MembraneAcrosomal exocytosisEndocytosisSynaptic vesiclesSynapsesSecretoryGranule exocytosisLysosome exocytosisInhibits exocytosisVesicular exocytosisNeurotransmitterLysosomalInhibitionMechanismSecretionActinNeuronsCytolyticChromaffin cellsCalciumCyclic AMPProteinNeuronalExtracellularCellsProteinsRegulationRegulatesAbsenceExocystPresynapticStimulusDependentSynaptotagminAcidExocyticRoleReleaseFormFindings
Membrane18
- Exocytosis and its counterpart, endocytosis, are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane by passive means. (wikipedia.org)
- Exocytosis occurs via secretory portals at the cell plasma membrane called porosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- In exocytosis, membrane-bound secretory vesicles are carried to the cell membrane, where they dock and fuse at porosomes and their contents (i.e., water-soluble molecules) are secreted into the extracellular environment. (wikipedia.org)
- Exocytosis is also a mechanism by which cells are able to insert membrane proteins (such as ion channels and cell surface receptors), lipids, and other components into the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- Constitutive exocytosis is performed by all cells and serves the release of components of the extracellular matrix or delivery of newly synthesized membrane proteins that are incorporated in the plasma membrane after the fusion of the transport vesicle. (wikipedia.org)
- The membrane fusion of the constitutive exocytosis, probably, is mediated by SNAP29 and Syntaxin19 at the plasma membrane and YKT6 or VAMP3 at the vesicle membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus exocytosis does not simply replace plasma membrane but ensures that the plasma membrane will display its characteristic cell-surface proteins . (biology-pages.info)
- The exocytosis of lysosomes supplies the membrane needed to repair wounds in the plasma membrane. (biology-pages.info)
- This "kiss-and-run" version of exocytosis does not restore plasma membrane to the cell. (biology-pages.info)
- Exocytosis is a highly regulated mechanism utilized by cells to release secretory vesicles and drug bioparticles to the membrane surface. (aps.org)
- Despite its important role in exocytosis, the mechanism of vesicle merging with membrane is still poorly understood. (aps.org)
- This polarized exocytosis is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton, membrane cholesterol and the clathrin adaptor AP-1. (wisc.edu)
- Activation of TLR4 in a subset of sensory neurons induces TRPA1 upregulation at the cell membrane through vesicular exocytosis, contributing to the initiation of neuronal sensitization and pain. (nyu.edu)
- Unexpectedly, the frequency of NPY·Venus release events was only 17-27% of that of vesicle fusion reported with synapto·pHluorin, but not phogrin·EGFP, indicating that exocytosis of cargo peptides that is likely to require complete collapse of the vesicle into the plasma membrane is relatively rare. (silverchair.com)
- Studies of various exocytotic cells suggest that filamentous actin (F-actin) blocks exocytosis by excluding secretory vesicles from the plasma membrane. (tau.ac.il)
- The present review describes the unique properties and in vivo roles of the Rab27 system, and the functional relationship among different effectors coexpressed in single cells , with pancreatic beta cells used as an example.Key words membrane trafficking, regulated exocytosis , insulin granules, pancreatic beta cells . (bvsalud.org)
- It mediates fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane resulting in exocytosis of neurotransmitters. (nature.com)
- Membrane fusion generates an opening through which the molecules are expelled into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis. (msdmanuals.com)
Acrosomal exocytosis1
- Structural events and molecular mechanisms that promote mammalian sperm acrosomal exocytosis and motility. (uba.ar)
Endocytosis3
- Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis . (biology-pages.info)
- Indeed, vacuolin-1 or desipramine treatment prevented the enhancement of CME but not of fluid phase endocytosis upon USMB, suggesting that lysosome exocytosis and acid sphingomyelinase, respectively, are required for the regulation of CME but not fluid phase endocytosis upon USMB treatment. (plos.org)
- Amoeba Acquires Its Food Through A Process, Termed (1) Exocytosis (2) Endocytosis (3) Plasmolysis (4) Exocytosis And Endocytosis Both. (unacademy.com)
Synaptic vesicles2
- Munc13 is of critical importance in priming synaptic vesicles (SVs) for release, and SV exocytosis in hippocampal synapses is completely shut down in the absence of Munc13-1 and Munc13-2, whereas in the case of synaptic dense core vesicles (DCVs) the synaptic preference of DCV release is lost. (uni-goettingen.de)
- SYP and SYT are critical players in the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. (cdc.gov)
Synapses1
- Exocytosis in neuronal chemical synapses is Ca2+ triggered and serves interneuronal signalling. (wikipedia.org)
Secretory4
- ELKS is a large coiled-coil protein, also involved in synaptic exocytosis, marking the 'hotspots' fusion points of the secretory carriers fusion. (wikipedia.org)
- A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. (mcw.edu)
- Although cAMP is well known to regulate exocytosis in many secretory cells, its direct target in the exocytotic machinery is not known. (bioseek.eu)
- However, these granules are more than reservoirs of secretory cytolytic proteins but may also serve as unique Ca2+ signaling hubs that autonomously generate their own signals for exocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
Granule exocytosis3
- Mammalian sperm-egg fusion results in cortical granule exocytosis (CGE) and resumption of meiosis. (tau.ac.il)
- Interaction of lymphokine-activated killer cells with susceptible targets does not induce second messenger generation and cytolytic granule exocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
- Moreover, LAK cell-mediated lysis was not associated with an increase in cytotoxic granule exocytosis, as evaluated by BLT-esterase release into the culture supernatant. (ox.ac.uk)
Lysosome exocytosis3
- Mechanism of polarized lysosome exocytosis in epithelial cells. (wisc.edu)
- In non-polarized cells, lysosome exocytosis facilitates rapid resealing of torn membranes. (wisc.edu)
- Here, we investigate the mechanism of lysosome exocytosis in polarized epithelia, the main barrier between the organism and the external environment and the first line of defense against pathogens. (wisc.edu)
Inhibits exocytosis3
- Overloading lysosomes with cholesterol inhibits exocytosis, suggesting that excess cholesterol paralyzes lysosomal traffic. (wisc.edu)
- We tested the hypothesis that isoflurane inhibits exocytosis in dopaminergic neurons. (eneuro.org)
- Thus, isoflurane inhibits exocytosis from dopaminergic neurons by a mechanism distinct from that in non-dopaminergic neurons involving reduced Ca 2+ entry through Ca V 2.1 and/or Ca V 2.2. (eneuro.org)
Vesicular exocytosis2
- Vesicular exocytosis in prokaryote gram negative bacteria is a third mechanism and latest finding in exocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
- The process of vesicular exocytosis is a fast, tightly regulated and Ca2+-triggered event mediated by SNARE complex formation. (uni-goettingen.de)
Neurotransmitter2
- Second, CSP may mediate a direct step of fast neurotransmitter exocytosis independent of Ca 2+ channel activation. (jneurosci.org)
- Isoflurane, a widely used volatile anesthetic, inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels and differentially inhibits synaptic vesicle exocytosis depending on neurotransmitter phenotype. (eneuro.org)
Lysosomal3
- Interference with HDAC10 does not block doxorubicin efflux from cells via P-glycoprotein inhibition, but rather via inhibition of lysosomal exocytosis. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Our data suggest that lysosomal exocytosis under doxorubicin treatment is important for cell survival and that inhibition of HDAC10 further induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), providing additional mechanisms that sensitize neuroblastoma cells to doxorubicin. (johnshopkins.edu)
- LAMP-1 may be instrumental in lysosomal exocytosis. (medscape.com)
Inhibition2
- Furthermore, feedback inhibition of the Ca2+ current (I(Ca)) by released vesicular protons reduced depression of exocytosis during AP trains. (nih.gov)
- Inhibition of luteinizing-hormone exocytosis by guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate reveals involvement of a GTP-binding protein distal to second-messenger generation. (ox.ac.uk)
Mechanism4
- As an active transport mechanism, exocytosis requires the use of energy to transport material. (wikipedia.org)
- The machinery required for constitutive exocytosis hasn't been studying as much as the mechanism of regulated exocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Exocytosis is that mechanism. (biology-pages.info)
- Here, we show that in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area isoflurane acts via a sodium channel-independent mechanism to inhibit synaptic vesicle exocytosis in proportion to reduced presynaptic Ca 2+ flux mediated by Ca V 2.1 and/or Ca V 2.2, in contrast to its effects in non-dopaminergic neurons. (eneuro.org)
Secretion2
- CAPS was originally identified as a factor which reconstitutes secretion in permeabilised neuroendocrine cells, and has since been recognised as important in regulated release of DCVs in C. elegans and large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells, as well as in SV exocytosis in neurons. (uni-goettingen.de)
- While these events are considered necessary to trigger granule secretion, Ca2+-independent cytolytic mechanisms have been recently proposed in addition or as an alternative to the classical Ca2+-dependent exocytosis model. (ox.ac.uk)
Actin1
- Depolymerization of actin, but not microtubules, causes apical lysosome fusion, supporting the hypothesis that cortical actin is a barrier to exocytosis. (wisc.edu)
Neurons2
- Thus, at least in mammals, both Munc13s and CAPS proteins are critical in the regulation of both SV and LDCV exocytosis in neurons as well as in neuroendocrine cells. (uni-goettingen.de)
- We used electrical stimulation or depolarization by elevated extracellular KCl to evoke exocytosis measured by quantitative live-cell fluorescence imaging in cultured rat ventral tegmental area neurons. (eneuro.org)
Cytolytic1
- A cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) kills an infected or tumorigenic cell by Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of cytolytic granules at the immunological synapse formed between the two cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Chromaffin cells4
- Recently, miRNA exocytosis by vesicle fusion in response to stimulation was observed in chromaffin cells, which are neuroendocrine cells in the sympathetic nervous system ( 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Similarly, overexpression of CSP in chromaffin cells inhibited the extent of exocytosis and slowed the kinetics of individual release events, indicating a key role of CSP close to fusion pore opening during Ca 2+ -regulated exocytosis ( Graham and Burgoyne, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
- Although overexpression studies had also implicated Munc13s in LDCV release in chromaffin cells, in this cell type no LDCV release deficit had ever been demonstrated in their absence, and CAPSs proteins had been suggested to be the main regulators of LDCV exocytosis. (uni-goettingen.de)
- Taken together, our findings show that ubMunc13-2 and Munc13-1 regulate LDCV exocytosis in chromaffin cells. (uni-goettingen.de)
Calcium8
- Ca2+ triggered non-constitutive exocytosis requires an external signal, a specific sorting signal on the vesicles, a clathrin coat, as well as an increase in intracellular calcium. (wikipedia.org)
- The calcium sensors that triggers exocytosis might interact either with the SNARE complex or with the phospholipids of the fusing membranes. (wikipedia.org)
- Other potential calcium sensors for exocytosis are EF-hand proteins (Ex: Calmodulin) and C2-domain (Ex: Ferlins, E-synaptotagmin, Doc2b) containing proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- It is unclear how the differenta calcium sensors can cooperate together and mediate the calcium triggered exocytosis kinetic in a specific fashion. (wikipedia.org)
- Another SNARE-interacting protein that has been implicated in calcium dependent exocytosis is Complexin. (uni-goettingen.de)
- DM-nitrophen (DMN) is a photolabile calcium chelator that has been used extensively to study calcium-triggered exocytosis. (mpg.de)
- Here, we compare NPE and DMN for their effectiveness in raising cytosolic calcium ([Ca]i) to trigger exocytosis. (mpg.de)
- Chandler, DE & Kazilek, CJ 1986, ' Chemotactic peptide-induced exocytosis in neutrophils: Granule fusion patterns depend on the source of messenger calcium ', Journal of Cell Science , vol. (elsevierpure.com)
Cyclic AMP1
- Furthermore, p[NH]ppG stimulated LH exocytosis in the presence of saturating cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentrations, although its effect was less than additive. (ox.ac.uk)
Protein2
- The inhibitory effect of GTP[S] can be clearly distinguished and indicates the involvement of a distinct GTP-binding protein in exocytosis at a site distal to second-messenger generation. (ox.ac.uk)
- To achieve this, the neuronal SNARE (i.e., soluble N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex brings the vesicle and presynaptic membranes in close proximity, thereby, mediating the fusion of the two membranes resulting in exocytosis of neurotransmitters. (nature.com)
Neuronal1
- Neuronal dense core vesicles release their cargo content by EXOCYTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)
Extracellular2
- Example: the various components of the extracellular matrix are secreted by exocytosis. (biology-pages.info)
- Comparable reductions in exocytosis and Ca 2+ influx were produced by lowering extracellular [Ca 2+ ]. (eneuro.org)
Cells8
- The objective of this review is to discuss how miRNAs are released by active exocytosis and to examine the physiological functions of vesicle-free miRNAs in neuroendocrine cells. (frontiersin.org)
- The cells lining our intestine synthesize tiny droplets of fat and discharge them into the lacteals by exocytosis. (biology-pages.info)
- Still a third type of exocytosis is found in some cells. (biology-pages.info)
- Consistent with these findings, RNAi-mediated depletion of syntaxin 4 inhibits basolateral exocytosis in wild-type MDCK, and both apical and basolateral exocytosis in cells lacking AP-1A or AP-1B. (wisc.edu)
- Preferential Coupling of the NAADP Pathway to Exocytosis in T-Cells. (ox.ac.uk)
- By contrast, deletion of Baiap3, another Munc13 isoform with relatively high expression in adrenal medulla, did not lead to changes in LDCV exocytosis and its overexpression could not rescue the release deficit of Munc13-1/2-deficient cells. (uni-goettingen.de)
- In the present study, we investigated whether L-glutamate is secreted through exocytosis by αTC6 cells (clonal mouse pancreatic α-cells). (elsevierpure.com)
- Our results are consistent with the idea that L-glutamate is secreted by α-cells through Ca 2+ -dependent regulated exocytosis. (elsevierpure.com)
Proteins1
- Exocytosis (/ˌɛksoʊsaɪˈtoʊsɪs/) is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis). (wikipedia.org)
Regulation1
- To gain a more complete picture of potential differences in the regulation of SV and LDCV exocytosis, we investigated the role of different Munc13 isoforms in chromaffin cell LDCV exocytosis. (uni-goettingen.de)
Regulates1
- The monomeric GTPase Rab27 regulates exocytosis of a broad range of vesicles in multicellular organisms. (bvsalud.org)
Absence2
- This study is the first to report a deficit in chromaffin cell LDCV exocytosis in the absence of Munc13 isoforms. (uni-goettingen.de)
- Munc13-1 expression is low in perinatal adrenal glands, and its deletion alone did not result in significant changes in exocytosis, however its function in LDCV release became apparent in the absence of Munc13-2. (uni-goettingen.de)
Exocyst1
- Two tethering complexes are associated with constitutive exocytosis in mammals, ELKS and Exocyst. (wikipedia.org)
Presynaptic1
- The volatile anesthetic isoflurane differentially inhibits glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis by reducing presynaptic Ca 2+ influx without affecting the Ca 2+ -exocytosis relationship, but its effects on dopaminergic exocytosis are unclear. (eneuro.org)
Stimulus1
- When an AP waveform was used as a voltage stimulus, exocytosis was evoked by single APs, maintained throughout AP trains and modulated by AP frequency. (nih.gov)
Dependent3
- Protons released via exocytosis may therefore be a significant modulator of Ca(2+)-dependent currents and regenerative potentials in bipolar-cell terminals. (nih.gov)
- The cAMP-dependent increase of [Ca(2+)](i) that accompanies CICR is shown to be coupled to exocytosis. (nih.gov)
- Accordingly, cAMP-GEFII is a direct target of cAMP in regulated exocytosis and is responsible for cAMP-dependent, PKA-independent exocytosis. (bioseek.eu)
Synaptotagmin1
- Synaptotagmin has been recognized as the major sensor for Ca2+ triggered exocytosis in animals. (wikipedia.org)
Acid1
- This review discusses a selective role for the Ca2+-mobilizing messenger, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and its molecular targets, two-pore channels (TPCs), in stimulating exocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
Exocytic1
- Following flash photolysis of DMN or NPE, [Ca]i increased, triggering both a rapid exocytic burst and slower sustained phases of exocytosis. (mpg.de)
Role3
- A role for alternative splicing in circadian control of exocytosis and glucose homeostasis. (uchicago.edu)
- However, serotoninergic nerves are not known to have a prominent role on DA exocytosis in intact rats. (etsu.edu)
- Seems to play a role in vesicle maturation during exocytosis. (lu.se)
Release1
- Increased Ca 2+ signals coupled with reduced release suggest a direct function of CSP in exocytosis downstream from Ca 2+ entry. (jneurosci.org)
Form1
- Exocytosis is a form of active transport that involves sending substances to areas outside the cell. (expii.com)
Findings1
- The overall findings demonstrate that an adulthood serotoninergic nerve lesion enhanced PCA-evoked DA exocytosis in a rodent model of severe PD, while susceptibility to oxidative stress was unchanged. (etsu.edu)