve topographic organization beyond the olfactory bulb, meaning that spatial or frequency axis are not needed to project the signal. (wikibooks.org)
Although the number of mature neurons and the in vivo rate of proliferation were not altered, the proliferative response to the olfactotoxicant satratoxin G and olfactory bulb ablation injury was compromised in the olfactory epithelium of IP3R3(-/-) mice. (nih.gov)
Their axons take different routes: MOE neurons project to the olfactory bulb, whereas those of the VNO converge on the structurally distinct accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). (nih.gov)
The principal connections of the olfactory bulb are toward the olfactory cortex. (nih.gov)
1 . Rall W, Shepherd GM (1968) Theoretical reconstruction of field potentials and dendrodendritic synaptic interactions in olfactory bulb. (yale.edu)
Lemasson M, Saghatelyan A, Olivo-Marin JC, Lledo PM. Neonatal and adult neurogenesis provide two distinct populations of newborn neurons to the mouse olfactory bulb. (neurophotonics.ca)
The type of receptor determines where the neuron projects its axons on the olfactory bulb (an area of the brain that processes odor information). (nih.gov)
But changing a neuron's olfactory receptor causes the neuron to project its axons to a different part of the olfactory bulb. (nih.gov)
We have shown that neural activity elicited by odor stimulation can alter the refinement of those axonal projections and also affect the organization of subsequent connections deeper in the olfactory bulb. (nih.gov)
There were also indications that the olfactory bulb of the brain was targeted. (cdc.gov)
translocate along the olfactory nerve into the olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)
20% of the UFP deposited on the olfactory mucosa of the rat can be translocated to the olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)

Regulation of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation in primary and immortalized cells from mouse olfactory epithelium. (escholarship.org)
We have developed an in vitro system for studying molecular events regulating neurogenesis in the mouse olfactory epithelium (OE). (escholarship.org)
In vertebrates the main olfactory system detects odorants that are inhaled through the nose where they come to contact with the olfactory epithelium, which contains the olfactory receptors. (wikibooks.org)
Olfactory receptor neurons are continuously replaced by mitotic division of the basal cells of the olfactory epithelium. (wikibooks.org)
An IP3R3- and NPY-expressing microvillous cell mediates tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the mouse olfactory epithelium. (nih.gov)
see diagram), a chemosensory organ located at the base of the nasal septum that is distinct from the main olfactory epithelium (MOE), is responsible for several pheromone responses. (nih.gov)
Chick GnRH neurons differentiate in the olfactory epithelium, migrate along the olfactory nerve and enter the forebrain. (biomedcentral.com)
Affigel blue beads were used to deliver a serine protease inhibitor, protease nexin-1 (PN-1), and a target protease, trypsin, to the olfactory epithelium coincident with initiation of GnRH neuronal migration. (biomedcentral.com)
Previous work in the laboratory has shown that olfactory axons emerge from the olfactory epithelium at stage 18 and are first joined by glia [ 15 ] and GnRH neurons [ 16 ] at stage 21. (biomedcentral.com)
Transmission electron microscopy revealed intranuclear herpetic inclusions, and immunostaining revealed HuAHV1 and herpesvirus particles in neurons, glial cells, tongue mucosal epithelium, and hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
The olfactory system is always rewiring itself: Nasal epithelium cells, which are responsible for odor detection, are continuously regenerating from stem cells in the nose and forming new connections in the brain. (nih.gov)

It has been observed that local field potentials in cortical neurons can serve to synchronize neuronal activity. (wikipedia.org)
To determine whether the basal cell-to-INP transition, or proliferation and neuronal differentiation of the INP, are regulated by crucial growth factors or cellular interactions, we are testing various polypeptide growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins for their effects on OE neurogenesis in vitro. (escholarship.org)
The inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor is a calcium release channel that has a physiological role in cell growth, development, sensory perception, neuronal signaling and secretion. (nih.gov)
Over the last two decades, a major focus in the study of insect olfaction has been on the role of olfactory receptors in mediating neuronal responses to environmental chemicals. (nih.gov)
In vivo , these receptors operate in specialized structures, called sensilla, which comprise neurons and non-neuronal support cells, extracellular lymph fluid and a precisely shaped cuticle. (nih.gov)
Here, we review recent work that illuminates how odour-evoked neuronal activity is impacted by sensillar morphology, lymph fluid biochemistry, accessory signalling molecules in neurons and the physiological crosstalk between sensillar cells. (nih.gov)
This provides an elegant mechanism for the control of neuronal development: a surplus of neurons is produced, and only those that form the correct connections with the target tissue receive adequate survival factors. (bmj.com)
8. Calcium-myristoyl switch, subcellular localization, and calcium-dependent translocation of the neuronal calcium sensor protein VILIP-3, and comparison with VILIP-1 in hippocampal neurons. (nih.gov)
14. The neuronal calcium sensor protein VILIP-1 is associated with amyloid plaques and extracellular tangles in Alzheimer's disease and promotes cell death and tau phosphorylation in vitro: a link between calcium sensors and Alzheimer's disease? (nih.gov)
17. Neuronal Ca2+ sensor protein VILIP-1 affects cGMP signalling of guanylyl cyclase B by regulating clathrin-dependent receptor recycling in hippocampal neurons. (nih.gov)
Antibodies against neuronal receptors and synaptic proteins are associated with autoimmune encephalitides (AE) that produce movement and psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)
Antibody-mediated central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity, the hallmark of several autoimmune encephalitis (AE) syndromes that produce movement and psychiatric disorders, is initiated when antibodies recognize neuronal receptors or synaptic proteins as foreign proteins ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
A key component regulating neuronal migration is the appropriate spatio-temporal expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules which contribute to the highway along which neurons travel. (biomedcentral.com)
The present study was initiated to test this hypothesis in vivo by examining neuronal migration of chick gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons during embryogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

[ 7 ] A reduced shift in reversal potential, induced by switching the extracellular Ca 2+ concentration from 1 to 20 mM, can be detected in NR3B-overexpressed hippocampal neurons (16.1 mV) compared with native neurons (27.2 mV). [ 27 ] Thus, NR3 subunits seem to negatively interfere with NMDAR activity. (medscape.com)
3. Reversible translocation and activity-dependent localization of the calcium-myristoyl switch protein VILIP-1 to different membrane compartments in living hippocampal neurons. (nih.gov)
2003). Hence, the MGS0039-marketed proliferation of hippocampal neurons could be extra proof for the support of antidepressant-like activity of group II mGlu receptor antagonists. (molecularcircuit.com)

While this juneau rocaltrol 0.25mcg shipping loss of sensory neurons but without synergistic effects. (joycefitzpatrickcounselling.com)
Sensory neurons - activated by sensory input from the environment2. (gradebuddy.com)
Interneurons - process info from sensory neurons + transmit to to different body region3. (gradebuddy.com)

Specifically, several reports have focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins on the migration, survival and structural and functional plasticity of neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), essential for the acquisition and maintenance of reproductive competence in mammals. (karger.com)
Among their various functions, semaphorins and their receptors play a key role in the central neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction by controlling the establishment of the neural circuitry responsible for the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a decapeptide that acts as the 'master molecule' controlling fertility. (karger.com)
We have studied the effects of proteases and their inhibitors on the extracellular matrix and the consequences to the migration of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the embryonic chick. (biomedcentral.com)

Using an in vitro model consisting of dissociated primary cultured mouse neurons we demonstrate abnormal pre- and post-synaptic marker expression after a clinically relevant isoflurane anesthesia exposure conducted during neuron development. (preprints.org)
2007. Regulatory mechanisms of AMPA receptors in synaptic plasticity [J]. Nat Rev Neurosci, 8 (2): 101-113. (zoores.ac.cn)

Key steps were the cloning of two large families of putative pheromone receptors (2-5) in the labs of Richard Axel at Columbia and Linda Buck and Catherine Dulac, both at Harvard, and in our lab. (nih.gov)
Three distinct families of putative pheromone receptors have been identified in the vomeronasal organ (V1Rs, V2Rs and V3Rs). (embl.de)

ER-PM Junctions on GABAergic Interneurons Are Organized by Neuregulin 2/VAP Interactions and Regulated by NMDA Receptors. (nih.gov)

Resultant discoveries will be relevant to other similar neuromodulatory systems involved in pain and neural processing, including cannabinoid, opiate, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. (stanford.edu)
AMPA - type of glutamate receptors whose activation results in the influx of sodium ions. (nascic.org)
Through analysis of the Drosophila ionotropic receptors (IRs), a family of variant ionotropic glutamate receptors, we reveal that most IRs are expressed in peripheral neuron populations in diverse gustatory organs in larvae and adults. (nature.com)

This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of semaphorins and their receptors on the development, differentiation and plasticity of the GnRH system. (karger.com)
GnRH-secreting neurons in vertebrates originate outside the brain, in the nasal placode [ 10 ], during embryonic life, and migrate into the brain along the olfactory/vomeronasal and terminal nerves to their principal target region, the preoptic area of the hypothalamus [ 11,12 ] (fig. 1 a). (karger.com)
These neurons are then integrated into the network of neurons and glia responsible for the timely secretion of GnRH into the pituitary portal circulation, which carries the neurohormone into the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates the release of gonadotropins from specialized cells, the gonadotropes. (karger.com)
However, the syndrome comprising complete GnRH deficiency and lack of olfactory senses is named Kallmann syndrome (KS) after the American geneticist Kallmann. (medscape.com)
IHH results from dysfunction of GnRH neurons that have developed and migrated properly, whereas KS is caused by defective migration of GnRH neurons to their proper position in the hypothalamus during fetal development. (medscape.com)
A fundamental understanding of the anatomy, biochemistry, ontogeny, and physiology of GnRH neurons aids in understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of KS and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). (medscape.com)
GnRH binds with high affinity to cell surface LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) receptors located on the pituitary gonadotrophs. (medscape.com)
Mutated GnRH receptors (GnRH-R), as predicted by the biochemistry, could result in the clinical manifestations of isolated gonadotropin deficiency. (medscape.com)
The first experiments tested whether application of either of these agents over the period of stage 21 to stage 29 affected the initial exit of GnRH neurons from the OE and/or their rate of migration along the ON and into the CNS. (biomedcentral.com)
The second experiments tested whether GnRH neurons exited the OE irrespective of the effects of proteolysis on the maturation of the olfactory nerve. (biomedcentral.com)

The olfactory neuroepithelium (OE) and selected brain structures-olfactory bulbs (OB), frontal cortex (FC), hippocampus (HIP), cerebellum (Cer), and brainstem (BS)-were microdissected 4 h after aerosol inhalation via a nose-only system in adult rats. (nih.gov)

Motor neurons - produce suitable responses by stimulating musclesSignal Transmission1. (gradebuddy.com)

In the light of the most recent results, we will also discuss the complex organization of the transduction molecules that underlie pheromone detection and signal transmission from vomeronasal neurons to the higher centers of the brain. (springer.com)
Both taste and smell receptors are chemoreceptors that are stimulated by molecules soluted respectively in mucus or saliva. (wikibooks.org)
Our work provides a toolkit for investigating taste functions of IRs, defines a subset of these receptors required for carbonation sensing, and illustrates how the gustatory system uses combinatorial expression of sensory molecules in distinct neurons to coordinate behaviour. (nature.com)
Each olfactory sensory neuron expresses one odorant receptor-out of more than 1,000 possibilities-that detects specific odor molecules. (nih.gov)

Using antibody markers that distinguish basal cells and postmitotic receptor neurons in vitro and in vivo, we have shown that neurogenesis occurs early on in OE cultures, but then ceases because INPs divide only once to generate postmitotic neurons and no new INPs are produced by basal cells. (escholarship.org)
Third, optogenetic stimulation of NEX-Cre VTA neurons in vivo induced significant place preference behavior, while stimulation of VTA neurons defined by Calretinin failed to cause a similar response. (eneuro.org)

The M receptor, originally described in guinea pig ileum, is pharmacologically distinct from all of the binding sites associated with the serotonin receptors just described. (nih.gov)
Alternatively, synergistic and antagonistic interactions among pheromone components with their receptors could produce complex response patterns such that distinct sets of neurons are activated at different concentrations. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, the differential activation of VNO neurons is likely to trigger neural circuitries that lead to distinct behavioral outputs. (jneurosci.org)
We characterise IR56d, which defines two anatomically-distinct neuron classes in the proboscis: one responds to carbonated solutions and fatty acids while the other represents a subset of sugar- and fatty acid-sensing cells. (nature.com)
Different classes of tastants are recognised by discrete sensory channels that express distinct, and relatively small, receptor families. (nature.com)
Dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have long been associated with different aspects of reward function, but it remains to be disentangled how distinct VTA DA neurons contribute to the full range of behaviors ascribed to the VTA. (eneuro.org)
The results show that NeuroD6 VTA neurons exert distinct regulation over specific aspects of reward-related behavior, findings that contribute to the current understanding of VTA neurocircuitry. (eneuro.org)

The electrical signal proceeds through the olfactory nerve's axons to the olfactory bulbs. (wikibooks.org)
Axon Collateral - these are side branches that axons typically develop to send information to other neurons. (nascic.org)
bulbs are consistent with earlier studies in nonhuman primates and rodents that demonstrated that intranasally instilled solid UFP translocate along axons of the olfactory nerve into the CNS. (cdc.gov)

It has been previously demonstrated that instilled solubilized uranium in the rat nasal cavity is conveyed to the brain via the olfactory nerve. (nih.gov)
Human skull showing the Cribriform Plate in green and Olfactory nerve in yellow. (wikibooks.org)
It is known that the earliest cortical response to peripheral nerve stimulation, the M20, results from the glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs, [ 21 - 23 ] generated by area 3b's pyramidal neurons [ 24 - 26 ]. (hindawi.com)
The site of origin of these cells in the olfactory placode, as well as the time course and migratory route along the olfactory nerve (ON) and into the forebrain are well documented [ 11 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We are studying the mammalian olfactory system to understand neural plasticity and nerve regeneration in the brain. (nih.gov)
We conclude from our study that the CNS can be targeted by airborne solid ultrafine particles and that the most likely mechanism is from deposits on the olfactory mucosa of the nasopha- ryngeal region of the respiratory tract and subsequent translocation via the olfactory nerve. (cdc.gov)

TLX, an Orphan Nuclear Receptor With Emerging Roles in Physiology and Disease. (nih.gov)

The 350 different receptors are characteristic for only one odorant type. (wikibooks.org)
To contend with such diversity, insects have evolved a family of odorant-gated ion channels comprised of a highly conserved co-receptor (Orco) and a divergent odorant receptor (OR) that confers chemical specificity. (nih.gov)

Olfactory sensitivity is directly proportional to the area in the nasal cavity near the septum reserved to the olfactory mucous membrane, which is the region where the olfactory receptor cells are located. (wikibooks.org)
Thus, it remains possible that a distribution of spatial orientation sensitivities exists across the eye, analogous to the optic-flow sensitivity fields of motion-sensitive neurons (Weber et al. (plk-receptor.com)
Motile-Cilia-Mediated Flow Improves Sensitivity and Temporal Resolution of Olfactory Computations. (zfin.org)
12. The calcium sensor protein visinin-like protein-1 modulates the surface expression and agonist sensitivity of the alpha 4beta 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. (nih.gov)

By immunohistofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, we establish that the KAL-1 encoded protein, anosmin-1, is a transient and regionally restricted component of extracellular matrices during organogenesis in man. (nih.gov)
N -methyl- D -aspartate receptors are heteromeric protein complexes, and three families of NMDAR subunits have been identified: NR1, NR2 and NR3. (medscape.com)
Other TAM ligands are galectin-3 and tubby, which bind to Mer, and Mocetinostat manufacturer tubby-like protein 1, which can bind to all three receptors [21,22]. (biotech2012.org)
Leveraging cell lines, mice, and patient-derived specimens, we show that androgen receptor co-regulators lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) are overexpressed in an androgen-dependent manner specifically in the skeletal muscle of SBMA patients and mice. (bvsalud.org)
The ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning (ARMS) scaffold protein, also known as kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins 220), has been previously identified as a prominent downstream target of neurotrophin and ephrin receptors. (molcells.org)
Early work from Randy Reed's group at Johns Hopkins established that olfactory reception probably involves a G-protein that controls the concentration of cAMP through a specific adenylate cyclase. (nih.gov)
Using an array of molecular and cellular approaches and single cell amperometric analysis of neurotransmitter release, it should be possible to further delineate the interplay between protein structure, cellular localization, and physiological function of each receptor subtype. (stanford.edu)
The superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is one of the largest gene families in most mammals and the most exploited in terms of drug discovery. (biomedcentral.com)
Our recent annotation of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) within the chicken genome showed that over 60% of the Genscan gene predictions with a human ortholog needed curation. (biomedcentral.com)
These 7-transmembrane, cell surface G protein-coupled receptors activate phospholipase C (PLC). (medscape.com)
The protein encoded by this gene is an orphan receptor involved in retinal development. (nih.gov)
9. The calcium-binding protein VILIP in olfactory neurons: regulation of second messenger signaling. (nih.gov)
HN - 2008 (1993) MH - Agouti-Related Protein UI - D054369 MN - D12.644.276.74 MN - D12.776.467.74 MN - D23.529.74 MS - A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. (nih.gov)
The importance of chemokine receptor signaling in the orchestration and coordination of immune cell trafficking is but one example of the importance of heterotrimeric G-protein-mediated signaling in immune function. (nih.gov)
Our goals are to understand how G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) transduce signals to downstream effectors in immune cells, to discern the mechanisms that control these responses, and to determine the physiologic consequences of G-protein activation for lymphocyte function. (nih.gov)
PAI-1 promoted the migration of microglial cells in culture via the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 1/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 axis. (biomedcentral.com)
PAI-1 plays a dual role in the regulation of cell migration through differential interactions with its binding partners such as uPA, tPA, vitronectin, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)1. (biomedcentral.com)
In both of these a protease or its inhibitor was applied by placing protein-coated beads at the olfactory placode. (biomedcentral.com)
It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the prevalence of extracellular Aβ plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, derived from the proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
The rhodopsin-like GPCRs (GPCRA) represent a widespread protein family that includes hormone, neurotransmitter and light receptors, all of which transduce extracellular signals through interaction with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins. (embl.de)
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a vast protein family that encompasses a wide range of functions, including various autocrine, paracrine and endocrine processes. (embl.de)
The V1 receptors share between 50 and 90% sequence identity but have little similarity to other families of G protein-coupled receptors. (embl.de)

Neurons and glial cells are physically injured and/or dying because of direct trauma. (nascic.org)

In this article, we summarize some of this recent progress in research on rodent pheromone receptors, but strongly warn readers that this information may prove to have no bearing on Homo sapiens , for which, to date, there is no evidence that homologous receptors mediate pheromone responses. (nih.gov)
Cellular localization is an important determinant of specialized function between homologous receptors. (stanford.edu)

Here, we demonstrate that subsequent to MRI-targeted focused ultrasound induced disruption of BBB, intravenously administered dopamine D(4) receptor-targeting antibody crossed the BBB and recognized its antigens. (researchgate.net)
Maternal Immune Activation adversely affects the ontogeny of dopamine neurons. (edu.au)
Midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are crucial for reward behavior, but due to recently uncovered heterogeneity, it remains to be fully resolved how they regulate reward responsiveness and how their dysfunction might contribute to disease. (eneuro.org)

The signal then goes forth to the olfactory cortex where it will be recognized and compared with known odorants (i.e. olfactory memory) involving also an emotional response to the olfactory stimuli. (wikibooks.org)
Our results suggest a new role of ARMS/Kidins220 as a signaling platform to regulate tumor cell proliferation in response to the extracellular stimuli. (molcells.org)

Some data gathered from the previous few years possess indicated that ligands of mGlu receptors, especially antagonists of mGlu5 receptors and antagonists of group II mGlu receptors, created antidepressant-like results in rodent types of depressive disorder (Pa?ucha and Pilc 2007). (molecularcircuit.com)
Among group II mGlu receptor ligands, MGS0039 (Chaki et al. (molecularcircuit.com)

The properties of these neurons are not found in neurons responding to putative single-compound pheromones. (jneurosci.org)

In the 1970s, the development of radioligand-binding assays furthered our understanding of subtypes of receptors for serotonin. (nih.gov)

Firstly, it had been shown that the use of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists activated the experience of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and elevated extracellular focus of serotonin in the medial prefrontal cortex in openly shifting rats (Karasawa et al. (molecularcircuit.com)

Nevertheless, the AMPA receptor appears to Xarelto play an integral part in the antidepressant-like actions of these substances. (molecularcircuit.com)

ATG5: ATG12: contractile delta-5 primers want sister particles( neurons and generally responsible workshops), ATG5: ATG12: cyclic acid residues can promote induced to give Leukotrienes, and ATG5: ATG12: Other synthetic isoforms can exist observed as red dynamics( Tandia et al. (familie-vos.de)
PAI-1 inhibited microglial engulfment of zymosan particles in a vitronectin- and Toll-like receptor 2/6-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)

Belluscio L, Koentges G, Axel R, Dulac C (1999) A map of pheromone receptor activation in the mammalian brain. (springer.com)
Berghard A, Buck LB (1996) Sensory transduction in vomeronasal neurons: evidence for G alpha o, G alpha i2, and adenylyl cyclase II as major components of a pheromone signaling cascade. (springer.com)
If there is one finding that we expect will carry over to humans from the rodent research, it would be that the pheromone receptor system is full of surprises. (nih.gov)

Sensory neuron synapses w/ motor neuron in spinal cord4. (gradebuddy.com)
Astrocytes - a star-shaped glial cell in the brain and spinal cord that provides nutrients to neurons, holds neurons in place, and participates in repairing damage after an injury. (nascic.org)
Prescott SA, Sejnowski TJ, De Koninck Y. Reduction of anion reversal potential subverts the inhibitory control of firing rate in spinal lamina I neurons: towards a biophysical basis for neuropathic pain. (neurophotonics.ca)
Cordero-Erausquin M, Coull JA, Boudreau D, Rolland M, De Koninck Y. Differential maturation of GABA action and anion reversal potential in spinal lamina I neurons: impact of chloride extrusion capacity. (neurophotonics.ca)
Yu XH, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, De Koninck Y. Morphology and neurokinin 1 receptor expression of spinothalamic lamina I neurons in the rat spinal cord. (neurophotonics.ca)

One such cell line (derived from a primary OE basal cell culture) develops branching processes when transplanted into neonatal mouse brain--a condition in which cells from freshly isolated OE can undergo apparent morphological differentiation into neurons. (escholarship.org)
These radioligands originally were proposed to label two classes of serotonin receptor in brain. (nih.gov)
Subsequently, a fourth binding site for [ 3 H]5-HT was identified in bovine brain and called the 5-HT 1D receptor. (nih.gov)
This was the first application of compartmental modeling using the Rall approach to brain neurons. (yale.edu)
2023. Complement receptor 1 is expressed on brain cells and in the human brain . (cardiff.ac.uk)
2021. Novel epigenetic clock for fetal brain development predicts prenatal age for cellular stem cell models and derived neurons . (cardiff.ac.uk)
CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain. (lookformedical.com)

Modulation of sympathetic neuron signaling occurs by feedback inhibition of neurotransmitter release (autoreceptors), mediated in part via alpha2A and/or alpha2C adrenergic receptors. (stanford.edu)

We searched the dog genome for non-olfactory GPCRs and obtained 353 full-length GPCR gene sequences, 18 incomplete sequences and 13 pseudogenes. (biomedcentral.com)

In this region there are between 1000 and 2000 glomerular cells which combine and interpret the potentials coming from different receptors. (wikibooks.org)
It was speculated that there were two different receptors for 5-HT in the ileum: D receptors, which are blocked by dibenzyline, and M receptors, which are blocked by morphine. (nih.gov)

However, it is not clear whether the vomeronasal organ (VNO) neurons respond similarly. (jneurosci.org)

2020. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons are functionally mature in vitro and integrate into the mouse striatum following transplantation . (cardiff.ac.uk)

Depending on the location and identity of the neurons, various mechanisms have been found to underlie ephaptic inhibition. (wikipedia.org)
Calcium-dependent release of neurotrophic factors plays an important role in the maintenance of neurons, yet the release mechanisms are understudied. (nih.gov)
Androgen binding to polyQ-expanded androgen receptor triggers SBMA through a combination of toxic gain-of-function and loss-of-function mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)

2022. Selective activation and down-regulation of Trk receptors by neurotrophins in human neurons co-expressing TrkB and TrkC . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Some data provides indicated how the system from the antidepressant-like activity of group II mGlu receptor antagonists may be linked to serotonergic program regulation. (molecularcircuit.com)

[ 19 ] In addition, the NR1 subunits are present in the cell bodies and central terminals of both small- and large-diameter dorsal root ganglia neurons. (medscape.com)
[ 21-23 ] Dorsal root ganglia neurons also contain NR2B, NR2C and NR2D, but not NR2A. (medscape.com)
We showed that the responses are fiber-specific, located ipsilaterally in the dorsal horn, and that they follow the somatotopy of afferent fiber entries in the dorsal horn and that the C-fiber response is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent mechanism. (lww.com)

The wide-ranging roles of the insect gustatory system are reflected in the molecular receptors that mediate peripheral sensory detection. (nature.com)

Under normal physiological conditions, both IP3R3(-/-) mice and explants from these mice had fewer progenitor cells that proliferate and differentiate into immature neurons. (nih.gov)
Mutational analysis indicates that IR56d, together with the broadly-expressed co-receptors IR25a and IR76b, is essential for physiological responses to carbonation and fatty acids, but not sugars. (nature.com)

Cell type-specific structural plasticity of axonal branches and boutons in the adult neocortex [J]. Neuron, 49 (6): 861-875. (zoores.ac.cn)
2005. A comparison of experience-dependent plasticity in the visual and somatosensory systems [J]. Neuron, 48 (3): 465-477. (zoores.ac.cn)

In 1856, Spanish pathologist Maestre de San Juan noted the association between the failure of testicular development and the absence of the olfactory bulbs. (medscape.com)

However, during embryonic development, both the VNO and the MOE are derived from the same infolding of the olfactory placode, and the organization of the two neurosensory epithelia is similar. (nih.gov)

They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons. (lookformedical.com)

Combined with reconstruction of the field potentials generated around these neurons, and detailed comparisons with single cell recordings, it led to prediction of dendrodendritic interactions mediating self and lateral inhibition of the mitral cells by the granule cells. (yale.edu)

2018. Kv7 channels are upregulated during striatal neuron development and promote maturation of human iPSC-derived neurons . (cardiff.ac.uk)

In one study, newly excited neighboring neurons interfered with already sustained currents, thus lowering the extracellular potential and depolarizing the neuron in relation to its surrounding environment, effectively inhibiting the action potential's propagation. (wikipedia.org)
[ 26 ] Interestingly, cotransfection of NR1, NR2A and NR3B into HEK293 cells results in significantly lower amplitude and calcium-permeability of the whole-cell currents than that permitted by NR1/NR2A receptors. (medscape.com)
Second, optogenetic activation of NEX-Cre VTA neurons was shown to induce DA release and glutamatergic postsynaptic currents within the nucleus accumbens. (eneuro.org)
Here we show that the recently described NeuroD6 (NEX) subtype of VTA DA neurons is involved in psychostimulant sensitization and that optogenetic stimulation of NEX-Cre VTA neurons induces DA release, glutamatergic postsynaptic currents, and real-time place preference behavior. (eneuro.org)

Action potentials are conducted to the axon terminal → cause release ofneurotransmitters → these bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane → createa new signal in postsynaptic neuronOutside has higher conc. (gradebuddy.com)
Axon - a fiber-shaped part of the neuron that carries electrical signals from the soma, or cell body, to the axon terminals. (nascic.org)
Axon terminal - branch-like structures at the end of an axon that transmits the signal to the dendrites of the next neuron in the relay. (nascic.org)

The initial suggestion that there might be more than one type of receptor for serotonin came from experiments on the isolated guinea pig ileum, which demonstrated that only a portion of the contractile response to serotonin could be blocked by high concentrations of morphine, whereas the remainder of the response could be blocked by low concentrations of dibenzyline (phenoxybenzamine). (nih.gov)

Each vomeronasal neuron expresses only one specific type of these receptors. (jneurosci.org)

SBMA is a neuromuscular disease caused by expansions of a CAG microsatellite tandem repeat in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene located on the X chromosome. (bvsalud.org)
Spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is caused by CAG expansions in the androgen receptor gene. (bvsalud.org)
In addition to dopaminergic markers, sparse NeuroD6 neurons expressed the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 ( Vglut2 ) gene. (eneuro.org)
2008. From synapse to nucleus: calcium-dependent gene transcription in the control of synapse development and function [J]. Neuron, 59 (6): 846-860. (zoores.ac.cn)

Additional analyses show that these neurons are masked by high-concentration pheromones. (jneurosci.org)
One possibility is that a high concentration of pheromones activates more neurons to reach the threshold of behavioral output. (jneurosci.org)
The best-characterised taste receptor repertoire is the Gustatory Receptor (GR) family, which are a divergent set of presumed heptahelical ion channels that function in the detection of sugars, bitter compounds and certain sex pheromones 3 , 13 . (nature.com)

Bradley and associates in 1986 proposed a classification scheme with three major types of receptors for serotonin, using pharmacological criteria and functional responses primarily in peripheral tissues [ 15 ]. (nih.gov)

This rewiring process provides a window into the development of the olfactory system and offers clues to the interdependence of an olfactory sensory neuron's molecular function and its effects on neural circuitry. (nih.gov)
In particular, we are looking at olfactory neural circuits that exhibit activity-dependent changes in connectivity. (nih.gov)

Clinicians and scientists have long been intrigued by the findings of olfactory disturbances and concomitant reproductive dysfunction. (medscape.com)
Given the connection between olfactory dysfunction and neurological diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, our work also maintains a strong translational focus. (nih.gov)

First, expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) was ablated to disrupt dopaminergic function in NeuroD6 VTA neurons. (eneuro.org)
The symptoms-resting tremor, rigidity, slow movement, and postural instability-are caused by the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. (nih.gov)
We are collaborating with other laboratories at NIH and elsewhere to explore the pathogenic processes of synuclein and LRRK2 in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. (nih.gov)

The hormone is composed of 9 amino acids and is synthesized in the neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, followed by release through the posterior pituitary gland. (umbrellalabs.is)

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate cellular processes by converting signals from your extracellular environment to the cytoplasm and nucleus. (biotech2012.org)
Extracellular signals modulate and regulate the function of cells that participate in immune responses. (nih.gov)

Of these, the most thoroughly understood are the 17 receptors expressed in the adult antenna. (nature.com)

In platelets, the activation of TAM receptors as well as the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor (P2Y12) network marketing leads towards the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and Akt, leading to persistent activation from the fibrinogen receptor integrin IIb3 and resulting in thrombogenesis and platelet stabilization. (biotech2012.org)

Anatomy30

Organisms22

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs40

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science2

Health Care1

Bulb15

Epithelium11

Neuronal14

Hippocampal neurons3

Sensory neurons3

Gonadotropin-releasi3

Synaptic2

Families of putative pheromone receptors2

NMDA Receptors1

Glutamate receptors3

GnRH10

Cerebellum1

Motor neurons1

Molecules4

Vivo2

Distinct7

Axons3

Nerve6

Physiology1

Odorant2

Sensitivity4

Protein22

Glial cells1

Homologous receptors2

Dopamine3

Stimuli2

Ligands2

Putative1

Subtypes1

Cortex1

AMPA1

Particles2

Pheromone3

Spinal5

Brain7

Neurotransmitter1

GPCR1

Different receptors2

Vomeronasal organ1

Vitro1

Mechanisms3

Regulation2

Dorsal3

Insect1

Physiological2

Plasticity2

Bulbs1

Placode1

Secretion1

Interactions1

Maturation1

Currents4

Axon3

Type of receptor1

Expresses1

Gene4

Pheromones3

Peripheral1

Neural2

Dysfunction2

Dopaminergic3

Hypothalamus1

Regulate2

Adult1

Kinase1