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Human insulinAnaloguesHypoglycemiaGlargineDuration of actionHypersensitivity ReactionsSubcutaneousLisproEndogenous hormoneShort-actingProtaminePancreasMetabolismZincLenteDiabetic ketoacidosisMetabolicRecombinantDoseHyperkalemiaProteinDosageBloodstreamInjectionExtractsSuitableHumansIntermediateMedicationBloodTypePatientsProductsMadeActivityFormTherapy

Human insulin6

• In the 1990s, recombinant DNA technology allowed for the mass production of the human insulin protein in yeast or bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
• This led to formulations of recombinant lente human insulin products by the early 2000s. (wikipedia.org)
• NOVOLIN 70/30 is a mixture of human insulin isophane, an intermediate-acting human insulin, and human insulin, a short-acting human insulin, indicated to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus. (nih.gov)
• Human insulin was later manufactured using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology. (medscape.com)
• [ 52 ] Insulin glargine is a long-acting human insulin analogue approved for once-daily dosing. (medscape.com)
• 9][10] In 2019, regular human insulin was the 298th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions. (askandanswer.info)

Analogues4

• However, lente insulin began to fall out of favor with doctors in the mid-2000s, when insulin analogues such as glargine began to be approved. (wikipedia.org)
• Insulin analogues made by recombinant DNA production methods have less variation in their strength and purity between doses and batches. (wikipedia.org)
• The development of insulin analogues has attempted to address some of the shortcomings of traditional insulin. (medscape.com)
• The types are often all called insulin in the broad sense, although in a more precise sense, insulin is identical to the naturally occurring molecule whereas insulin analogues have slightly different molecules that allow for modified time of action. (askandanswer.info)

Hypoglycemia3

• Furthermore, while lente insulin (and NPH) have a definitive peak in effect, insulin analogs have a much less pronounced peak, making for more predictable effects and less risk of hypoglycemia. (wikipedia.org)
• The primary adverse effect of any insulin product is hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. (wikipedia.org)
• A blood glucose level of less than 70 mg/dL, or above 50 mg/dL with signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. (easynotecards.com)

Glargine4

• An intermediate-acting insulin (detemir) has a similar profile of action to isophane but is more pharmacologically predictable and is less likely to cause weight gain, whereas glargine has a relatively flat profile of action, lasting some 18-26 hours. (medscape.com)
• The FDA issued an early communication to health care practitioners regarding 4 published observational studies that described the possible association of insulin glargine (Lantus) with an increased risk of cancer. (medscape.com)
• The observational studies evaluated large patient databases, and all reported some association between insulin glargine and other insulin products with various types of cancer. (medscape.com)
• 6] It comes in three main types: short-acting (such as regular insulin), intermediate-acting (such as neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin), and longer-acting (such as insulin glargine). (askandanswer.info)

Duration of action3

• It was known by 1950 that the addition of protamine or zinc could alter the duration of action of these insulin products, and in 1952, K. Hallas-Møller at Novo Nordisk produced the first commercial insulin zinc suspension for use in humans. (wikipedia.org)
• These have the most rapid onset of action as well as a shorter duration of action than other insulin categories. (easynotecards.com)
• Regular or soluble insulin is bound to either protamine (eg, isophane) or zinc (eg, lente, ultralente) in order to prolong the duration of action. (medscape.com)

Hypersensitivity Reactions1

• First line therapy against insulin hypersensitivity reactions include symptomatic therapy with antihistamines. (askandanswer.info)

Subcutaneous1

• Insulin must be given parenterally, and this effectively means subcutaneous injection. (medscape.com)

Lispro2

• Combinations of isophane and regular, lispro, or aspart insulins are also available in a limited number of concentrations that vary around the world, ranging from 25:75 mixtures (ie, 25% lispro, 90% isophane) to 50:50 mixtures. (medscape.com)
• [ 50 ] Insulins lispro, glulisine, and aspart have a more rapid onset of action and shorter duration, making them more suitable for bolusing at mealtimes and for short-term correction of hyperglycemia. (medscape.com)

Endogenous hormone1

• Insulin is an endogenous hormone, which is produced by the pancreas. (askandanswer.info)

Short-acting2

• Prior to the late 1940s, insulin products were derived from pork or beef sources, and then used virtually unaltered as "short-acting" insulin products. (wikipedia.org)
• The only Insulin classified as a short-acting insulin. (easynotecards.com)

Protamine1

• Allergy to insulin affected about 2% of people, of which most reactions are not due to the insulin itself but to preservatives added to insulin such as zinc, protamine, and meta-cresol. (askandanswer.info)

Pancreas3

• Insulin is a protein normally produced in the pancreas which regulates metabolic processes throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
• A naturally occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood. (easynotecards.com)
• 4] Insulin can be made from the pancreas of pigs or cows. (askandanswer.info)

Metabolism1

• The primary role of insulin is to increase the metabolism of glucose, storage of energy in adipose tissue, and decrease the body's own production of glucose. (wikipedia.org)

Zinc3

• also called insulin zinc suspension) was an intermediate duration insulin that is no longer used in humans. (wikipedia.org)
• citation needed] Lente insulin is a combination of porcine and bovine insulin products which are filtered and combined with zinc to form the suspension. (wikipedia.org)
• Lente insulin was formulated by the addition of zinc to the crude porcine and bovine insulin extracts, which causes the insulin protein to form larger crystals which dissolve into the body slower upon injection. (wikipedia.org)

Lente12

• The onset of lente insulin is one to two hours after the dose is administered, and the peak effect is approximately 8 to 12 hours after administration, with some effects lasting over 24 hours. (wikipedia.org)
• Lente insulin products, along with other insulin analogs in the same family, were discontinued by their manufacturers in the mid-2000s, and are no longer permitted to be marketed for use in humans in the US. (wikipedia.org)
• Lente insulin arose from research into ways to alter the pharmacokinetics of bovine or porcine insulin products. (wikipedia.org)
• For decades, lente insulin was used as a basal insulin, designed to mimic the body's continual slow release of insulin throughout the day. (wikipedia.org)
• Compared to NPH insulin, lente insulin has a similar but more protracted loss of action after a dose is administered. (wikipedia.org)
• After the discontinuation of lente insulin for human use, the FDA approved a veterinary porcine-derived lente insulin (vetsulin®, Merck Animal Health) for daily use in dogs or twice daily use in cats. (wikipedia.org)
• Insulin analogs used in humans after the discontinuation of lente insulin have not yet been proven to provide the same benefits and predictability as lente insulin in cats and dogs. (wikipedia.org)
• For this and other reasons, lente insulin is still commonly used in both dogs and cats. (wikipedia.org)
• As lente insulin continues to be absorbed in the body for hours after use, these signs and symptoms may be delayed from the time of administration and begin with little or no warning. (wikipedia.org)
• These reactions are slightly more likely with lente insulin than with insulin derived from a single source as lente insulin contains bovine insulin which is more immunogenic than porcine insulin. (wikipedia.org)
• Compared to NPH insulin, another intermediate acting insulin, up to 40% of the dose of lente insulin may remain unabsorbed for over 24 hours after administration. (wikipedia.org)
• The variation in absorption between doses in the same patient of lente insulin is comparable to that of insulin NPH. (wikipedia.org)

Diabetic ketoacidosis1

• Insulin is used to treat a number of diseases including diabetes and its acute complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states. (askandanswer.info)

Metabolic2

• Individualize and adjust dosage based on metabolic needs, blood glucose monitoring results and glycemic control goal. (nih.gov)
• Despite their apparent advantages over traditional insulins, no evidence suggests a long-term advantage of the analogue insulins in terms of metabolic control or complication rates. (medscape.com)

Recombinant1

• This was in part because health care providers began to favor more predictable forms of insulin, such as recombinant NPH insulin. (wikipedia.org)

Dose2

• This means that while the insulin in the bloodstream is still metabolized in 4-6 minutes, more insulin is continually being absorbed from the dose injected for hours after administration. (wikipedia.org)
• In NOVOLIN 70/30, the proportions of short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins are fixed and do not allow for basal versus prandial dose adjustments. (nih.gov)

Hyperkalemia1

• 4] Insulin is also used along with glucose to treat hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels). (askandanswer.info)

Protein2

• As a medication, insulin is any pharmaceutical preparation of the protein hormone insulin that is used to treat high blood glucose. (askandanswer.info)
• 18]The insulin protein has been highly conserved across evolutionary time, and is present in both mammals and invertebrates. (askandanswer.info)

Dosage1

• Adjustment of insulin dosage may be needed. (nih.gov)

Bloodstream1

• The half life of endogenous insulin once it enters the bloodstream is 4 to 6 minutes. (wikipedia.org)

Injection4

• Exogenous insulin, however, would not be effective with a short half life, as it would require continuous injection or infusion to have the desired effect. (wikipedia.org)
• Make changes to a patient's insulin regimen (e.g., insulin strength, manufacturer, type, injection site or method of administration) under close medical supervision with increased frequency of blood glucose monitoring. (nih.gov)
• Instruct patients to check insulin labels before injection. (nih.gov)
• With so many various insulins and mixtures available, a wide range of possible injection regimens exist. (medscape.com)

Extracts1

• Originally, all insulin was derived from the highly purified pancreatic extracts of pigs and cattle, and this form of insulin is still available. (medscape.com)

Suitable2

• They are also more suitable for use with insulin pumps. (medscape.com)
• 4] There are various types of insulin, suitable for various time spans. (askandanswer.info)

Humans1

• red) and the sugar-lowering hormone insulin (blue) in humans during the course of a day containing three meals. (askandanswer.info)

Intermediate2

• The only available intermediate-acting insulin product. (easynotecards.com)
• Twice-daily combinations of short- and intermediate-acting insulin. (medscape.com)

Medication1

• Insulin was first used as a medication in Canada by Charles Best and Frederick Banting in 1922. (askandanswer.info)

Blood1

• A fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher or a nonfasting blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher. (easynotecards.com)

Type1

• Insulin is always required to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus. (medscape.com)

Patients2

• The disease may be controlled by lifestyle modifications, oral drug therapy, and/or insulin, but patients are not necessarily dependent on insulin therapy. (easynotecards.com)
• The FDA states that patients should not stop taking their insulin without consulting their physician. (medscape.com)

Products1

• Accidental mix-ups between insulin products can occur. (nih.gov)

Made1

• It serves to replace the insulin that is either not made or is made defectively in a diabetic patient. (easynotecards.com)

Activity1

• The following image illustrates the activity profile of various insulins. (medscape.com)

Form1

• Alternatives to injecting insulin have been constantly sought, including an inhaled form of insulin. (medscape.com)

Therapy2

• Insulin therapy" and "Synthetic insulin" redirect here. (askandanswer.info)
• 4] Insulin was formerly used in a psychiatric treatment called insulin shock therapy. (askandanswer.info)