• Using a population-based ever, these analyses are limited to those sites that vary approach that analyzes multiple loci around the chromo- between the compared genomes and are potentially mis- some, we demonstrate that neutral genetic variation in leading (13-15). (cdc.gov)
  • 2003) Phylogenetics and the cohesion of bacterial genomes. (citizendium.org)
  • High levels of recombination could confound studies of the gonococcal populations, especially if the studies are based on few genetic loci within strains as compared to the entire genomes. (peerj.com)
  • 3. How do bacterial genomes change during the course of chronic infections? (drexel.edu)
  • In several ongoing collaborations, we are investigating how the genomes of bacteria isolated from patients with chronic infections change over time. (drexel.edu)
  • All archaeal and many bacterial genomes contain Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats (CRISPR) and variable arrays of the CRISPR-associated ( cas ) genes that have been previously implicated in a novel form of DNA repair on the basis of comparative analysis of their protein product sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutator genomes decay, despite sustained fitness gains, in a long-term experiment with bacteria. (iame-research.center)
  • Here, we examined the genetic diversity, distribution and mobilisation of iuc and iro loci amongst 2503 K . pneumoniae genomes using comparative genomics approaches and developed tools for tracking them via genomic surveillance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The phyloge- high-throughput gene sequencing of structural genes (19) netic structure is concordant with all the previously and host immune system protein targets (20) in M. tuber- described genotypic and phenotypic groupings of M. tuber- culosis strains and provides a unifying framework for both culosis isolates indicated low levels of sequence diversity. (cdc.gov)
  • Our analysis explains how observed gradients of host specialism and generalism can evolve in a multihost system through the transfer of ecologically important loci among coexisting strains. (nih.gov)
  • In all the samples, 50 E. coli strains were isolated and then assigned to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility test, detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and the Class 1 integrons, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). (hindawi.com)
  • The treatment of pathogenic E. coli infections is becoming complicated because of the rapid emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant strains, which may consequently result in an increasing number of clinical treatment failures in bacterial-mediated diseases and further threaten public health with the possibility of transmission to humans through aerosols, environmental contact or other methods [ 2 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • WGS revealed that strains of each Salmonella serovar could be assigned to a single 7-gene MLST cluster, and strains within the clusters were identical strains and closely related as defined by the 0 and 10 cgSNPs and likely shared a common ancestor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This means that bacteria, rather than simply dividing into two daughter cells, each of which are genetically identical, on occasion acquire genetic material from other, more distantly related strains. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The unique inserts in CRISPR show virtually no similarity even between closely related bacterial strains which suggests their rapid turnover, on evolutionary scale. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, individual strains vary in their virulence potential due to the presence of mobile accessory genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Concerningly, iuc has also been reported in MDR strains in the hospital setting, where it was associated with increased mortality, highlighting the need to understand, detect and track the mobility of these virulence loci in the K . pneumoniae population. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study provides a framework for identifying and tracking these important virulence loci, which will be important for genomic surveillance efforts including monitoring for the emergence of hypervirulent MDR K . pneumoniae strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • No MLST plan has so far been developed for in order to reveal the evolutionary relationship of 53 strains of this species and to observe whether food-contaminating strains were restricted to particular lineages. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Number 1 MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Typing) analysis Dabigatran of The phylogenetic tree was generated in Bionumerics v 6.6 (Applied Maths NV) with the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) method on cathegorical numeric data based … Bacterial growth and biochemical identificationAll strains were stored at ?70C, plated about sheep blood agar (Columbia blood agar, Oxoid, UK) and cultivated at 30C over night. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • In addition, we sequenced 99 ospC flanking sequences from different lineages and compared the complete cp26 sequences of 11 strains as well as the cp26 bbb02 loci of 56 samples. (cdc.gov)
  • Over time, OspC genes were transferred between strains through recombinations involving the whole or parts of the gene and one or both flanks. (cdc.gov)
  • Fitting a multilocus NFDS model of post-vaccine population dynamics to three genomic datasets using Approximate Bayesian Computation generated reproducible estimates of the influence of NFDS on pneumococcal evolution, the strength of which varied between loci. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 2005) Evolutionary origins of genomic repertoires in bacteria. (citizendium.org)
  • The long-term goal of this research is to apply statistical genomic approaches developed by human geneticists to the identification of bacterial virulence factors that contribute to disease in natural populations. (drexel.edu)
  • We are applying a variety of genomic methods to identifying putative virulence genes, including machine learning and phylogenetic correlated evolution methods. (drexel.edu)
  • The Giardia lamblia vsp gene repertoire: characteristics, genomic organization, and evolution. (mbl.edu)
  • Since the object of the ex-periments was to uncover the evolutionary dynamics involved, let's pause to consider how these two different scenarios might look at the genomic level, according to the researchers (Fig. 3C). (asmblog.org)
  • Comparative-genomic analysis of CRISPR and cas genes leads to the hypothesis that the CRISPR-Cas system (CASS) is a mechanism of defense against invading phages and plasmids that functions analogously to the eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi) systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Second, we will map the genetic architecture of MDH to identify genomic loci whose effect on heterosis is dependent on the microbial environment, and test for a genetic correlation with loci underlying resistance to a variety of pathogenic microbes in the field. (ncsu.edu)
  • In 2017, the presence of Pup homologs in bacterial species outside of the group of gram-positive bacteria was reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ubiquitin was named for its ubiquitous presence among eukaryotes, while UBact ('Ubiquitin bacterial') is very limited in occurrence among the vast number of bacterial species. (wikipedia.org)
  • PafA, (ii) C-terminal sequence that ends exclusively with glutamine or glutamate across bacterial species, (iii) short size (similar to that of ubiquitin) and, (iv) high sequence conservation across tremendous evolutionary distance (a characteristic also in common with ubiquitin). (wikipedia.org)
  • Many bacterial species are composed of multiple lineages distinguished by extensive variation in gene content. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Not only does dormancy create structure and memory that buffers populations against environmental fluctuations, it also modifies species interactions in ways that can feed back onto the eco-evolutionary dynamics of microbial communities. (nature.com)
  • Coevolution arises from reciprocal evolutionary changes between two or more species. (nature.com)
  • These expression changes are interpreted in light of a phylogenetic analysis that revealed unique expansions of related polysaccharide utilization loci in three human alimentary tract-associated Bacteroidetes, expansions that likely reflect the evolutionary adaptations of these species to different nutrient niches. (unl.edu)
  • Comparative genomics is a powerful tool for unraveling the evolutionary history and gene functionality of related species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whole genome comparative platforms within a genus are still in their infancy, with the most notable exception being the generation of whole genome shotgun assemblies of 12 Drosophila species that span an evolutionary time frame of approximately 60 million years [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Salmonellosis in humans is caused by Gram-negative zoonotic bacteria of the species Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori and remains an important public health problem worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As part of the Finnish Otitis Media (FinOM) studies, scientists have collected large numbers of bacteria of the species S. pneumoniae from ear infection (otitis media) and asymptomatic carriage. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • What constitutes a species has long been a source of debate in biology, and particularly so for bacteria. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • It is now known that bacteria exchange genes over far greater evolutionary distances than is the case for multicellular organisms, and can acquire through recombination (see above) genetic information from organisms which would not normally be considered to be the same species. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • This, together with predominantly clonal inheritance, means that the biological species concept of Mayr can therefore not be applied to bacteria. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Work is underway to apply this to other bacteria, and to investigate how such fuzzy species may emerge. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The nucleotide sequences of maturaseK ( matK ) and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase ( rbcL ) marker loci are commonly used in plant species identification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to generate molecular signatures, we used matK and rbcL loci datasets, which encompass 125 plant species in 52 genera reported by the CBOL plant working group. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Initially, we performed Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) of all species followed by Position Specific Scoring Matrix (PSSM) for both loci to achieve a percentage of discrimination among species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It mainly involves discrimination of species through standardized molecular marker gene and is gaining support from the taxonomists as well. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the two loci ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase ( rbcL ) and maturase K ( matK ) gene regions are widely used in plant barcoding studies for phylogenetic analyses or species identification [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seven chloroplast loci have been tested for plant species identification by The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) Plant Working Group, where the suitability of matK and rbcL loci as a barcode was showed [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 13 ] studied a total of 20 species belonging to the family Zingiberaceae from India by using nine plastids and two nuclear loci and reported that matK and rbcL aids in the determination of 15 species (75%) into monophyletic groups. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Her line to Alice, ''Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place' struck the biologist Leigh Van Valen as an apt metaphor for the need for species to constantly adapt to the changing en-vironment in order to survive. (asmblog.org)
  • How does access to differing pools of va-riation affect the evolutionary back-and-forth between such pairs of species? (asmblog.org)
  • Lawrence JG (2002) Gene transfer in bacteria: speciation without species? (springer.com)
  • Evolutionarily, a tolerance strategy that is independent of resistance could allow the host to avoid mounting a costly immune response and, theoretically, to avoid a co-evolutionary arms race between pathogen virulence and host resistance. (datadryad.org)
  • Although the bacterial translocase has been characterized in other intercellular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Rickettsia prowazeki, this is the first characterization of an ATP/ADP translocases in an obligate-intracellular plant pathogen and, given the conservation of the ATP uptake mechanism, may represent an evolutionary link between plant and animal pathogens. (usda.gov)
  • These evolutionary conserved receptors recognize highly conserved structural motifs only expressed by microbial pathogens, called pathogen-associated microbial patterns (PAMPs). (invivogen.com)
  • The population structure and evolutionary forces within the pathogen population were analyzed. (peerj.com)
  • Our primary model system is the human bacterial pathogen Haemophilus influenzae , an important agent of ear infections (otitis media) in children, as well as lung infections associated with chronic respiratory conditions. (drexel.edu)
  • Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that can cause severe disease in humans, other mammals and birds [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Borrelia burgdorferi , an emerging bacterial pathogen, is maintained in nature by transmission from one vertebrate host to another by ticks. (cdc.gov)
  • By means of DNA sequencing of a large sample collection of the pathogen from across the United States, we studied the gene for the bacterium's highly diverse OspC protein, protective immunity against which develops in animals. (cdc.gov)
  • These often cocirculate in the same habitat, but the evolutionary and ecological processes that shape these complex populations are poorly understood. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we show that pneumococcal lineages from multiple populations each have a distinct combination of intermediate-frequency genes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Correspondingly, these genes had similar frequencies in four populations with dissimilar lineage compositions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Microbiomes [can have] a huge effect on host fitness, and hence could have a huge effect on adaptive trajectories of populations," says Rudman, who helped construct part of the site in 2017 while a postdoc in evolutionary ecologist Paul Schmidt's lab at UPenn. (the-scientist.com)
  • Then, the team added plates of food: control fly populations received standard food, while others got food laced with one of two bacteria commonly found in the insects' guts, Acetobacter and Lactobacillus . (the-scientist.com)
  • Evolutionary biologist Seth Rudman prepares to release populations of Drosophila melanogaster into specially constructed mesh cages for an evolution experiment. (the-scientist.com)
  • Although he and his colleagues didn't dig into what the genetic variation meant for the flies' phenotypes, they did show that it mirrored the variation observed in wild Drosophila populations across geographic latitudes in North America-for instance, alleles associated with a Lactobacillus diet in the experiment are more frequent in populations living at higher latitudes, where these bacteria are more abundant. (the-scientist.com)
  • Lateral phage transfer in obligate intracellular bacteria (wolbachia): verification from natural populations. (mbl.edu)
  • We performed experimental evolution with vaccinia virus populations harboring a SNV in a gene actively undergoing copy number amplification. (elifesciences.org)
  • In order to expand our understanding of how recombination might influence virus variation during the course of adaptation, we focused on large DNA viruses, in which rapidly evolving populations can simultaneously harbor both adaptive gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same locus. (elifesciences.org)
  • The method is definitely consequently considered to be powerful, discriminatory and capable of exposing the deeper evolutionary connection of populations that are analyzed [39,40]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • We found that the distributions and frequencies of types of OspC genes differed between populations of B. burgdorferi in the Northeast, the Midwest, and California. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the presence of S. mutans in individuals with low caries experiences could be explained by differences in bacterial virulence factors or endogenous factors within the host populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Phylogenetic affiliations of mesopelagic acantharia and acantharian-like environmental 18S rRNA genes off the southern California coast. (mbl.edu)
  • In addition, IGS sequencing (e.g., sequencing of intergenic regions between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes) has been used to taxonomy studies, while partial sequencing of the gene gtfB , which encodes the enzyme glucosyltransferase B, has been used to investigate enzymatic activity and virulence 11-12 . (bvsalud.org)
  • TB) in humans for thousands of years (1,2), and the unlinked loci distributed around the chromosome. (cdc.gov)
  • We describe the establishment and analysis of a genus-wide comparative framework composed of 12 bacterial artificial chromosome fingerprint and end-sequenced physical maps representing the 10 genome types of Oryza aligned to the O. sativa ssp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our strategy is to develop bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-end sequence (BES) physical frameworks of the ten genome types of Oryza and align them to the reference sequence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We are now using advanced optical mapping technology to reproduce these maps in the absence of genetic variation, in order to disentangle the role of chromosome structure from the potential for genetic incompatibilities ("speciation genes") skewing our results. (drexel.edu)
  • Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the ospC gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. (cdc.gov)
  • These transport proteins appear to be unique to mitochondria, plant plastids, and obligate-intracellular bacteria. (usda.gov)
  • Urwin R, Maiden MC (2003) Multi-locus sequence typing: a tool for global epidemiology. (citizendium.org)
  • Working with Brian Spratt and his group we use MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Typing) in which a few genes are sequenced as representative of the rest of the genome, for the purposes of strain definition. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Previous research has shown that DNA methylation can drive speciation and modulate virulence in bacteria, but the impact of epigenetic modifications on the diversification and pathogenesis of R. solanacearum is unknown. (pacb.com)
  • The acquisition of resistance genes through a mechanism involving mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids and transposons, is considered a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, sequence type, and cluster analysis were investigated using WGS data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and/or virulence determinants possessed by the associated bacteria are generally found on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that transmit between K . pneumoniae cells via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The functioning of this system seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We conducted a factorially designed experiment where we passaged a bacterial host ( Bacillus subtilis ) and its phage (SPO1) in the presence versus absence of a seed bank consisting of dormant endospores. (nature.com)
  • Based on mutational trajectories over the course of the experiment, we demonstrate that seed banks can dampen bacteria-phage coevolution. (nature.com)
  • The association of the cas genes with CRISPR and, especially, the presence, in CRISPR units, of unique inserts homologous to phage and plasmid genes make us abandon this hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results showed that farmed minks could be reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli with Class 1 integron cassettes and resistance genes, which were likely to pose a threat to public health. (hindawi.com)
  • AlbaTraDIS automatically identified all well characterised Triclosan resistance genes, including the primary target, fabI . (biorxiv.org)
  • In addition, long-read sequencing of one representative XDR ST235 isolate identified an integron carrying multiple resistance genes (including bla VIM-2), with differences in gene composition and synteny from the P. aeruginosa class 1 integrons described previously. (who.int)
  • Nucleotide sequences provide robust, genes associated with antimicrobial drug resistance has sufficient variation to construct a robust phylogenetic tree portable, and comparable data for studying population for M. tuberculosis . (cdc.gov)
  • The Team QEM "Quantitative Evolutionary Microbiology" , directed by Olivier Tenaillon and Mathilde Lescat , unraveled the dynamics of adaptation by combining theoretical and mechanistic models applied to quasi-exhaustive libraries of mutants at the gene or operon level, experimental evolution in vitro and in vivo, as well as inferences from phylogenetic and epidemiological data. (iame-research.center)
  • Taken together, we build a highly efficient CRISPR toolbox for genome editing and gene regulation, paving the way for functional genomics studies as well as molecular breeding in pear. (nsf.gov)
  • This year's honorees, Catherine Dulac and Hopi Hoekstra have combined their expertises in behavioral neurobiology and evolutionary genomics respectively to identify candidate genes behind parental behavior. (harvard.edu)
  • To achieve this goal, the plant biology community is engaged in a concerted effort to functionally characterize all plant genes in both model plants using approaches including genetics, transgenetics, and comparative genomics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using genomics to investigate the mechanism, consequences and evolution of genetic recombination, especially in pathogenic bacteria. (drexel.edu)
  • Deciphering the conserved genetic loci implicated in plant disease control through comparative genomics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. (auburn.edu)
  • or the transmembrane protein gene cassettes of some pathogenic bacteria ( Santoyo and Romero, 2005 ), gene conversion can also generate sequence diversity. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, little is known about how zoonotic bacteria maintain the ability to colonize multiple hosts whilst competing with specialists in the same niche. (nih.gov)
  • Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology, Four Volume Set is the definitive go-to reference in the field of evolutionary biology. (elsevier.com)
  • Herein, I review the major tree-building strategies, challenges and opportunities which exist in this rapidly expanding field of evolutionary biology. (springer.com)
  • This enables us to identify candidate genes underlying glucosinolate diversity, trichome density, and study the genetics of biochemical variation for glucosinolate and saponins. (pacb.com)
  • The sequences at these genes can easily be compared to others over the internet, making this an ideal tool for global epidemiology. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Ubiquitin Bacterial (UBact) is a protein that is homologous to Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup). (wikipedia.org)
  • Using the amino acid sequence from the Las encoded translocase, a homologous protein was identified in Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso), the bacterium associated with zebra chip disease. (usda.gov)
  • RNA-differential display experiments identified a clone that encodes for a gene that is homologous to the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial translation initiation factor (AmIF-2mt). (lookformedical.com)
  • It is proposed that unique inserts of CRISPR, some of which are homologous to fragments of bacteriophage and plasmid genes, function as prokaryotic siRNAs (psiRNA), by base-pairing with the target mRNAs and promoting their degradation or translation shutdown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Following duplication events, the resulting stretches of homologous sequence can promote recombination between gene copies. (elifesciences.org)
  • 2016) International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. (auburn.edu)
  • In plants, rice ( Oryza sativa ) and thale cress ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) are important model systems for functional and evolutionary biology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While all entries are authoritative and valuable to those with advanced understanding of evolutionary biology, they are also intended to be accessible to both advanced undergraduate and graduate students. (elsevier.com)
  • Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology is directed to university, research and medical libraries as well as governmental agencies and corporations. (elsevier.com)
  • Transposon mutagenesis has been proven to be a powerful tool to identify genes and networks which are involved in survival and fitness under a given condition by simultaneously assaying the fitness of millions of mutants, thereby relating genotype to phenotype and contributing to an understanding of bacterial cell biology. (biorxiv.org)
  • Hayes, W. (1970) The Genetics of Bacteria and their Viruses . (citizendium.org)
  • This system could possibly be employed for additional research of people and progression genetics in is normally a Gram positive, thermophilic spore developing earth bacterium linked to linked individual attacks such as for example bacteremia and enocarditis carefully, bovine abortions and meals borne illnesses which improve the relevant issue of its pathogenic potential [3-9]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Inherited risk for stroke is likely multigenic, although specific single-gene disorders with stroke as a component of the phenotype demonstrate the potency of genetics in determining stroke risk. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, the HLA locus which is the main inherited genetic susceptibility factor for CeD, only accounts for ~ 40% of the genetic variance of the disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • Hence, non-MHC susceptibility loci explaining ~ 15% of the disease risk ( 10 - 13 ), as well as additional environmental factors other than gluten, are thought to contribute to disease development. (frontiersin.org)
  • The protein product of the translocase gene demonstrated characteristics typical for members in this family of proteins, including 12 transmembrane helices and an isoelectric point of 9.4. (usda.gov)
  • The bacterium's responses to postnatal alterations in its nutrient landscape involve expression of gene cluster s encoding environmental sensors, outer membrane proteins involved in binding and import of glycans, and glycoside hydrolases. (unl.edu)
  • 10% transformation frequency), which reside in genes undergoing strong diversifying selection that encode large membrane proteins, likely as an immune invasion tactic. (drexel.edu)
  • These results indicate that the higher respiratory rate previously documented in queen larvae is accomplished through a higher level of expression of both nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes for mitochondrial proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • Alexander delivered the Gifford Lectures at St. Andrews University in 2012 that Cambridge University Press published in August 2017 under the title "Genes, Determinism and God. (tamu.edu)
  • We used RNAi to confirm that a subset of mapped genes have a role in defence, including putative wound repair genes grainy head and debris buster. (datadryad.org)
  • Due to an inability to genetically manipulate Las at the present time, the translocase (tlc) open reading frame was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to determine if this putative gene was in fact functional. (usda.gov)
  • Of the bacterial ATP/ADP translocases characterized thus far, all have been found in endosymbionts of protozoa or pathogens of higher order animals including humans. (usda.gov)
  • The presence of this conserved mechanism for ATP uptake in both plant and animal pathogens may serve as an evolutionary link between the two. (usda.gov)
  • A group of research-ers set out to better understand the underlying evolutionary dynamics as worms and their bacte-rial pathogens (Fig. 1) adapt to one another in controlled experiments. (asmblog.org)
  • But were hosts and pathogens adapting generally to the others' presence, or specifically to the particular host or bacterial pool at each round? (asmblog.org)
  • All 48 Salmonella isolates carried intrinsic and acquired resistant genes such as aac.6…Iaa, mdf(A), qnrB, qnrB19 genes and golT, golS, pcoA, and silP, mediated by plasmid Col440I_1, incFIB.B and incFII. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Between 100 and 118 virulence gene markers distributed across several Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), clusters, prophages, and plasmid operons were found in each isolate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the few antigens against which mammals develop protective immunity is the highly polymorphic OspC protein, encoded by the ospC gene on the cp26 plasmid. (cdc.gov)
  • The terms 'Ubiquitin Bacterial' and 'Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein' suggest a molecular similarity between ubiquitin and UBact/Pup which is largely absent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Insertion-sequence-mediated mutations both promote and constrain evolvability during a long-term experiment with bacteria. (iame-research.center)
  • Fundamentally, it relies on the sequence of several (usually six to eight) conserved house-keeping genes which are individually distributed in the genome. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • In addition, we established a CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) system for multiplexed gene activation in pear calli for gain-of-function analysis. (nsf.gov)
  • However, the proximity of CRISPR and cas genes strongly suggests that they have related functions which is hard to reconcile with the repair hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CRISPR/Cas9 recombineering-mediated deep mutational scanning of essential genes in Escherichia coli. (iame-research.center)
  • The Las gene encoding the translocase (tlc) was subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to enable E.coli to uptake ATP directly into the cell. (usda.gov)
  • We demonstrate the utility of our new approach by applying it to identify genes used by Escherichia coli to survive in a wide range of different concentrations of the biocide Triclosan. (biorxiv.org)
  • A previous study also demonstrated that E. coli can carry resistance plasmids and can easily acquire resistance transfer genes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, it appears that this inheritance is extremely unstable on the evolutionary scale such that the repertoires of unique psiRNAs are completely replaced even in closely related prokaryotes, presumably, in response to rapidly changing repertoires of dominant phages and plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2005) Mechanisms of, and barriers to, horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. (citizendium.org)
  • Caporale, LH (2003) Natural selection and emergence of mutation phenotype: An Update of the Evolutionary Synthesis Considering Mechanisms that Affect Genome Variation Annu. (citizendium.org)
  • 2000) Bacteria are different: observations, interpretations, speculations, and opinions about the mechanisms of adaptive evolution in prokaryotes .Proc. (citizendium.org)
  • Third, we will investigate the molecular mechanisms of MDH by measuring gene and protein expression of both hybrid and inbred plants as well as the microbes inside their roots. (ncsu.edu)
  • Mechanisms of antimicrobial action and resistance in bacteria are complex and often vary depending on growth phase and/or concentration of the antimicrobial applied. (biorxiv.org)
  • This framework highlights how bacterial ecology affects the impact of clinical interventions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We study the metabolism, physiology, and evolutionary ecology of microbial symbioses and uncultured microorganisms. (ncsu.edu)
  • The Pup gene encodes a 64-amino acid protein with a molecular size of about 6.9 kDa. (wikipedia.org)
  • We identified 30 loci that predict tolerance, many of which are in genes involved in the regulation of immunity and metabolism. (datadryad.org)
  • Further analyses of the UBact (and not Pup) locus in Leptospirillum ferrodiazotrophum revealed its existence and extreme conservation across several gram-negative bacterial phyla, as illustrated in figure 3. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings have tion, and evolutionary analyses. (cdc.gov)
  • In bacteria, this is more complicated than might be expected because of recombination. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The process of recombination in bacteria can be likened to a child inheriting genes from three or more parents. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The model can be used to estimate the relative rate at which genes are shuffled by recombination, and as a basis for more sophisticated simulation studies of bacterial evolution, which are ongoing. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Poxvirus adaptation can involve combinations of recombination-driven gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same loci. (elifesciences.org)
  • Intragenic recombination among ospC genes is known, but the extent to which recombination extended beyond the ospC locus itself is undefined. (cdc.gov)
  • We then performed a genomewide association study to map the genetic basis of variation in resistance to and tolerance of infection by the bacterium Providencia rettgeri. (datadryad.org)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae , a Gram-negative bacterium, causes gonorrhea, the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STIs), causing more than 106 million cases per year globally ( World Health Organization (WHO), 2012 ). (peerj.com)
  • We have used this method to map an operon involved in intracellular invasion of airway epithelial cells, a trait with implications for chronic infection, bacterial persistence, and trafficking of cells to different body sites. (drexel.edu)
  • For the bacteria, fitness (see here for a treatment of the term) was measured by the ability to replicate inside the host in the following manner: a worm was infected with a labeled ancestral bacteria clone plus an evolved bacterial line and the bacteria competed for one infection cycle. (asmblog.org)
  • Functional analysis suggested that these loci may be subject to negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) through interactions with other bacteria, hosts or mobile elements. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A recent refinement of this approach allows the roles of essential genes in conditional stress survival to be inferred by altering their expression. (biorxiv.org)
  • The lineages are strongly geo- cessfully used in the study of bacterial epidemiology, graphically associated. (cdc.gov)
  • I research the evolution and epidemiology of bacteria using a combination of laboratory work and theoretical approaches. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Despite broad scientific interest in the microbiome, few researchers had tackled these kinds of evolutionary questions experimentally. (the-scientist.com)
  • The study is "probably the cleanest demonstration of a host adaptive response to the microbiome" so far, says Andrew Moeller, an evolutionary biologist at Cornell University who is working on similar questions in mammals and was not involved in the Penn team's research. (the-scientist.com)
  • In many cases, these studies have revealed tantalizing clues of microbiome-driven evolution in animals, including humans, and in some cases, pointed to specific adaptations that likely owe their origin, at least in part, to bacteria in the digestive tract. (the-scientist.com)
  • not only does the phrase "resistance gene" (which the NCSE directly attributes to EE ) exist nowhere in the textbook, but EE also nowhere implies that antibiotic resistance "does not develop through mutation. (exploreevolution.com)
  • Thus, descendants may possess modified structures that are similar-but not identical-to those of their parents," explicitly stating that, "The second way that bacteria become resistant to some antibiotics is through mutation … In a few generations, an antibiotic-resistant strain arises. (exploreevolution.com)
  • This pathway, called "natural transformation," is a major mechanism of gene transfer across bacteria and has a profound effect on genome evolution, including spreading antibiotic resistances and other virulence determinants. (drexel.edu)
  • From a medical point of view, they are interesting because they can generate new combinations of genes associated with antibiotic resistance or virulence. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Rhizobacteria activates (+)-δ-cadinene synthase genes and induces systemic resistance in cotton against beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). (auburn.edu)
  • An interesting characteristic of this bacterium is its ability to form biofilms that display complex heterogeneity: individual, clonal cells develop diverse phenotypes in response to different environmental conditions within the biofilm. (nature.com)
  • Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium that lives in soil and is best known for its importance in gene-ti-cally modified crops. (asmblog.org)
  • Metagenomics and the development of high throughput next generation sequencing capabilities have forced significant development in the field of phylogenetics: the study of the evolutionary relatedness of the planet's inhabitants. (springer.com)
  • Differential expression of mitochondrial genes between queens and workers during caste determination in the honeybee Apis mellifera. (lookformedical.com)
  • Gogarten JP Townsend JP (2005) Horizontal gene transfer, genome innovation and evolution. (citizendium.org)
  • Data from these studies were also used to validate a model of bacterial evolution (see above). (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The discovery of Pup indicates that like eukaryotes, bacteria may use a small-protein modifier to control protein stability. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, they demonstrated that FtsZ's treadmilling speed affected the overall duration of cytokinesis, demonstrating the importance of protein dynamics for cell division in bacteria. (harvard.edu)
  • Primary and promiscuous functions coexist during evolutionary innovation through whole protein domain acquisitions. (iame-research.center)
  • Transcriptome-based in silico reconstructions of bacterial metabolism and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and biochemical assays of carbohydrate utilization in vivo indicated that in the suckling gut B. thetaiotaomicron prefers host-derived polysaccharide s , as well as mono- and oligosaccharides present in mother's milk. (unl.edu)
  • 2. Can natural transformation be exploited to map pathogenesis genes? (drexel.edu)
  • Newer work is using the same approach to map the genes responsible for natural variation in other pathogenesis traits, including resistance to human complement-mediated killing, as well as investigating the possibility of identifying genes involved in in vivo pathogenesis in an animal model of otitis media. (drexel.edu)
  • However, the enzymology of ubiquitylation and pupylation is different, owing to their distinct evolutionary origins. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two major, distinct forms of regulatory small RNAs involved in eukaryotic gene silencing: small interfering (si) RNAs and micro (mi) RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A list of key readings about Horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes . (citizendium.org)
  • Horizontal Gene Transfer , 2nd edition, Academic Press. (citizendium.org)
  • 2005) The Cobweb of Life revealed by genome-scale estimates of horizontal gene transfer. (citizendium.org)
  • Here we develop a stochastic evolutionary model and show how genetic transfer of host segregating alleles, distributed as predicted for niche specifying genes, and the opportunity for host transition could interact to promote the emergence of host generalist lineages of the zoonotic bacterium Campylobacter. (nih.gov)
  • In particular, gene clusters encoding the biosynthesis of siderophores aerobactin ( iuc ) and salmochelin ( iro ) are associated with invasive disease and are common amongst hypervirulent K . pneumoniae clones that cause severe community-associated infections such as liver abscess and pneumonia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Paula joined the Stanford faculty in 2013 where her current research program is focused on understanding the biosynthesis and physiological function of "molecular fossils" or biomarkers in extant bacteria. (stanford.edu)
  • Figure 2 illustrates the differences between the UBact and Pup loci in the representative Nitrospirae bacterium Leptospirillum ferrodiazotrophum. (wikipedia.org)
  • The conjugation-proteasome components neighboring the UBact and Pup loci in these Nitrospirae bacteria show weak similarity and are probably not entirely redundant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on the genetic similarity of the isolates and pattern of amino acid variations identified by partial sequencing of the gtfB gene, base-pair changes were identified and correlated with different virulence patterns among the isolates. (bvsalud.org)
  • UBact is a homolog of Pup, and is found in several phyla of gram-negative bacteria (Pup is found predominantly in the gram-positive bacterial phylum Actinomycetota). (wikipedia.org)
  • While Pup is predominantly found in the gram-positive phylum Actinomycetota, UBact was identified only in gram-negative bacteria from the following five phyla: Nitrospirota, Verrucomicrobiota, Armatimonadota, Nitrospinota, and Planctomycetota. (wikipedia.org)
  • Few cultured bacteria from this phylum are known, and V. vadensis therefore represents an important organism for evolutionary studies. (inra.fr)
  • Even when grown in liquid mixed cultures, where environmental conditions are assumed to be homogeneous, B. subtilis cells can be found as single flagellated cells or as non-flagellated chained cells due to stochastic variation in the expression of motility-related genes 3 . (nature.com)