Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanisms by which E. chaffeensis establishes intracellular infection, and avoids host defenses are not well understood, but involve functionally relevant host-pathogen interactions associated with tandem and ankyrin repeat effector proteins. (frontiersin.org)
Despite its small genome and limited number of effector proteins, Ehrlichia efficiently establishes an intracellular infection and avoids immune defenses in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts through complex molecular and cellular reprogramming strategies. (frontiersin.org)
Mammalian3
The WH2 motif (for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome homology region 2) has been shown in WAS and Scar1/WASF1 (mammalian homologue) to interact via their WH2 motifs with actin. (wikipedia.org)
This domain was first recognized as an essential element for the regulation of the cytoskeleton by the mammalian Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family. (wikipedia.org)
In mammalian cells, as many as twenty types of protein have been reported to bind to activated Cdc42 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Actin cytoskeleton2
Cdc42 and Rac - ancient, highly conserved, small GTPases - mediate extracellular signals, triggering changes in transcription and in the actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)
and proteins that interact with members of the Arp2/3 complex and hence the actin cytoskeleton (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Homology2
The WH2 (WASP-Homology 2, or Wiskott-Aldrich homology 2) domain is an ~18 amino acids actin-binding motif. (wikipedia.org)
We determined the sequence of pig Reelin mRNA and protein and identified a high degree of homology to human Reelin. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotes3
WH2 proteins occur in eukaryotes from yeast to mammals, in insect viruses, and in some bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
The basic signaling properties of two major subgroups of Rho GTPases - the Cdc42 and Rac subfamilies - are highly conserved amongst all eukaryotes, but the means by which they act are not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
WASP3
It is found in WASP proteins which control actin polymerisation, therefore, WH2 is important in cellular processes such as cell contractility, cell motility, cell trafficking and cell signalling. (wikipedia.org)
We focus on six 'core' effectors that operate in almost all these species - members of the Pak, WASP/WAVE, formin, lipid-kinase, IQGAP and NADPH oxidase families. (biomedcentral.com)
This motif is found in Cdc42/Rac-associated proteins such as the protein kinases Pak, MRCK and Ack, the adaptor proteins Spec and WASP, and, in degenerate form, in the kinases MLK, Mekk4, adaptor Par6, scaffold protein IRSp53, and the Borg proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes4
A substantial portion of the regulatory interactions in the higher eukaryotic cell are mediated by simple sequence motifs in the regulatory segments of genes and (pre-)mRNAs, and in the intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Among these, 17.5% had putative functions in signaling, 14.3% were assigned to cell cycle and gene expression, 8.7% were linked to the cytoskeleton or inner membrane complex, 7.9% were involved in proteostasis and 6.4% in metabolism, 12.7% were cell surface-associated proteins, 11.9% were assigned to other functions, and 20.6% represented genes of unknown function. (biomedcentral.com)
For 40% of the identified genes there has as yet not been any protein evidence. (biomedcentral.com)
For selected genes, a regulated expression during gametogenesis was confirmed on the protein level, using quantitative confocal microscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
Motif3
The WH2 motif or WH2 domain is an evolutionarily conserved sequence motif contained in proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Many, but not all, of these effectors contain a conserved 18 amino-acid binding motif that has been termed CRIB (Cdc42-Rac interactive binding), PBD (p21-binding domain) or GBD (GTPase-binding domain) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, we contrast the regulatory properties of protein motifs and the regulatory elements of DNA and (pre-)mRNAs, advocating that co-regulation, co-operativity, and motif-driven regulatory programs are common mechanisms that emerge from the use of simple, evolutionarily plastic regulatory modules. (biomedcentral.com)
Cdc422
The analysis of Cdc42 and Rac function in evolutionarily distant organisms is useful as a tool to uncover the basic activities of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
By regulating filamentous actin, Cdc42 and Rac exert a profound effect on cell shape, polarity, migration, cell:cell and cell:matrix adhesion, protein traffic, and cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Motifs1
We observe that each gene and its products have a unique set of DNA, RNA or protein motifs that encode a regulatory program to define the logical circuitry that guides the life cycle of these biomolecules, from transcription to degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
Membrane4
Such processes require membrane traffic to particular domains of the cell surface, in order to insert proteins at restricted regions of the membrane, to enlarge particular regions of the cell membrane, or to signal asymmetrically to neighboring cells. (sdbonline.org)
Neurons generate their polarity by directing membrane traffic to growing neurites and growth cones, and by sorting proteins differentially between the axon and dendrites. (sdbonline.org)
This protein is required for many aspects of membrane traffic within neurons, including the elaboration of neurites, but the release of neurotransmitter at the synapse is independent of this exocyst component (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
Two important pathways were examined in the current study: (1) a basic pathway of exocytosis that brings new proteins to the cell surface and permits the cell to grow, and (2) synaptic transmission, a specialized form of exocytosis, regulated by Ca 2+ entry, in which vesicles already present at synapses fuse with the membrane and recycle locally (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
GTPases2
Therefore, specific localization patterns of GEFs and GTPase-activating proteins, and a molecular network of their regulation underlie the spatiotemporal control of Rho GTPases activities in the cells. (life-science-alliance.org)
Rho GTPases are small (20-30 kDa) GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipid1
Another distinction that has been drawn contrasts the constitutive and the regulated pathways to distinguish the ongoing transport of protein and lipid to the cell surface from the ability to secrete hormones and transmitters in response to specific stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
Complexes1
After translation, where is a protein localised, and what complexes should it join? (biomedcentral.com)
Pathways4
It encodes a large nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways. (lookformedical.com)
The BRCA2 protein is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (lookformedical.com)
It encodes a large, nuclear protein that is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (lookformedical.com)
Within neurons, multiple pathways are known to transport proteins and transmitters to the cell surface. (sdbonline.org)
Yeast1
The exocyst complex, a set of eight proteins first identified from secretory mutants in yeast, is an attractive candidate for mediating directed traffic. (sdbonline.org)
MRNA1
A peak in Reelin mRNA and protein expression is present during the period of major neurogenesis and neuronal migration. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene2
these proteins are also important in regulating gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME. (lookformedical.com)
Cell2
receptors and dileucine-: TLR1 photosynthesis cell in New Zealand 1945 -1960: family understood in bovine RELB of the Associations for the peptidyl of Master of Arts. (evakoch.com)
In normal cells the BRCA1 protein is localized in the nucleus, whereas in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and in malignant pleural effusions from breast cancer patients, it is localized mainly in the cytoplasm. (lookformedical.com)
Describe1
Here, we describe DCFHP, a ferritin-based, protein-nanoparticle vaccine candidate that, when formulated with aluminum hydroxide as the sole adjuvant (DCFHP-alum), elicits potent and durable neutralizing antisera in non-human primates against known VOCs, including Omicron BQ.1, as well as against SARS-CoV-1. (stanford.edu)
Immune1
Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. (lookformedical.com)
Mutations1
sec5 mutations have been identified and characterized in Drosophila in order to delineate the role of the protein in neurons and particularly at synapses. (sdbonline.org)
Function2
This activity is strongly conserved and probably represents a primordial function of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
ELAC1 has been in the use and may as define as an RNase Z. In pyrophosphates subfamilies are transcribed from coupling tubules in the function by a two receptor chromatin that appears ultraviolet from protein threatening( reviewed in Popow et al. (evakoch.com)
Important1
Our findings support the identification of proteins important for sexual reproduction and further development of the mosquito midgut stages and provide insights into the genetic basis of the rapid adaption of Plasmodium to the insect vector. (biomedcentral.com)
Growth3
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. (lookformedical.com)
Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. (lookformedical.com)
Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm. (lookformedical.com)
Human1
This download is the types and cells led from a human assembly target content soccer methylated alongside the set of two interaction localizing enzyme proteins in New Zealand. (evakoch.com)
Activation1
CKIα ablation induces p53 activation, and CKIα degradation underlies the therapeutic effect of lenalidomide in a pre-leukemia syndrome. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Center1
Recykork, " an independent disease reaction, by sensitive proteins at the chenodeoxycholic Epilepsy Center. (evakoch.com)