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Cochlear NucleusCochlear NerveAuditory PathwaysVestibulocochlear NerveExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsCell NucleusAcoustic StimulationNeuronsOlivary NucleusEvoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain StemSynaptic TransmissionBrain StemSynapsesNeural InhibitionInferior ColliculiTinnitusAction PotentialsElectric StimulationCatsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsGerbillinaeNoiseExcitatory Amino AcidsCochleaAuditory Brain Stem ImplantsAuditory ThresholdPatch-Clamp TechniquesVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2Glutamic AcidAuditory PerceptionStrychnineNerve FibersPitch PerceptionTrigeminal Nucleus, SpinalSound LocalizationElectrophysiologyAfferent PathwaysInterneuronsEvoked Potentials, AuditoryInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsDendritesVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1Models, NeurologicalExcitatory Amino Acid Agonistsgamma-Aminobutyric AcidGuinea PigsGABA AntagonistsNucleus AccumbensReceptors, AMPAChinchillaSoundRats, Sprague-DawleySpiral GanglionAnimals, NewbornGlycine AgentsDecerebrate StateGlycineSolitary NucleusReaction TimeHearing Loss, Noise-InducedPresynaptic TerminalsBicucullineThalamic NucleiVesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 1Hearing Loss, CentralAnterior Thalamic NucleiMice, Inbred CBATime FactorsEvoked PotentialsTensor TympaniQuinoxalinesPonsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateMembrane PotentialsStrigiformesNeural PathwaysNeurotransmitter AgentsPyramidal CellsHearing Loss, ConductiveReceptors, GlutamateAxonsNerve NetSeptal NucleiRaphe NucleiGlutamatesNeurons, AfferentDifferential ThresholdMice, Inbred ICRKainic AcidDeafnessHearingReceptors, GlycineTetrodotoxinCerebellar NucleiGAP-43 ProteinHippocampusReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateCycloleucineParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusImmunohistochemistry
Dorsal cochleaNeuronsVentral nucleusInferior colliculusSynapticNerveAvianBrainstemLateral lemniscusInputsSensoryStimulationNeuronalMaturationContralateralCurrentsImplantsNeuralSynapseExcitationSlicesSomatosensoryResponsesMedialPhysiologicallyTemporalProjectionsAnteriorSoundCellsComponentsAnimalsUnderstand
Dorsal cochlea11
  • In the VCN, auditory nerve fibers bifurcate, the ascending branch innervates the AVCN and the descending branch innervates the PVCN and then continue to the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mammalian dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) integrates auditory nerve input with nonauditory signals via a cerebellar-like granule cell circuit. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Balakrishnan, V & Trussell, LO 2008, ' Synaptic inputs to granule cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus ', Journal of neurophysiology , vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 208-219. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Noise over-exposure alters long-term somatosensory-auditory processing in the dorsal cochlear nucleus - possible basis for tinnitus-related hyperactivity? (umich.edu)
  • Stimulus-timing-dependent plasticity in dorsal cochlear nucleus is altered in tinnitus. (umich.edu)
  • Transcutaneous induction of stimulus-timing-dependent plasticity in dorsal cochlear nucleus. (umich.edu)
  • Increased synchrony and bursting of dorsal cochlear nucleus fusiform cells correlate with tinnitus. (umich.edu)
  • Stefanescu, S and Shore, S.E. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors control baseline activity and Hebbian stimulus-timing dependent plasticity in fusiform cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (umich.edu)
  • Targeted bimodal auditory-somatosensory stimulation desynchronizes dorsal cochlear nucleus circuitry to reduce tinnitus in guinea pigs and humans. (umich.edu)
  • 1. The principal cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) are mostly inhibited by best frequency (BF) tones but are mostly excited by broadband noise (BBN), producing the so-called type IV response characteristic. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Aim 3 will continue studies employing tritiated 2-DG in order to determine whether the differences in metabolic (and hence presumably neuronal) activity of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in animals receiving paired vs. unpaired presentations of tones and air puff, reflects a difference in the excitatory properties of the tone conditioned stimulus as a result of learning. (grantome.com)
Neurons18
  • To understand how ICC neurons integrate excitatory and inhibitory inputs for processing temporal information, we examined postsynaptic responses of ICC neurons to repetitive stimulation of the lateral lemniscus at 10-100 Hz in rat brain slices. (jneurosci.org)
  • The physiological responses of ICC neurons depend on the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory action, which provides a mechanism for processing auditory temporal information ( Casseday and Covey, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • The median threshold shift for all cochlear nucleus units was 6.8dB and for the colliculus neurons it was 13dBs. (cdc.gov)
  • The longer central processes of the bipolar cochlear neurons unite to form the cochlear nerve trunk. (medscape.com)
  • Our work has shown that these 'somatosensory' neurons can alter the cochlear nucleus response to sound. (umich.edu)
  • Development of GPCR modulation of GABAergic transmission in chicken nucleus laminaris neurons. (omeka.net)
  • Neurons in the nucleus laminaris (NL) of birds act as coincidence detectors and encode interaural time difference to localize the sound source in the azimuth plane. (omeka.net)
  • For analyses of complex sounds, many neurons integrate information across different spectral elements via suppressive effects that are distant from the neurons' excitatory tuning. (omeka.net)
  • Synaptic activity-induced Ca(2+) signaling in avian cochlear nucleus magnocellularis neurons. (omeka.net)
  • Neurons of the avian cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) receive glutamatergic inputs from the spiral ganglion cells via the auditory nerve and feedback GABAergic inputs primarily from the superior olivary nucleus. (omeka.net)
  • Response properties of neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) were investigated after unilateral cochlear removal at various ages during infancy. (edu.au)
  • These data show that unilateral cochlear removal in adult ferrets leads to a rapid and dramatic increase in the proportion of neurons in the ICC ipsilateral to the intact ear that is excited by acoustic stimulation of that ear. (edu.au)
  • In addition, the data confirm that, in ferrets, cochlear removal in infancy leads to a further increase in responsiveness of individual neurons in the ipsilateral ICC. (edu.au)
  • The introduction of voltage imaging to the CN creates the opportunity to investigate auditory processing circuitry in populations of neurons targeted on the basis of their genetic identity and their roles in sensory processing.Significance StatementThe cochlear nucleus uses dedicated circuitry to process and interpret information from the ear. (stanford.edu)
  • By targeting a genetically-encoded hybrid voltage sensor (hVOS) to identify neurons activated during the presentation of sound, the properties and function of these neurons become accessible to study in slices of mouse ventral cochlear nucleus. (stanford.edu)
  • In recent years, different lines of genetically manipulated mouse models were used to study how modulation of the cochlear pacemaker affects the maturation of central auditory neurons and synapses. (frontiersin.org)
  • We show that conserved signaling mechanisms regulate the acute transition from proliferative NSCs to committed glutamatergic excitatory neurons. (edu.au)
  • Mixed ad patients tend to that targeted nuclei are not have substantial proportion of absolute and neurons. (higienistasvitis.com)
Ventral nucleus1
  • contralaterally in the dorsomedial periolivary nucleus (DMPO), ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB), nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGL), and ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL). (wikipedia.org)
Inferior colliculus5
  • Projections to the inferior colliculus from the anteroventral cochlear nucleus in the cat: possible substrates for binaural interaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) is a major site of synaptic interaction in the central auditory system. (jneurosci.org)
  • The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) is a major synaptic integration center in the auditory system. (jneurosci.org)
  • The excitatory region of the tuning curve showed a greater loss in sensitivity near CF than below CF. CM, AER, and single units from the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus showed a loss in sensitivity which was similar to behavioral TTS data. (cdc.gov)
  • Most frequently, TTS exposure displaced the function to the right, but it did not appear to significantly alter the firing pattern of units in the cochlear nucleus or the inferior colliculus. (cdc.gov)
Synaptic2
  • The excitatory synaptic currents mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors and the inhibitory current mediated by GABA A receptors were pharmacologically isolated and recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. (jneurosci.org)
  • Synaptic stimulation evoked both short- and long-latency synaptic responses that summated to spike threshold, indicating the presence of a polysynaptic excitatory pathway in the granule cell circuit. (elsevierpure.com)
Nerve11
  • In the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), auditory nerve fibers enter the brain via the nerve root in the VCN. (wikipedia.org)
  • The anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) (or accessory), is placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, and is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) or vestibulocochlear nerve is composed of 2 different sets of fibers: (1) the cochlear nerve and (2) the vestibular nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The peripheral segments of the cochlear and vestibular nerves join at the lateral part of the internal auditory canal (IAC) to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from an aggregation of nerve cell bodies in the spiral ganglion, located in the modiolus of the cochlea. (medscape.com)
  • The longer central fibers, also called the primary auditory fibers, form the cochlear nerve, and the shorter, peripheral fibers extend to the bases of the inner and outer hair cells. (medscape.com)
  • The division of cranial nerve (CN) VIII into the cochlear and vestibular branches may occur in the medial segment of the IAC or in the subarachnoid space. (medscape.com)
  • This slide demonstrates "onion bulb" histologic Cheap Valium China appearance is lined w ith slow excitatory amino acids located in a., and their ligands structurally when mri scan of company itself with the world war, a nerve. (higienistasvitis.com)
  • A somatic motor nerve originating in the abducens nucleus in the pons. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
Avian1
  • Topography in the avian cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) is represented as gradually increasing characteristic frequency (CF) along the caudolateral to rostromedial axis. (fsu.edu)
Brainstem2
  • The ICC receives afferent inputs that include monaural and binaural projections from a number of nuclei in the lower auditory brainstem. (jneurosci.org)
  • The aim of the proposed project is to elucidate these mechanisms in the development of tonotopically organized, converging excitatory and inhibitory connections in the auditory brainstem of mammals. (neurotree.org)
Lateral lemniscus1
  • Glycinergic inhibition creates a form of auditory spectral integration in nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. (omeka.net)
Inputs3
  • Focus will be on the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), a binaural nucleus involved in sound localization, in which tonotopically organized ipsilateral and contralateral glycinergic inputs converge on single cells. (neurotree.org)
  • An undesirable side effect of these somatosensory inputs, which are excitatory, is the development of tinnitus (ringing in the ear). (umich.edu)
  • In the model, type IV units receive strong inhibitory inputs from type II units that dominate for narrowband stimuli and weak inhibitory inputs from the WBI that dominate only when the excitatory input to type IV units is weakened by a noise notch. (johnshopkins.edu)
Sensory6
  • The vestibular and cochlear (acoustic) ganglia neuroblasts are derived almost exclusively from the otocyst epithelium, in contrast to other cranial sensory ganglia in which both ganglionic and neural crest placodes make extensive contributions to the neuroblast populations. (medscape.com)
  • A better understanding is necessary for experimental studies of sensory processing, in particular regarding possible effects on the dynamic structure of excitatory and inhibitory receptive fields and to improve the knowledge of the mechanisms of anesthesia in general. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Although the spatial extent and the center/surround organization of sensory receptive fields were not changed, initial excitatory responses were followed by prolonged inhibition. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The result was that excitatory reafferent sensory input was conserved with enhanced precision of timing, whereas background activity was greatly reduced. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The cochlear nuclei (CN) receive sensory information from the ear and perform fundamental computations before relaying this information to higher processing centers. (stanford.edu)
  • 2. A slow (0.5-4 Hz) membrane potential oscillation was observed in thalamocortical cells recorded in motor, sensory, associational and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. (researchgate.net)
Stimulation3
  • Aim 1 will continue our investigations of the anatomical pathway(s) through which auditory stimuli exert their unconditioned and conditioned excitatory effects on the nictitating membrane reflex through the use of the retrograde transport of HRP and anterograde transport of tritiated amino acids, as well as electrolytic lesions, knife cuts, reversible blockade through infusion of a local anesthetic, electrical stimulation, and unit recording at relevant loci. (grantome.com)
  • In binaurally intact animals, tonal stimulation of the contralateral ear evoked excitatory activity at the majority (94%) of recording loci, whereas stimulation of the ipsilateral ear evoked activity at only 33% of recording loci. (edu.au)
  • 12] Johnson LA, Della Santina CC, Wang X. Representations of time-varying cochlear implant stimulation in auditory cortex of awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). (engineering.org.cn)
Neuronal1
  • Variation of Human Neural Stem Cells Generating Organizer States In Vitro before Committing to Cortical Excitatory or Inhibitory Neuronal Fates [2] "Better understanding of the progression of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the developing cerebral cortex is important for modeling neurogenesis and defining the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. (edu.au)
Maturation1
  • Glutamate delta 1 receptor regulates autophagy mechanisms and affects excitatory synapse maturation in the somatosensory cortex. (sysy.com)
Contralateral2
  • Cochlear ablation at P5, 25, or 40 resulted in a significant increase in single-unit spontaneous discharge rates in the ICC ipsilateral but not contralateral (P5 only) to the intact ear. (edu.au)
  • Finally, the data show that responses in the ICC contralateral to the intact ear are largely but not completely unchanged by unilateral cochlear removal. (edu.au)
Currents2
  • Excitatory postsynaptic currents consisted of both AMPA receptor-mediated and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated currents. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Synaptically evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents ranged from -25 to -140 pA with fast decay time constants. (elsevierpure.com)
Implants2
  • The knowledge of patient-specific neural excitation patterns from cochlear implants (CIs) can provide important information for optimizing efficacy and improving speech perception outcomes. (springer.com)
  • The history and future of neural modeling for cochlear implants. (engineering.org.cn)
Neural1
  • However, the NL deviates from the Jeffress model in that there are striking differences in intrinsic electrical properties along the tonotopic axis of the nucleus that have been proposed to aid effective neural coding over different frequency ranges. (jneurosci.org)
Synapse1
  • Stellate/multipolar cells form the projection to both inferior colliculi (central nucleus and dorsal cortex), and synapse in a banded pattern, following the tonotopy of the region. (wikipedia.org)
Excitation1
  • The lab's past work demonstrated that in animals with tinnitus (tested behaviorally), the major change in the cochlear nucleus was an increase in excitation from the somatosensory system ( see press release ). (umich.edu)
Slices1
Somatosensory1
Responses1
  • In this paper we study the relationships between the narrowband, inhibitory and the wideband, excitatory regimes of the type IV responses and present the case for the existence of a second inhibitory source in DCN, called the wideband inhibitor (WBI) below. (johnshopkins.edu)
Medial2
  • They project neither to the medial superior olives or to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1993). "Projections of physiologically characterized spherical bushy cell axons from the cochlear nucleus of the cat: evidence for delay lines to the medial superior olive. (wikipedia.org)
Physiologically1
Temporal1
  • Corollary discharge input to ELL was maintained, and the temporal sequence of excitatory and inhibitory components of this descending signal remained intact. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Projections1
Anterior3
Sound1
  • Sound exposure did not appear to affect the direct current endocochlear potential in chinchillas, but cochlear microphonic (CM) potential showed a loss of sensitivity and a reduction of maximum voltage. (cdc.gov)
Cells3
  • Bushy cells are of three subtypes that project to different target nuclei in the superior olivary complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • These principal cells are excitatory. (wikipedia.org)
  • Local targets of T-stellate cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus. (sysy.com)
Components1
  • The excitatory response consists of two components. (jneurosci.org)
Animals1
  • Cochlear ablation at P5, 25, or 40 resulted in a significant increase in dynamic ranges of ipsilateral ICC unit rate-intensity functions relative to acutely ablated animals. (edu.au)
Understand1
  • Although many cochlear-implant (CI) listeners understand speech well in quiet backgrounds, there is much variability in outcomes, particularly in noisy conditions (Friesen et al. (springer.com)