Excess homeostasis glucose uptake adipose tissue fatty acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

Of the numerous lipid classes implicated in eliciting lipotoxicity, sphingolipid: ceramides are among the most deleterious as they modulate signaling pathways involved in regulating glucose metabolism, triglyceride synthesis, apoptosis, and fibrosis. (frontiersin.org)
While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARγ ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. (jci.org)
2010). Senp2 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in skeletal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-abstract/10/3/258/4763638 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 26 June 2018 Senp2 regulates adipose lipid storage by de-SUMOylation of Setdb1 j 259 muscle (Koo et al. (deepdyve.com)
Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
Answered Jan 30, 2019 Author has 300 answers and 174.4k answer views Growth hormone (GH) counteracts, in general, the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. (diabetestalk.net)
Growth hormone (GH) counteracts, in general, the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. (diabetestalk.net)
Effects of Growth Hormone on Glucose Metabolism Mller N. Jrgensen J.O.L. Abildgrd N. rskov L. Schmitz O. Christiansen J.S. I have read the Karger Terms and Conditions and agree. (diabetestalk.net)
The worldwide epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes has focused attention on adipocyte biology and the role of adipose tissue in the integration of systemic metabolism ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
The metabolism of glucose generates acetyl-CoA, a pivotal component for fatty acid synthesis. (biyokimya.vet)
Among these, adipocytes secrete polypeptides like leptin, resistin, and adiponectin, which orchestrate a delicate balance crucial for glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis. (biyokimya.vet)
However, beta-cell dysfunction and IR induce impaired glucose metabolism, thus leading to the progression to T2D. (e-apem.org)
Insulin resistance (IR) has been identified as a cardinal trigger of impaired glucose metabolism, T2D, and cardiovascular diseases [ 3 , 4 ]. (e-apem.org)
Fatty acid metabolism plays a central role in energy homeostasis and related disorders such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity or type-II diabetes. (123dok.net)
IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. (researchsquare.com)
Insulin resistance (IR) is clinically characterized as the inability of insulin to enhance glucose uptake and metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
Therefore, if we take into consideration the repercussions of IR on the different organs, it is interesting to differentiate between the outcomes secondary to over activation of signaling pathways that remain sensitive to insulin versus changes that are a consequence of an impaired ability of insulin to regulate glucose metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
The effect of SIRT1 on integration of metabolism and inflammation may provide a therapeutic target for treatment of kidney disease and fatty liver disease. (biomedcentral.com)
SIRT1 regulates metabolism and inflammation in various tissues [ 4 ] which can be the key regulator of exercise-mediated protection against diabetes at tissue level. (biomedcentral.com)

These lipotoxic effects have been shown to be prevented by the presence of excess triglycerides within the hepatocytes. (wikipedia.org)
Adipocytes, the key components of the adipose tissue, have unique ability to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, sense systemic energy demands, and secrete factors (lipids, peptides, cytokines, and adipokines) to regulate other metabolic tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Accumulation of neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, in key insulin target tissues, has been postulated to inhibit metabolic functions, however, they are less likely to be deleterious. (frontiersin.org)
In a healthy person, excess fat is stored as triglycerides in the adipose tissue, and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream only in response to an increased energy requirement, for example, during fasting. (jci.org)
Correspondence to: Jinke Cheng, E-mail: [email protected] Edited by Feng Liu One major function of adipocytes is to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides. (deepdyve.com)
Ectopic obesity is defined as the accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose tissues [6]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Lipogenesis is the term used to describe the synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids from acetyl coenzyme A. In contrast, lipolysis involves the breakdown of triglycerides, leading to the formation of fatty acids. (biyokimya.vet)
Conversely, lipogenesis entails the creation of fatty acids and triglycerides from substrates like acetyl coenzyme A and other precursors. (biyokimya.vet)
Adipose tissue serves as a crucial energy storage reservoir, housing triglycerides (TGs) that are released as fatty acids through processes called lipogenesis and lipolysis, respectively. (biyokimya.vet)
Mature adipocytes are known to play an important role controlling energy balance in mammals by storing fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in periods of excess of energy and by releasing fatty acids when are needed. (biomedcentral.com)
Hyperlipidemia comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by high levels in one or more lipids and/or lipoproteins [atherogenic free fatty acids (FA), triglycerides (TG) (hypertriglyceridemia), small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (hypercholesterolemia), and apolipoprotein (apo) B], and/or low level in antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), in the circulation [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Though the diagnostic criteria for MetS has been variably defined in the literature, most definitions now include the presence of at least three of the following: Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein levels. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Consistent with the view that adipose tissue behaves as a cholesterol sink, and its accumulation is proportional to triglycerides in response to nutritional changes to maintain cellular integrity and to regulate cellular hypertrophy, it is not surprising that adipocytes have developed a unique ability to deal with cholesterol ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

An excess of free fatty acids in liver cells plays a role in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). (wikipedia.org)
Lipotoxicity affects the pancreas when excess free fatty acids are found in beta cells, causing their dysfunction and death. (wikipedia.org)
Free fatty acids (FFAs) delivered to liver via the portal vein result in fatty liver. (oatext.com)
On the contrary, lipolysis entails the catabolic breakdown of stored TGs within adipocytes, liberating free fatty acids and glycerol. (biyokimya.vet)
Starvation triggers lipolysis, yielding glycerol for hepatic gluconeogenesis and free fatty acids for oxidation, catering to the energy requirements of other organs. (biyokimya.vet)
The aim of this study was to analyze the ability of curcumin to protect against the mitochondrial impairment induced by high free fatty acids (HFFAs) and to determine the underlying mechanism for this cytoprotection. (spandidos-publications.com)
This syndrome is characterized by steatosis in hepatocytes and elevated serum levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Researchers are working on treatments that will increase the oxidation of these fatty acids within the heart in order to prevent the lipotoxic effects. (wikipedia.org)
Some studies suggest that an increase in plasma fatty acid concentration reduces glucose uptake and phosphorylation, and this leads to reduced glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Carnitine plays a role in the transfer of long chain fatty acids from cytoplasm to mitochondria for beta-oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
L-carnitine supplementation decreases serum glucose but has no effect on glucose oxidation [11]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Lipins also act in the nucleus as transcriptional co-activators with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α to regulate target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
PGC-1α and PPARα are both master regulators of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, respectively [reviewed in 6]. (aocs.org)
The functions of the lipins in co-regulating the effects of PGC-1α and PPARα and also acting as a PAP demonstrate the unique abilities of lipins to regulate both glycerolipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
There is however evidence that GH acutely decreases glucose oxidation (secondary to an increase in lipid oxidation) and suppresses muscle uptake of glucose, suggesting that GH redistributes glucose fluxes into a non-oxidative pathway, which could be a build up of glycogen depots through gluconeogenesis. (diabetestalk.net)
Analysis of rat L6 myotubes (skeletal muscle cells) treated with the PPARδ activator, GW-501516, by gene expression studies revealed that PPARδ controls fatty acid oxidation by regulating genes involved in fatty acid transport, β-oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration. (umbrellalabs.is)
Accordingly, GW-501516 treatment caused fatty acid β-oxidation in L6 myotubes as well as in skeletal muscles. (umbrellalabs.is)
Aniamls fed GW-501516 along with a calorie-dense diet showed reducded obesity and improved insulin resistance, effects that were accompanied by enhanced metabolic rate and fatty acid β-oxidation, proliferation of mitochondria (the powerhouses of cells), and a significant reduction of lipid fat droplets in skeletal muscles. (umbrellalabs.is)
These results strongly suggest that PPARδ activated by GW-501516 is pivotal to control the program for fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle, thereby protecting against body fat increases and insulin resistance. (umbrellalabs.is)
This cascade drives enhanced fatty acid oxidation in the liver and muscles, subsequently curbing glucose production due to inhibited gluconeogenesis. (biyokimya.vet)
This supporting argument is the relationship between protein and glucose oxidation (the use of glucose as fuel). (ketotic.org)
The amount of glucose oxidation matters, because the benefits we expect to gain from a keto diet are probably a result of using ketones for fuel instead of glucose whenever we can. (ketotic.org)
There appears to be an inverse relationship between ketone levels and glucose oxidation. (ketotic.org)
Therefore, increasing protein probably increases glucose oxidation. (ketotic.org)
Eating more protein would reduce the benefits of a ketogenic diet, by making it less ketogenic, and increasing glucose oxidation. (ketotic.org)
If protein inhibits ketogenesis, then the following argument can be made that protein increases glucose oxidation. (ketotic.org)
It would make intuitive sense that higher blood ketone concentrations would correspond to lower levels of glucose oxidation, since ketones can usually replace glucose for fuel. (ketotic.org)
In fact, in some studies, an inverse relationship has been shown to hold between glucose oxidation and serum ketone levels in people fasting for short periods ⁶ , and in epileptic children ⁷ . (ketotic.org)
Therefore, if protein inhibits ketogenesis, it very likely increases glucose oxidation. (ketotic.org)
Can we determine the effect of protein on glucose oxidation directly? (ketotic.org)
Scientists do have ways to measure glucose oxidation, for example through indirect calorimetry . (ketotic.org)
Observations that would indicate more glucose oxidation include: higher energy expenditure at the same RQ, or higher RQ at the same energy expenditure. (ketotic.org)
I.e., how much extra glucose oxidation would be expected from a certain amount of excess protein? (ketotic.org)
To counter high ROS levels, cells have antioxidant mechanisms that reduce the excess ROS in the cell and keep the 'redox' (from reduction and oxidation) balance of the cell. (elifesciences.org)
Hepatocellular lipid accumulation is thought to simultaneously stimulate mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and the production of ROS, thereby promoting lipid peroxidation and damage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The tissues normally affected include the kidneys, liver, heart and skeletal muscle. (wikipedia.org)
The skeletal muscle accounts for more than 80 percent of the postprandial whole body glucose uptake and therefore plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
Notably, recent studies suggest that the accumulation of sphingolipids, namely ceramides and it's metabolites, play essential roles in the development of insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and, adipose tissue in obese rodents, and humans ( 6 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
For example, lipin-1 is the major PAP in adipose tissue, and cardiac and skeletal muscle since lipin-1-deficient mice had little if any detectable PAP activity [2]. (aocs.org)
In addition to skeletal muscle [ 14 ], the protective effects of long-term exercise training in the regulation of inflammation and metabolic dysfunction via SIRT1 signaling pathway have been less investigated in peripheral tissues such as kidney and liver. (biomedcentral.com)
Skeletal muscles display resistance to insulin when there is excess fat inside their cells. (advancedmolecularlabs.com)
In closing of the article, Abassi said, "What the researchers found was that 3HIB acted as a shuttle in muscle cells, allowing blood vessels in skeletal muscle tissue to move fat into skeletal muscle. (advancedmolecularlabs.com)
The more 3HIB, the more fat was transported - and conversely, when scientists blocked 3HIB from being made, there was less uptake of fat into skeletal muscle. (advancedmolecularlabs.com)

In the liver, it is the type of fatty acid, not the quantity, that determines the extent of the lipotoxic effects. (wikipedia.org)
In hepatocytes, the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids leads to apoptosis and liver damage. (wikipedia.org)
The brain integrates metabolic signals from peripheral tissues such as the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, gut and muscle. (nature.com)
The major factor that can increase the blood glucose levels and the production of new glucose molecules is the liver cells. (myprojectwriters.com)
Mice lacking lipin-1 ( fld or fatty liver dystrophy) develop fatty livers and hypertriglyceridemia in the pre-weaning period, and are also devoid of mature adipose tissue [reviewed in 1]. (aocs.org)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) parallels the global obesity epidemic with unmet therapeutic needs. (springer.com)
The intake of fructose in majority of the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt tissues, including the liver, was 15-35% less than in the WT. (springer.com)
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is constantly increasing, currently affecting a quarter of people worldwide [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Consequently, the adipose tissue's lipid storage capacity plays a pivotal role in systemic insulin resistance and the infiltration of lipids into organs such as the liver and muscles. (biyokimya.vet)
When fatty acids abound and carbohydrates are scarce, the liver can further metabolize fatty acids to create ketone bodies, a process termed ketogenesis, which serves as an energy source for the brain. (biyokimya.vet)
If carbohydrate or fat consumption exceeds your needs then the glucose-like molecules are stored as glycogen reserves for potentially needed energy release in the muscles and liver. (herbalreality.com)
Insulin resistance occurs in almost all patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and mitochondrial dysfunction likely plays a pivotal role in the progression of fatty liver into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (spandidos-publications.com)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a substantial public health concern. (spandidos-publications.com)
Although the mechanisms responsible for fatty liver are not fully elucidated, an increased delivery and transport of FFAs into the liver, and augmented hepatic fatty acid synthesis are likely to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. (spandidos-publications.com)

Lipotoxicity is a metabolic syndrome that results from the accumulation of lipid intermediates in non-adipose tissue, leading to cellular dysfunction and death. (wikipedia.org)
Adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feed- ing. (deepdyve.com)
This tissue also manages the clearance of plasma TGs, averting their accumulation in other bodily tissues. (biyokimya.vet)
Insulin has a number of actions on fat and lean tissues that favor fat storage and suppress fat burning, and this is the crux of Taubes's basic argument in support of the idea that insulin causes fat accumulation. (blogspot.com)
Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in cultured fish is an outstanding problem in aquaculture. (biomedcentral.com)
The process of hardening and thickening of artery walls by the accumulation of fatty plaque. (pan-int.org)
It was reported in the journal Nature Medicine in 2015 that valine catabolite 3-hydroxyisobuterate (3HIB) promoted the accumulation of fat within muscle tissue by directly stimulating fatty uptake in the muscle. (advancedmolecularlabs.com)

The presence of various types of adipocytes (white, brown, and beige) characterized by the number/size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial density, and thermogenic capacity, further highlights how intricate is the communication of these cell-types with other metabolic tissues to sense nutrients. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we intend to provide a perspective on ceramides and ceramide metabolites in the maintenance of adipose tissue homeostasis and how adipose tissue ceramides contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
Integration of peripheral metabolic signals andthe central nervous system maintains energy homeostasis. (nature.com)
In this study, the authors defined the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARδ) in metabolic homeostasis by using subtype selective activators. (umbrellalabs.is)
The primary role of insulin is to manage circulating concentrations of nutrients (principally glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, the body's three main fuels), keeping them within an optimal range, and coordinating the shift between metabolic fuels that is required when a person consumes more of one or the other. (blogspot.com)
T2DM is a complex, chronic metabolic condition that impacts how the body metabolizes glucose. (nursingce.com)
While the metabolic pathways involved in fatty acid homeostasis are quite well understood and referenced, the genetic regulations are much less accurately described. (123dok.net)
These findings illustrate an exquisite balance between adipose tissue cholesterol storage and plasma HDL cholesterol concentration and raise the question about the role that HDL cholesterol plays in obesity and associated metabolic complications. (diabetesjournals.org)
Chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may eventually cause tissue damage in obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
Chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may eventually cause tissue damage in metabolic diseases, particularly obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

OLR1 expression in white adipose tissue is increased in obesity and is further induced by PPARγ ligand treatment in vivo. (jci.org)
On both diets, the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt mice gained less weight and had less white adipose tissue (WAT) and its inflammation, lower serum cholesterol levels, and lighter livers with less steatosis and lower serum ALT levels than the wild type (WT). (springer.com)
White adipose tissue emerges as a pivotal endocrine organ, playing a dual role in lipid storage or release and energy equilibrium by engaging in the secretion of essential adipokines. (biyokimya.vet)
While its concentration is higher in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, visceral white adipose tissue and hypertrophic adipocytes are inversely correlated with circulating adiponectin levels. (biyokimya.vet)
Disruption of adipocyte de novo lipogenesis (DNL) by deletion of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in mice induces browning in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). (biomed.news)

The apoptotic cell cargo contains amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and cholesterol that function as metabolites and signaling molecules to bring about this re-programming. (biomed.news)
Human insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta-cells (β-cell) of the pancreas, and its release is dependent on glucose levels in the circulation, in addition amino acids, incretins and cholecystokinin also promote its release. (researchsquare.com)
1 The main function of insulin is to maintain glucose homeostasis, enabling glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, besides acting as an anabolic hormone that favors not only the absorption of amino acids and fatty acids, but also promotes cell growth and energy storage. (researchsquare.com)
Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)
Research studies have found that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with diabetes and obesity , and the branched-chain amino acid valine is the culprit! (advancedmolecularlabs.com)
A study published in the journal Metabolife (January 14, 2019) found a strong association between branched-chain amino acids and the risk of incident for type 2 diabetes in China. (advancedmolecularlabs.com)
The branched-chain amino acid valine had the highest risk prediction of incidents of type 2 diabetes! (advancedmolecularlabs.com)
There's an overwhelming amount of evidence over the years that elevated branched-chain amino acids are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. (advancedmolecularlabs.com)
Branched-chain amino acids supplements (BCAAs) have been associated with insulin resistance in obese individuals. (advancedmolecularlabs.com)

Overall, adipose tissue's multifaceted functions underscore its significance as an energy reservoir and regulator within the body's energy homeostasis. (biyokimya.vet)
A malfunction of the immune system whereby an inflammatory response mistakes the body's own tissues for a foreign invader and attacks them. (pan-int.org)

Furthermore, two intermediates in this pathway, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, serve as essential precursors for the synthesis of phospholipids. (aocs.org)
This intricate balance involves lipogenesis, a process of creating fresh fatty acids from acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and TG synthesis. (biyokimya.vet)
Strikingly, adipose ACC1 KO induces a strong iWAT thermogenic response similar to FASN KO while also blocking malonyl-CoA and palmitate synthesis. (biomed.news)

In these patients increased endogenous glucose production, decreased muscle glucose uptake and rising blood glucose levels are observed. (diabetestalk.net)

If blood glucose levels rise after the digestion of food then the beta-insulin cells of the pancreas respond by secreting insulin. (myprojectwriters.com)
According to literally thousands of publications spanning nearly two centuries, the brain is the only organ that is known to regulate body fat mass in humans and other animals-- neither fat tissue itself, nor the insulin-secreting pancreas have the ability to regulate body fat mass as far as we currently know. (blogspot.com)

It is believed that these fatty acids are delivered to the kidneys via serum albumin. (wikipedia.org)
IR is calculated with the use of homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) using the formula: fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) × fasting serum insulin (mU/mL)/22.5. (researchsquare.com)

In obesity the inherent capacity of adipose tissue to store and sense nutrients is compromised, causing spillover of the intermediate lipid metabolites into circulation and resulting in their ectopic deposition in tissues not suitable for lipid storage, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
Abnormal deposition of fat in the adipose tissue due to chronic over nutrition or reduced physical activity or hereditary reasons is called as obesity [1]. (oatext.com)
Despite of the relevance of this issue, very little is known about the factors regulating the development of adipose tissue in fish, and the possible health alterations associated to an increased fat deposition. (biomedcentral.com)
Most processed food contains highly refined carbohydrates that alter insulin physiology and promote adipose tissue deposition [17,18] . (diabeets.com)

Although the brain is clearly capable of affecting blood glucose levels, whether such effects are important in day-to-day blood glucose control remains a matter of controversy. (silverchair.com)
Overall, our results illustrate that both exercise and antioxidant intervention improve blood glucose control in diabetes by promoting redox balance, despite different levels of redox state(s). (elifesciences.org)

Adipocytes, the cells that normally function as lipid store of the body, are well equipped to handle the excess lipids. (wikipedia.org)
TZDs markedly stimulate the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into adipocytes, and this requires OLR1. (jci.org)
2003). Selective Cellular uptake of fatty acids and following storage in the form of disruption of Pparγ2 or adipocyte-speci﫿c Pparγ knockout leads TGs in adipocytes are key steps in lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS- We examined Lcn2 expression in murine tissues and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the presence and absence of various stimuli. (diabetesjournals.org)
The discovery of leptin more than a decade ago established a paradigm in which secreted proteins from adipocytes coordinate energy balance and glucose homeostasis ( 2 , 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
In order to understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the factors and mechanisms that regulate the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the vascular stromal fraction of the adipose tissue and its transformation into lipid-filled adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, growth of adipose tissue includes the hypertrophy of already existing adipocytes and the proliferation and differentiation of new ones from MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
We have previously shown that fish primary preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro and that these cells represent a very helpful model system to study adipose tissue development in fish [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Under physiological conditions, the main- PPARγ mutation has been shown to link to familial partial lipody- tenance of normal adipose tissue mass is mainly the result of a strophy, a clinical disorder characterized by the loss of adipose balance of lipid storage and lipolysis (Bouchard et al. (deepdyve.com)
Under physiological circumstances, GH does not affect total glucose turnover directly. (diabetestalk.net)
Insulin resistance (IR), i.e., whole-body decreased glucose uptake in response to physiological insulin levels, determines impaired glucose homeostasis and it is recognized as cardinal trigger of T2D and cardiovascular disease in both adults and children. (e-apem.org)
The term 'insulin resistance' refers to a reduced glucose uptake in response to physiological insulin levels. (e-apem.org)
Whether the brain participates in the physiological control of circulating glucose levels therefore remains a matter of controversy, and the possibility that a dysfunctional central control system contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes is only beginning to be explored. (silverchair.com)

Substantial evidence indicates that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, is primarily responsible for the regulation of energy homeostasis. (nature.com)

Alternatively, fatty acids can be converted to lipid intermediates like diacylglycerol, ceramides and fatty acyl-CoAs. (wikipedia.org)
Excess or insuf﫿cient lipid storage in generation of the intermediate species of diacylglycerol (DAG) adipose tissues would impair nutrient homeostasis, which is and monoacylglycerol (MAG) (Young and Zechner, 2013). (deepdyve.com)

Whether apoB-containing lipoproteins, which can also serve as cholesterol acceptors to facilitate RCT depending on the gradient, also enter peripheral tissues and drain into the lymph to regulate RCT remains to be investigated. (skanestugan.se)

Once in circulation, hormones affect function of the target tissues, which may be another endocrine gland or an end organ. (msdmanuals.com)
result from disruptions of the endocrine glands and/or their target tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
Insulin resistance (IR) is recognized as a biological reaction to insulin stimulation in target tissues. (researchsquare.com)

In this Perspective, we update and expand on a previously described brain-centric model of glucose homeostasis ( 1 ), highlighting recent evidence of the brain's capacity to influence the biologically defended level of circulating glucose in part through rapid and highly coordinated adjustments of both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. (silverchair.com)

A history of 2-3 years of T2DM does not produce irreversible damages to the beta cells, but as long as the energy overload persists through years, irreversible impairment of the beta cells occurs, and insulin is required in order to control plasma glucose [5]. (oatext.com)

In addition to its role in energy storage, adipose tissue also accumulates cholesterol. (jci.org)
Increased OLR1 expression, resulting either from TZD treatment or adenoviral gene delivery, significantly augments adipocyte cholesterol content and enhances fatty acid uptake. (jci.org)
Dallas, TX 75231 Farnesoid X receptor activation increases reverse cholesterol transport by modulating bile acid composition and cholesterol absorption in mice. (skanestugan.se)
stream endstream MicroRNA-33 and the SREBP host genes cooperate to control cholesterol homeostasis. (skanestugan.se)
16 0 obj MiR-33 contributes to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. (skanestugan.se)
In the early 1980s, it was established that adipose tissue not only plays an important role in triglyceride storage but also accounts for approximately 25% of total body cholesterol in humans ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Cholesterol mobilization involves adipose tissue ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), which has recently been shown to contribute to HDL biogenesis in vivo ( 9 , 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

When the storage capacity of non-adipose cells is exceeded, cellular dysfunction and/or death result. (wikipedia.org)
The cause of apoptosis and extent of cellular dysfunction is related to the type of cell affected, as well as the type and quantity of excess lipids. (wikipedia.org)
Major factors causative towards 'diabesity' include chronic overconsumption of energy-dense food, lifestyle, genetic makeup and environment play important roles in adipose tissue function or dysfunction. (oatext.com)
Under pathophysiological conditions, mitochondrial dysfunction results in overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further stimulates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, thus leading to cellular damage and tissue dysfunction [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Insuf﫿cient adipose lipid storage is asso- ciated with many pathological conditions including hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. (deepdyve.com)
Even excess level of glucose can lead to further complications such as diabetes or damage to organs. (myprojectwriters.com)
Despite a modest body weight change relative to placebo-treated mice, GW-501516 treatment also improved diabetes as revealed by the decrease in blood glucose and blood insulin levels in genetically obese animals. (umbrellalabs.is)
Her lab also studies how the normal function of the brain changes in response to alterations in body weight including obesity (excess body weight) and anorexia/cachexia (insufficient body weight), and how these changes in the brain contribute to the development of commonly associated diseases like diabetes. (exeter.ac.uk)
Sinha S, Haque M (September 04, 2022) Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Vascular Impediment as Consequences of Excess Processed Food Consumption. (diabeets.com)
How Should We Think About the Role of the Brain in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes? (silverchair.com)
These results indicate that the AMPK signaling activation, combined with oxidative damage markers, could act as sentinel biomarkers, reflecting the threshold of redox balance that is linked to effective glucose control in diabetes. (elifesciences.org)
Utilizing the in-vitro studies as well as rats models, this manuscript illustrates the different regulatory mechanisms of exercise and antioxidant intervention on redox balance/redox state(s) that are linked to improved glucose control and thereby effective management of diabetes. (elifesciences.org)

Upon entrance of the cell, fatty acids can be converted to different types of lipids for storage. (wikipedia.org)
Some researchers claim that obesity has protective effects against lipotoxicity as it results in extra adipose tissue in which excess lipids can be stored. (wikipedia.org)

Aim:- To measure blood sugar levels in human subjects following the ingestion of different volume of glucose , sucrose depending on the subject's body weight and pure water (control). (myprojectwriters.com)
and blood glucose levels (variable). (myprojectwriters.com)
Glucose molecules are delivered to cells by the circulating blood and therefore, to ensure a constant supply of glucose to the cells, it is important that blood glucose levels be maintained at relatively constant levels. (myprojectwriters.com)
Level constancy is accomplished primarily through negative feedback systems, which ensures that blood glucose concentration is maintained within the normal range (3.6 - 5.8 mmol/L). Negative feedback systems are extremely important in homeostasis as it sense changes in the body and activate mechanisms that reverse the changes in order to restore conditions to their normal levels. (myprojectwriters.com)
The major factor that can decrease the blood glucose levels including the transport of glucose into cells and the loss of glucose is through urine. (myprojectwriters.com)
Normally, in a healthy person, the blood glucose levels can easily be restored to normal levels through the actions of two pancreatic hormones: Insulin and glucagon. (myprojectwriters.com)
Changes in circulating levels of hormones produced by these endocrine glands are detected by the hypothalamus, which then increases or decreases its stimulation of the pituitary to maintain homeostasis. (msdmanuals.com)
Leptin, a key player, responds to factors such as excessive energy intake, insulin levels, and glucose levels, resulting in varying production rates. (biyokimya.vet)
Weight loss and periods of hunger trigger an increase in plasma adiponectin levels, which in turn activate glucose utilization within muscles. (biyokimya.vet)
Instances of cold exposure and heightened nutritional intake trigger a surge in brown adipose tissue activity, accompanied by elevated expression levels of norepinephrine and UCP1, which emanate from the central nervous system. (biyokimya.vet)
Excess protein probably results in lower ketone levels. (ketotic.org)
Beyond these concerns, the impact of brain-directed interventions on circulating glucose levels is often seemingly negated by adjustments of islet function. (silverchair.com)
Together, these observations raise the possibility that although the brain can affect glucose homeostasis, day-to-day control of blood glucose levels does not require its active participation. (silverchair.com)
Exercise training prevented weight gain in db/db + Ex mice, but it did not reduce glucose and insulin levels. (biomedcentral.com)

Visceral adipose tissue mass secretes a number of proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines and growth factors leading to low grade inflammatory process and insulin resistance. (benthamscience.com)

T2DM is a heterogeneous disorder most commonly characterized by insulin resistance, a state of reduced insulin-mediated glucose uptake, in the presence of incapacity of the pancreatic beta cells to produce and provide sufficient insulin to meet the required needs [4]. (oatext.com)
Traditionally, the interaction between pancreatic islets and insulin-sensitive tissues has been deemed sufficient to explain most aspects of glucose homeostasis. (silverchair.com)

Increased plasma free fatty acid concentration is associated with insulin resistance. (heraldopenaccess.us)

While omega-6 fatty acids are important for the body, consuming too much of them relative to omega-3 fatty acids can lead to inflammation and an increased risk of chronic diseases. (peptiko.gr)
Efferocytosis not only prevents tissue necrosis and inflammation caused by secondary necrosis of dying cells, but it also promotes pro-resolving signaling in macrophages, which is essential for tissue resolution and repair following injury or inflammation. (biomed.news)

0·001) PPAR-γ and p-IRS-1 expressions in relevant tissues. (cambridge.org)

Adipose tissue is a key nutrient-sensing depot that regulates excess energy storage and consumption. (frontiersin.org)

Fat also plays a structural role in the body, as it provides insulation and cushioning to organs and tissues, and helps to maintain healthy skin and hair. (peptiko.gr)

There are several potential mechanisms by which the excess fatty acids can cause cell death and damage. (wikipedia.org)

Adipose tissue is principally deposited subcutaneously and centrally. (benthamscience.com)

The adipocyte is the major site of fatty acid storage in the body and plays a critical role in maintaining normal glucose and lipid homeostasis. (jci.org)
Although less fat stor- adqcKO pose lipid storage in adipocyte-speci﫿c Senp2 knockout mice fed age was shown in Senp2 adipose tissues, the increased with high-fat diets (HFD). (deepdyve.com)

In essence, adipose tissue functions as an energy reservoir, effectively mitigating fatty acid fluxes and averting lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. (biyokimya.vet)

Glucose molecules are hydrolysed within cells in order to produce ATP, which stimulates numerous cellular processes within the body. (myprojectwriters.com)
Specifically, lipolysis is centered around the hydrolysis of fats and various lipid molecules, resulting in the production of fatty acids. (biyokimya.vet)

A theory has been put forward by Cambridge researchers relating the development of lipotoxicity to the perturbation of membrane glycerophospholipid/sphingolipid homeostasis and their associated signalling events. (wikipedia.org)
Renal lipotoxicity occurs when excess long-chain nonesterified fatty acids are stored in the kidney and proximal tubule cells. (wikipedia.org)
Lipotoxicity in cardiac tissue is attributed to excess saturated fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)

IR and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia have differing pathogeneses in various tissues, and IR varies among different PCOS phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and UpToDate databases in this review, and focused on the pathogenesis of IR in women with PCOS and the pathophysiology of IR in various tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
This paper aims to summarize recent findings on the involvement of IR in the occurrence and development of PCOS and the mechanism of IR in various tissues. (biomedcentral.com)

The systemic intake of food triggers the activation of the lipogenic pathway, encouraging TG storage in adipose tissue. (biyokimya.vet)

Introduction: Fat grafting is an autologous graft of cells from subcutaneous tissue, which can be used as a complementary technique in breast reconstruction. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy29

Organisms13

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs121

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes58

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science3

Health Care4

Metabolism20

Triglycerides13

Free fatty7

Oxidation28

Skeletal8

Liver14

Accumulation7

Metabolic11

White adipos5

Amino9

Body's2

Synthesis3

Endogenous glucose production1

Pancreas2

Serum2

Deposition4

Blood glucose control2

Adipocytes8

Physiological5

Energy homeostasis1

Diacylglycerol2

Peripheral tissues1

Target tissues3

Secretion1

Plasma glucose1

Cholesterol7

Dysfunction4

Diabetes8

Lipids2

Levels14

Visceral1

Pancreatic2

Concentration1

Inflammation2

PPAR1

Regulates1

Organs1

Mechanisms1

Principally1

Adipocyte2

Fluxes1

Molecules2

Lipotoxicity3

Various tissues3

Systemic1

Subcutaneous1