• It is produced by the reaction of acetone and hydrogen peroxide to yield a mixture of linear monomer and cyclic dimer, trimer, and tetramer forms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wolffenstein combined acetone and hydrogen peroxide, and then he allowed the mixture to stand for a week at room temperature, during which time a small quantity of crystals precipitated, which had a melting point of 97 °C (207 °F). In 1899 Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger described the first synthesis of the dimer and described use of acids for the synthesis of both peroxides. (wikipedia.org)
  • After separating the ether layer, the product was purified and found to melt at 132-133 °C (270-271 °F). They found that the trimer could be prepared by adding hydrochloric acid to a chilled mixture of acetone and hydrogen peroxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chemical name, Acetone peroxide is most commonly used to refer to the cyclic trimer, the product of a reaction between two precursors, hydrogen peroxide and acetone, in an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic addition, although various further monomeric and dimeric forms are possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common route for nearly pure TATP is H2O2/acetone/HCl in 1:1:0.25 molar ratios, using 30% hydrogen peroxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Contact with strong oxidants such as acetic acid, nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide generates explosive peroxides. (ilo.org)
  • Prosecutors said that the man acquired material to build improvised explosive devices, including acetone, hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid. (apnews.com)
  • It included acetone, hydrogen peroxide and ammonium nitrate - the material used by Lindsay on 7/7. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • He possessed many substances that a "bomb expert" from Defence Research and Development Canada called "precursors" to making explosives. (boingboing.net)
  • Still, the expert was sober, pointing out that there were enough precursors in the Forest Hill home to make eight to 10 kilos of explosives, enough to "blow apart the back of a bus. (boingboing.net)
  • ChemSee's portable detection kits for explosives and explosive precursors include a customized set of detectors for explosives and/or explosive precursors. (chemsee.com)
  • Contains six detectors for nitrate-based explosives, nitramines, home-made explosive precursors (flammables and strong oxidizers), full color instructions and all materials required for sample collection and testing. (chemsee.com)
  • Drug precursors: acetone, toluene, etc. (labtron.co)
  • Testing with the Verifier Detector for Liquid Explosive Precursors (e.g. (chemsee.com)
  • Acetone peroxide (/æsəˈtəʊn pɛrˈɒksaɪd/ also called APEX and mother of Satan) is an organic peroxide and a primary explosive. (wikipedia.org)
  • The trimer is known as triacetone triperoxide (TATP) or tri-cyclic acetone peroxide (TCAP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Acetone peroxide takes the form of a white crystalline powder with a distinctive bleach-like odor (when impure) or a fruit-like smell when pure, and can explode powerfully if subjected to heat, friction, static electricity, concentrated sulfuric acid, strong UV radiation or shock. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acetone peroxide (specifically, triacetone triperoxide) was discovered in 1895 by the German chemist Richard Wolffenstein. (wikipedia.org)
  • By using the depression of freezing points to determine the molecular weights of the compounds, they also determined that the form of acetone peroxide that they had prepared via potassium persulfate was a dimer, whereas the acetone peroxide that had been prepared via hydrochloric acid was a trimer, like Wolffenstein's compound. (wikipedia.org)
  • the synthesis of tetrameric acetone peroxide has been disputed. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is known that traces of sulfuric acid trapped inside the formed acetone peroxide crystals lead to instability. (wikipedia.org)
  • In fact, the trapped sulfuric acid can induce detonation at temperatures as low as 50 °C (122 °F). This is the most likely mechanism behind accidental explosions of acetone peroxide that occur during drying on heated surfaces. (wikipedia.org)
  • Organic peroxides in general are sensitive, dangerous explosives, and all forms of acetone peroxide are sensitive to initiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abedi detonated a bag filled with acetone peroxide (TATP) and shrapnel-the same explosive used in the Brussels attacks the previous year. (usma.edu)
  • The chemical, tri-cyclic acetone peroxide, or TATP, was made by accident as the product of a chemistry experiment. (iflscience.com)
  • TATP, being nitrogen-free, has been used as the explosive of choice in several terrorist bomb attacks since 2001. (wikipedia.org)
  • examination of the explosive decomposition of TATP at the very edge of detonation front predicts "formation of acetone and ozone as the main decomposition products and not the intuitively expected oxidation products. (wikipedia.org)
  • A chemistry department at a British university was recently evacuated after a student made the known explosive, TATP. (iflscience.com)
  • But although the TATP in question came as an unwelcome surprise - the Ministry of Defence was forced to carry out a controlled disposal - there are many labs around the world which do design and make explosives for interest and application. (iflscience.com)
  • TATP has also received a lot of media attention because it is easy to make and has been regularly used in improvised explosive devices (IEDs) associated with terror attacks such as the London 7/7 bombings in 2005. (iflscience.com)
  • In his furnace room, he had an electrochemical setup where he seemed to be turning potassium chloride into potassium chlorate, a shiny white crystal that is, Anderson said, a well-known ingredient in improvised explosives like TATP (triacetone triperoxide) and HMTD (hexamethylene triperoxide diamlene). (boingboing.net)
  • An anion formed by the acid acetic acid, the anion of Acetone, is the significant difference between the two. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • The main difference between Acetone and acetate is that an anion called acetate is generated by turning acetic acid into Acetone. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • In inorganic chemistry, Acetone and acetate are organic substances or derivatives of organic compounds, and acetate is the anion formed when acetic acid, while Acetone is the most basic ketone. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Testing with the Nitro-Pen Detector for Nitrate-based Explosives (e.g. (chemsee.com)
  • It is used as an intermediate in the production of sulfuric acid, other chemicals, and explosives. (cdc.gov)
  • Concentrated sulfuric acid can catch fire or explode when it comes into contact with many chemicals including acetone, alcohols, and some finely divided metals. (cdc.gov)
  • Acetone is a basic organic chemical used in the manufacture of bulk pharmaceuticals, agro-chemicals, dyes, explosives, and downstream chemicals. (gulftoday.ae)
  • There are only two major acetone suppliers − Hindustan Organic Chemicals Limited and Schenectady International Group. (gulftoday.ae)
  • One of the most commonly known explosive chemicals is trinitrotoluene, or TNT , which has featured extensively in video games and films. (iflscience.com)
  • [1] The increased availability of chemicals has allowed the construction of improvised explosive devices . (infogalactic.com)
  • The pictogram for explosive chemicals used by the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). (infogalactic.com)
  • 2. ALWAYS keep the area around the machine clean and free of unnecessary clutter, combustible materials, explosives, or volatile solvents such as acetone, alcohol, or gasoline. (pdf-archive.com)
  • 8. Keep the area around the TOOCA L1 laser cutting machine clean and free from cluttered flammable materials, explosives, or volatile solvents such as acetone, alcohol, or petrol. (elecfreaks.com)
  • Based on research at centers such as the Institute for Biological Detection Systems at Auburn University, it appears that dogs do not rely on a vapor signature from the pure explosive material itself, but rather a characteristic combination of odors from solvents, synthetic remnants from the production-material processing steps, and degradation by-products (2,6). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Discussing the different molecular signatures, or atomic make-up, of simple liquids such as water, ethanol and acetone (a flammable liquid), the researchers from Forschungszentrum Jülich, an inter-disciplinary research centre situated between Aachen and Cologne in Germany, explain the need to extend the frequency range of spectral analysis to increase the reliability of liquid explosive detection. (scienceblog.com)
  • As the researchers write, "Our first experiments showed that with simple measurements at four frequencies ranging from microwave to terahertz we are able to perform fast and reliable identification of various widespread liquids, such as water, ethanol, propanol and acetone, placed in a plastic container. (scienceblog.com)
  • Researchers at UC Berkeley have created a biodiesel fuel using a fermentation process that was once used to make explosives in World War I. The process uses a bacterium called Clostridium acetobutylicum (also known as the "Weizmann Organism") to ferment sugar from various sources - including corn, sugar cane, molasses, woody biomass, or plant biomass - and produces acetone, butanol, and ethanol. (techdirt.com)
  • Baeyer and Villiger prepared the dimer by combining potassium persulfate in diethyl ether with acetone, under cooling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Charcoal tube analysis found trace levels of acetone and low levels of isopropyl alcohol. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the systematic selection of explosive compounds to train sniffer dogs and the standardization of canine testing and evaluation procedures were not fully developed until the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms initiated its Canine Explosive Detection program in the early 1990s. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • What is an explosive atmosphere (hazardous area)? (petzl.com)
  • Hazardous waste is the discarded solid material or liquid which contains the substances that are known to be fatal to humans or lab animals, toxic, carcinogenic to humans or other living beings, ignitable with flash point less than 60OC, corrosive, explosive or highly reactive. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The camera and enclosure can be used in a hazardous potentially explosive environment. (kintronics.com)
  • Acetone potentiation of acute acetonitrile toxicity in rats. (cdc.gov)
  • The physiological principles governing the action of acetone together with determination of toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • The "downfall" of the catalytic bead sensor, which is used to monitor the lower explosive limit (LEL) of combustible gases, is that it is susceptible to poisoning by silicone and other gases, suggests Dave Wagner, director of product knowledge at Industrial Scientific. (ohscanada.com)
  • Both HPLC and HRGC can rapidly separate tetryl from other explosive compounds, but HPLC has the advantage of being run at ambient temperature. (cdc.gov)
  • The authors discuss the concept of the explosive bouquet and its application to the spectroscopic detection of explosive compounds such as C4. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • One of the challenges associated with vapor detection of explosives is that energetic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) have very low vapor pressures at ambient temperatures (3,4). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Figure 1 shows plots of the vapor pressures as a function of vapor pressure for a number of explosives, as well as several volatile organic compounds (VOCs). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Acetone is a ketone whose chemical formula is (CH 3) 2 CO. It is a colourless, flammable, and highly volatile liquid at room temperature. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Until about 2015, explosives detectors were not set to detect non-nitrogenous explosives, as most explosives used preceding 2015 were nitrogen-based. (wikipedia.org)
  • In turn, these have largely been replaced by more powerful explosives such as C-4 and PETN . (infogalactic.com)
  • In the manufacture of Pentolite, PETN is first refined by precipitation from an acetone solution with water, this PETN is then dissolved in acetone with TNT and the Pentolite is obtained by co-precipitation by addition of water. (dtic.mil)
  • Samples of Pentolite prepared from both single and double refined PETN were submitted by the duPont Co. in order that it might be determined if they differed with respect to stability, sensitivity, and explosive power. (dtic.mil)
  • On the basis of the results obtained, it is believed that the preliminary purification of PETN in the manufacture of Pentolite can be eliminated without materially affecting the sensitivity, stability, or explosive characteristics of the mixture. (dtic.mil)
  • Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. (ilo.org)
  • Gas/air mixtures are explosive. (ilo.org)
  • The gas mixes well with air, explosive mixtures are easily formed. (ilo.org)
  • While the idea of using electromagnetic radiation to inspect the properties of liquids is already thought a viable route to detecting explosive liquids, previous devices, working at single fixed frequencies within a small frequency range, cannot unambiguously distinguish mixtures of different liquids containing dangerous components which can be used as an explosive. (scienceblog.com)
  • One employee working at Explosive Detection System (EDS) machine 6 measured an instantaneous peak exposure of 1150 ppm on the first day of sampling. (cdc.gov)
  • A variety of methods have been described for the detection of tetryl in environmental samples, including air, fresh water and sea water, soil, sediment, ocean floor fauna, and explosives. (cdc.gov)
  • Some advantages of using IMS for the detection of explosives and their residues were determined. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • All portable detection kits form colorwhen the target explosive or precursor is present. (chemsee.com)
  • The ideal detection system for threat agents, whether these threats are explosives, chemical and biological agents, or illicit drugs, possesses a low detection limit (in other words, is capable of detecting threat signatures present at only parts-per-billion to parts-per-trillion by volume levels), is able to discern a threat amidst a real world background, and can operate from standoff distances in real time. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • This is particularly true in the explosive detection arena where the trained canine remains the gold standard. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • In addition, explosive devices typically are packaged in a plastic or metal container, which further reduces the amount of vapor available for detection purposes. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Certainly there has been a great deal of high-quality effort devoted to the explosive detection problem over the past decade. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • An explosive material , also called an explosive , is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light , heat , sound , and pressure . (infogalactic.com)
  • With China becoming self sufficient in this chemical, bulk of global production of acetone is being dumped into India at throwaway prices. (gulftoday.ae)
  • Explosive environments can be found in a number of places such as oil and gas tankers, chemical processing plants, hospital operating theaters, aircraft refueling, and hangers, coal mines or oil refineries, sewage treatment plants, grain handling, sugar refineries, and printing industry. (kintronics.com)
  • Over the past decade, researchers at Auburn University, the US Army Corps of Engineers, and Sandia National Laboratories have reported a number of interesting observations regarding not only how trained canines detect hidden explosives, but also the chemical makeup of the vapor signature from such devices (2,3). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • The chemical formula (CH3)2CO is Acetone or (CH3)2CO, a ketone. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Whether the mine is on the surface, or buried deep underground, there are often times when the use of either a high or low explosive (detonation or deflagration) in a confined space can be used to liberate a fairly specific sub-volume of a brittle material in a much larger volume of the same or similar material. (infogalactic.com)
  • The increase in terrorist activities committed using explosives in recent years has generated the need for improved analytical methods that can accurately and quickly identify explosives and their residues. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • In the third phase, a handswab sample taken from a suspect was analysed for trace explosive residues. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Canine researchers refer to this combination of odors as the explosive bouquet (2,6). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • 6 - An explosive mixture (threshold), which means having attained a concentration of the combustible substance in the air sufficient to make an explosion possible. (petzl.com)
  • Effects of short, high-concentration exposures to acetone as determined by observation in the work area. (cdc.gov)
  • There is no evidence in the available toxicological data that acetone presents an IDLH hazard below the lower explosive limit (LEL) of 25,000 ppm. (cdc.gov)
  • In the second phase, qualitative analysis of a real explosion residue was carried out and the explosive material used in the bomb was identified by analysing the acetone extract. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • EP41S-6 can be used in potentially explosive environments, as defined in National Electrical Code, NFPA 70 (National Fire Protection Association). (thomasnet.com)
  • Research published today, Tuesday, 20 October, in IOP Publishing's Superconductor Science and Technology explains how a new form of spectroscopy, a scientific method that uses electromagnetic radiation to identify materials, and a novel nanoelectronic device to detect signals, can identify explosive liquids, or liquid components for the fabrication of explosives, in usual plastic bottles almost instantly. (scienceblog.com)
  • Figure 1: Plot of vapor pressure (in torr) for several pure explosives, as well as several VOCs commonly found in TNT-based explosives, as a function of temperature. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • The explosion spreads from the initiation site throughout all the explosive. (infogalactic.com)
  • Acetone: biological data. (cdc.gov)
  • At one end of the layer of explosive, the explosion is initiated. (infogalactic.com)
  • And the more nitrogen-nitrogen bonds a molecules has, like RDX, typically the more explosive it is. (iflscience.com)
  • If there are mineral deposits where large masses of native metal (usually copper) are present in the ground, using explosives to "liberate" the ore typically doesn't work well. (infogalactic.com)
  • Acetone is also under discussion, despite its presence in multiple consumer goods, as it can be used to make explosive peroxides. (chemistryworld.com)
  • What are the components of the source, whether a DNAPL or explosive material, and what is the expected behavior of the individual components based on known information? (nationalacademies.org)
  • An explosive charge is a measured quantity of explosive material. (infogalactic.com)
  • Propylene is currently the primary raw material used to make Acetone-this method is the cumene process. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Examination of Some Organic Explosives by Ion Mobility Spectrometry (I" by HÜLYA KOYUNCU, ERTAN SEVEN et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The Zone area classification system is based on the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60079 Explosive atmospheres . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • The cumene process can produce Acetones synthetically, although it naturally turns fat into ketone molecules. (exactlyhowlong.com)