Extracellular mitogen activated protein kinases. Medical search. Frequent questions

We find that ERK activity is essential for serum-induced osteoblast proliferation in vitro because inhibition of MAPK/ERK kinase activity by U0126 completely abolished both serum-induced activation of ERK and proliferation of mouse (MBA-15.4) and human (MG-63) osteoblast cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
G protein-coupled receptors can activate Erk MAPK pathways through a variety of mechanisms, including stimulation of Src, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3-K), protein kinase C (PKC), or the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase. (aspetjournals.org)
In isolated strips of rat aorta, the MAPK/Erk kinase inhibitor U0126 (50 μM), Src inhibitor PP1 (0.5 μM), PKC inhibitors calphostin C (1 μM) and chelerythrine (10 μM), and the PI-3-K inhibitor LY294002 (1-20 μM) reduced 5-HT-induced contraction. (aspetjournals.org)
Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. (plos.org)
Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated MKK4, a direct target of MAP3K4, and activated p38 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of Sry expression. (plos.org)
This mutant, which we called boygirl ( byg ), was shown to contain an early stop codon that disrupts the autosomal gene encoding MAP3K4, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (plos.org)
A variety of extrinsic cues converge on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway. (nature.com)
Here we found that the germinal ablation of the MAPK c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase isoform 1 (JNK1) results in a significant reduction of myelin in the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum at both postnatal and adult stages. (nature.com)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family in serum-induced secretion of LIF and IL-6 by bone marrow stromal cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
FCS also induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). (unboundmedicine.com)
3: Both PD98059 (MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) attenuated FCS-induced LIF protein production and gene expression. (unboundmedicine.com)
Erk3, also known as MAPK6 or p97 MAPK, is almost 50% identical to Erk1/2 at the kinase domain located in its amino-terminal region. (creativebiomart.net)
The present study explored the effect of NAC on LPS‑induced apoptosis of HUVECs and determined the participation of the p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the process of apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Using highly sensitive MAP kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation assays, we demonstrate that four wild tomato species and the closely related potato ( S. tuberosum ) do not respond to the FACs N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine and N-linolenoyl-L-glutamic acid, excluding a domestication effect. (springer.com)
Over the last few decades, it has been studied that the mechanisms of cisplatin-induced kidney damage are complex and involved numerous cellular and molecular processes including inflammation, apoptosis, accumulation of cisplatin in renal tubular cells via renal drug transporters, Ctr1 and OCT2, and involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways [ 3 ] [ 4 ]. (thieme-connect.com)
In particular, extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, one of the MAPK pathway is considered as an important mediator of signal transduction processes, namely cell survival, cell division, gene expression, and cell metabolism that plays role in injury, death, and inflammation of kidney tubular cells due to cisplatin administration [ 5 ]. (thieme-connect.com)
Also, production of Matrix Metallo Proteinases (MMPs) of the skin is induced via activation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) signaling cascade[ 2 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
The pheromone signalling pathway of baker's yeast belongs to a class of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling pathways, which in eukaryotes commonly play a key role in the transmission and translation of extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses such as cell differentiation, proliferation or stress responses. (mpg.de)
Both welding fumes induced the activation of the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), leading to the increased expression of COX-2 in the RAW 264.7 cells. (cdc.gov)
It belongs to the MAPK superfamily of stress-activated protein kinases. (thermofisher.com)
En los mamíferos, existen varias vías de MAPK diferentes, como la vía de ERK (cinasa regulada por señales extracelulares), la vía de SAPK/JNK (proteína-cinasa activada por el estrés/cinasa c-jun) y la vía de la cinasa p38. (bvsalud.org)
Results of their new study suggest that these malformations are a result of KRAS -induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK-ERK) signaling pathway in brain endothelial cells. (medscape.com)

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the vasculature, resulting in contraction. (aspetjournals.org)
Among MAPKs, the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) include three isoforms-JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3. (nature.com)
We further demonstrated that in vitro administration of pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly upregulated expression levels of CCL2 and CXCL1 as well as phosphorylation (activation) of the stress-associated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 in cultured astrocytes prepared from cerebral cortices of neonatal rats. (researchsquare.com)
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) comprise a large family of proteins activated by a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. (molvis.org)
MAPKs are Serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli, and mediate signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. (thermofisher.com)

In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
Also, other proteins which involved in the same pathway with MAPK4 were listed below. (creativebiomart.net)
Thus integrins modulate the efficiency of the Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, acting at several distinct levels. (nih.gov)
We have shown that both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and PAKs (p21-activated kinases) play a role in integrin regulation of the Erk pathway, acting primarily at the level of Raf-1. (nih.gov)
Several studies suggest that melanoma may be resistant to treatment because of resistance to apoptosis and that this may be the result of activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. (bmj.com)
In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway evokes an intracellular signaling cascade in response to extracellular stimuli such as heat and stress. (tocris.com)
However, recent studies have suggested that BRAFi/MEKi and ERK1/2i resistance can arise through activation of a parallel signalling pathway leading to activation of ERK5, an unusual protein kinase that contains both a kinase domain and a transcriptional transactivation domain. (babraham.ac.uk)
In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. (bvsalud.org)

The structural organization of these kinases into specific signaling domains is facilitated by scaffolding proteins involved in closely tethering different kinases so that successive phosphorylation events can occur. (wikipedia.org)
This has led to the development of a range of ERK1/2 inhibitors (ERKi) that either inhibit kinase catalytic activity (catERKi) or additionally prevent the activating pT-E-pY dual phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2 (dual-mechanism or dmERKi). (babraham.ac.uk)

The protein encoded by this gene is a scaffolding protein that brings together mitogen-activated protein kinases and their transcription factor targets for the activation of specific signaling pathways. (wikipedia.org)
Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)
NF-κB pathways can be mainly activated by two pathways. (springer.com)
The goal was to examine the potential mechanisms by which welding fumes with different metal compositions may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activate inflammatory signaling pathways in an in vitro model. (cdc.gov)
JNK pathways are activated by stress and inflammatory signals. (thermofisher.com)

Recognizes endogenous levels of total p44/p42 MAP kinase (Erk1,2) protein. (reageno.com)
To test this hypothesis by examining the expression of ERK1/2 and its activated form in histological sections of melanoma and its relation to known prognostic features of the disease. (bmj.com)
Expression of activated ERK1/2 in melanocytic lesions appears to be related to malignant potential so that activation of ERK1/2 may be important in melanoma progression. (bmj.com)
This may be relevant to the suggestion of kinase-independent effects of ERK1/2 and the therapeutic use of ERKi. (babraham.ac.uk)
Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)

We have previously shown that excretory-secretory product-62 (ES-62), a homologue of phosphorylcholine-containing molecules that are secreted by human parasites and which is active in rodent models of filarial infection, is able to polyclonally activate certain protein tyrosine kinase and mitogen-activating protein kinase signal transduction elements in B lymphocytes. (eurekamag.com)
Mathematical modeling of signal transduction networks has previously been used to map out thermodynamical using rate equations is increasingly attracting attention as a properties of protein-folding models (6,7). (lu.se)

This inhibition is reversed by cotreatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and by the GC receptor antagonist, RU486, suggesting a classical transcriptional mechanism. (ox.ac.uk)
Phosphatase activity was up-regulated by Dex treatment, and inhibition of ERK activity by Dex was also reversed by the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, vanadate. (ox.ac.uk)
The EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478 (0.25-1 μM) was without effect. (aspetjournals.org)
We here evaluated the effects of SP600125 (anthra[1,9- cd ]pyrazole-6 (2 H )-one), an inhibitor of c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK), on the activation of PSCs. (aspetjournals.org)
Apart from being an acidic medium containing an assortment of antimicrobial molecules including antibodies (IgA and IgG), mucins, β-defensins, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), surfactant protein etc. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, there is concomitant production of mucins, immunoglobulins (secretory IgA and IgG), secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and β-defensins, and other antimicrobial proteins, which all together provide a formidable first line of defense against infection. (frontiersin.org)
2010) A novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine is a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent protein kinases 1, 2, and 9, which demonstrates antitumor effects in human tumor xenografts following oral administration. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Anle138b is an oligomeric aggregation inhibitor that inhibits formation of pathological prion protein (PrP Sc ) and α-synuclein aggregates in vitro . (tocris.com)
The human trabecular meshwork cells were treated with t BHP for 1 or 2 h with or without pretreatment of SB203580, an inhibitor of MAP kinase homologs. (molvis.org)

An intracellular signaling system involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). (bvsalud.org)

Importance The RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase/ERK cascade plays a crucial role in melanoma cell proliferation and survival. (drug-injury.com)

Transient activation of AMP-activated protein kinase at G1/S phase transition is required for control of S phase in NIH3T3 cells. (nih.gov)
SP600125 inhibited interleukin-1β-induced JNK activity and activator protein-1 activation, but it did not affect the activation of extracellular-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. (aspetjournals.org)
2010) Activation state-dependent binding of small molecule kinase inhibitors: structural insights from biochemistry. (guidetopharmacology.org)
However, Erk3 is distinguished from other MAP kinases in that it lacks the conserved TXY motif in its activation loop, poss Encodes a nuclear and cytoplasmically localized MAP kinase involved in mediating responses to pathogens. (creativebiomart.net)

A screen of 72 inhibitors against 456 human kinases. (guidetopharmacology.org)

Glucocorticoids induce rapid up-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and dephosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and impair proliferation in human and mouse osteoblast cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
SP600125 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation, inducible monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production, and serum-induced type I collagen production. (aspetjournals.org)

Mostajeran M, Wetterling F, Blixt FW, Edvinsson L, Ansar S. Acute mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 inhibition improves functional recovery and vascular changes after ischaemic stroke in rat-monitored by 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging. (lu.se)

The expression of caspase‑3, Bax, Bcl‑2, phosphorylated (p)‑p38MAPK/total (t‑)p38MAPK and p‑endothelial e nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/t‑eNOS proteins were determined by western blotting. (spandidos-publications.com)
This study is to investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in tert -butyl hydroperoxide ( t BHP)-induced apoptosis of human trabecular meshwork (iHTM) cells. (molvis.org)

Gouda and Bhandary, 2018 ), which leads to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and ultimately leads to the formation of fibrotic lesions ( Pardo and Selman, 2002 ). (frontiersin.org)
Bequette CJ, Hind SR, Pulliam S, Higgins R, Stratmann JW (2018) MAP kinases associate with high molecular weight multiprotein complexes. (springer.com)

Receptors in the posterior pharynx are then activated to initiate the involuntary phase of deglutition, which involves carefully sequenced contraction of numerous head and neck muscles. (nature.com)

The GDNF family ligands (GFLs) function through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-(GPI) anchored coreceptor, GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRα), and rearranged during transfection (RET), a well-known receptor tyrosine kinase involved in kidney development, spermatogonial stem cell maintenance, and the development and maintenance of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems [ 1 , 2 ]. (medsci.org)

TY - JOUR T1 - Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase family in serum-induced leukaemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6 secretion by bone marrow stromal cells. (unboundmedicine.com)

The mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog, WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1), is activated downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor during decidualization. (bioone.org)
Use of effector domain mutants of Rac suggest that Nischarin acts downstream of Rac, probably at the level of PAK-family kinases. (nih.gov)
When GFLs bind with GFRα, they form complexes and associate with the RET receptor, subsequently activating downstream signaling. (medsci.org)

It does not crossreact with either JNK/ SAPK or p38 MAP kinase. (reageno.com)

4: Expression of a dominant-negative mutant form of JNK1 that blocked FCS-induced JNK activity had no effect on protein production and gene expression of these cytokines. (unboundmedicine.com)
Human recombinant protein fragment corresponding to amino acids 1-384 of human JNK1 produced in E.coli. (thermofisher.com)

In vitro studies using infra-/red light have not shown any useful impact on wound healing by activating cells located in deeper skin layers such as fibroblasts or stem cells [2] . (researchgate.net)
Thus, the principle of protein or peptide haptenation could be used in in vitro assays to predict the sensitization potential of a new chemical entity. (cdc.gov)
Raina D.B., Larsson D., Mrkonjic F., Isaksson H., Kumar A., Lidgren L., Tägil L. Gelatin- hydroxyapatite- calcium sulphate based biomaterial for long term sustained delivery of bone morphogenic protein-2 and zoledronic acid for increased bone formation: In-vitro and in-vivo carrier properties. (lu.se)

Melanoma in particular exhibits a high incidence of activating BRAF and NRAS mutations and such cells are addicted to the activity of these mutant oncoproteins. (babraham.ac.uk)
In collaboration with a group at the University of Geneva (Dr S.I. Nikolaev and Dr S.E. Antonarakis) and the group of Dr J.E. Fish from University of Toronto, they performed exome DNA sequencing of the tissue samples of 26 patients and found somatic activating KRAS mutations in some of them. (medscape.com)
In total, the researchers detected somatic activating KRAS mutations in tissue samples from 45 of 72 patients and in none of the 21 paired blood samples. (medscape.com)

C-jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 4 is a scaffold protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG9 gene. (wikipedia.org)
This gene which is abundantly expressed in testicular haploid germ cells encodes a protein that is recognized by sperm-agglutinating antibodies and implicated in infertility. (wikipedia.org)
The byg mutation is an A to T transversion causing a premature stop codon in the gene encoding MAP3K4 (also known as MEKK4), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase. (plos.org)

A series of caspases proteins have been shown to be activated by the death induced signal complex [a form of death ligand that binds to the corresponding death receptor on the cell surface ( 13 )], which in turn induces apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Our preliminary study found that CCL2 was mainly co-localized with the astroglial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), while the CCL2 receptor chemokine C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2) was mainly co-localized with the neuronal nuclear marker NeuN in TBI model rats, suggesting that CCL2‒CCR2 signaling is a major driver of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and concomitant motor and cognitive dysfunction following TBI [9]. (researchsquare.com)

and amphoterin, a nuclear protein sometimes found in the ECM (Table 1 ). (jci.org)

To investigate the role of serum-and-glucocorticoid-inducible-kinase-1 (SGK1) in colitis and its potential pathological mechanisms. (wjgnet.com)

The centre of the tuberculous granuloma may undergo caseous necrosis surrounded by activated macrophages, T-cells and fibroblasts. (ersjournals.com)

Orthologous to human MAPK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 1). (nih.gov)

Production of several reactive oxygen species damages Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), proteins and lipids[ 3 ].It may also cause premature aging, sunburn and or skin cancer[ 4 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

He also showed that double-stranded (ds)RNA- and ZDNA binding proteins had a role in poxvirus pathogenesis. (cdc.gov)
The underlying mechanisms of matrix destruction in TB remain poorly understood but consideration of the lung extracellular matrix predicts that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) will play a central role, owing to their unique ability to degrade fibrillar collagens and other matrix components. (ersjournals.com)
This sheds light upon the role of the Smad7 protein in this system. (lu.se)

Xiao, L, Haack, KKV & Zucker, IH 2013, ' Angiotensin II regulates ACE and ACE2 in neurons through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling ', American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology , vol. 304, no. 11, pp. (nebraska.edu)

This abrogated expression of the decidual marker genes, insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 ( IGFBP1 ) and prolactin ( PRL ), and prevented adoption of decidual cell morphology. (bioone.org)

Indeed, we also found that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) following TBI promoted cognitive recovery and reduced the numbers of activated astrocytes in the ipsilateral hippocampal region and cortex after 2 weeks of treatment [10]. (researchsquare.com)

Contraction is a multifactorial stimulus with short-term metabolic effects and long-term responses due to changes in protein synthesis. (dissertations.se)

and both can effectively induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) or abnormally activated fibroblasts. (frontiersin.org)

One of the key molecular events in skin sensitization is protein haptenation, i.e. the chemical modification of self-skin protein(s) thus forming macromolecular immunogens. (cdc.gov)

The mechanism whereby Mtb targets the lung apices is unknown, but once it reaches the lung interstititum, breakdown of the extracellular matrix must occur for the pathogen to disseminate via the airways. (ersjournals.com)
At a population level, P. falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1) and merozoite surface protein-1 19kD (PfMSP1) IgG decreased during the first 12 months of life before reaching a nadir, whereas IgGs to other targets only declined for the first 4 months of life. (cdc.gov)

Se presentan 3 pacientes, HIV/sida, todos con reiterados problemas de adherencia al tratamiento, en los cuales a través de la secuenciación genómica completa de Mtb se diagnosticó HTR monoclonal con coexistencia de 2 variantes de la misma cepa aisladas de muestras de pulmón y ganglios linfáticos, con diferentes perfiles de resistencia en cada uno de los casos. (bvsalud.org)

Using patch-clamp electrophysiology in brain slices prepared from male rats, we reveal that opioid withdrawal abruptly reduces the ability of these peptides to inhibit neurotransmission, a direct consequence of a protein kinase A (PKA)-driven increase in the synaptic activity of peptidases. (jneurosci.org)

Our results suggest that ERKi, including current clinical candidates, act as 'kinase degraders', driving the proteasome-dependent turnover of their major target, ERK2. (babraham.ac.uk)

A mouse catecholaminergic neuronal cell line (CATH.a) was treated with ANG II (30, 100, and 300 nM) for 24 h, and protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. (nebraska.edu)
In response to pancreatic injury and in cell culture, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are transformed ("activated") into highly proliferative myofibroblast-like cells that express α-smooth muscle actin and produce extracellular matrix components. (aspetjournals.org)
DeMarini, and Chapter 20, by Rice and cell death determine the size protein in several signal ing path- and Herceg). (who.int)

ANG II induced a significant dose-dependent increase in ACE and decrease in ACE2 mRNA and protein expression in CATH.a neurons. (nebraska.edu)
Expression analysis of mutant XY gonads at the same stage also reveals a dramatic reduction in Sox9 and, crucially, Sry at the transcript and protein levels. (plos.org)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can regulate the expression of apoptotic factors, including caspase‑3, Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax). (spandidos-publications.com)
Also, welding fumes increased protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1, activating the Nrf2-Keap-HO-1pathway. (cdc.gov)

Lung extracellular matrix destruction is essential to TB transmission and consequently of critical importance to the global success of Mtb. (ersjournals.com)

Extracellular signals are transduced into cells through mitogen-activated protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)

MMPs are a group of zinc-dependent extracellular proteinases which include collagenase and elastase, responsible for the degradation of collagen and elastin respectively[ 1 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

Activated PSCs are implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis and inflammation. (aspetjournals.org)

its production, both intracellularly and extracellularly, is tightly coupled to energy consumption resulting in increasing extracellular adenosine levels with increased energy consumption. (dissertations.se)

Anatomy20

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs173

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes39

Information Science3

MAPK22

MAPKs5

Pathway11

Phosphorylation2

Pathways6

Erk15

Signal transduction2

Inhibitor9

Signaling System1

Cascade1

Activation4

Inhibitors1

Proliferation2

Inhibition1

P38MAPK2

20182

Receptors1

Tyrosine1

Serum-induced1

Downstream3

SAPK1

JNK12

Vitro3

Mutations3

Gene3

Receptor2

Nuclear1

Investigate the role1

Macrophages1

Human1

Reactive oxygen1

Role3

Regulates1

Genes1

Cognitive1

Synthesis1

Fibroblasts1

Molecular1

Targets2

Monoclonal1

Peptides1

Turnover1

Cell3

Expression4

Lung1

Signals1

MMPs1

Pathogenesis1

Energy consumption1