GenomePhotosynthesisGenomesProteinsGenesMitochondria and chloroplasts containAlgaeBiogenesisThylakoidBacteriaNuclear ribosomalChlamydomonasMembraneNucleusEvolutionaryPlastidEndosymbiotic theorySequence data2000Gene expressionPathwayLight reactionsMolecularCellularAlgalMitochondrialGeneticEukaryotic cellsOrganellesSpeciesEvidenceRibosomesProtistsTranscriptome dataEndosymbiosisLineagesPhylogeneticCellsCircularElectronPlants2021ProcessFundamental
Genome12
- 4) after further backcross generations, a plant is obtained with the new genetic combination (chloroplast genome b and nuclear genome A). Juniperus (Cupressaceae) Pinus (Pinaceae) Quercus (Fagaceae) Ruppia (Ruppiaceae) Heuchera (Saxifragaceae) Rieseberg. (wikipedia.org)
- Plastid genome phylogeny and a model of amino acid substitution for proteins encoded by chloroplast DNA. (bio.net)
- Mitochondrial Genome Evolution. (umontreal.ca)
- Mitochondrial genome organization and evolution within the green algae and land plants. (umontreal.ca)
- In a study published in Annals of Botany , researchers from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences provided strong support to the hypothesis that the diversification of plant lineages has been shaped by the dynamics of their genome evolution. (phys.org)
- They used the parameters linked to the amount of DNA and its packaging in chromosomes, such as genome size, chromosome number , and average DNA amount per chromosome into a time-scaled phylogenetic framework, to elucidate the dynamics of genome space evolution in ferns. (phys.org)
- Their results also support the prediction that alterations of reproductive modes alter trends of genome evolution. (phys.org)
- For the first time, our results recovered evidence for a close link between the dynamics of genome evolution and species diversity in ferns," said Tao Fujiwara, first author of the study. (phys.org)
- Tao Fujiwara et al, Evolution of genome space occupation in ferns: linking genome diversity and species richness, Annals of Botany (2021). (phys.org)
- This is the first book on the genome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, summarizing the research advances in the molecular mapping, whole genome sequencing, chloroplast and mitochondria genomes, epigenetics, transcriptomics and functional genomics of this emerging model plant with great economic and medicinal value. (stanford.edu)
- The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution has clearly been accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size as the chloroplasts lost most of their genes to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
- Green giant-a tiny chloroplast genome with mighty power to produce high-value proteins: history and phylogeny. (ufl.edu)
Photosynthesis8
- A new study sheds new light on the evolution of photosynthesis in plants and algae, which could help to improve crop production. (sciencedaily.com)
- These fossils come from a key point in evolution where tiny, simple bacterial (prokaryote) cells developed features resembling larger, more complex (eukaryotic) cells which would make photosynthesis and sexual reproduction possible. (thenakedscientists.com)
- The authors say that because of the presence of structures like a nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria, these simple eukaryotes must have lived in fresh water and were exposed to the open air because they have the parts necessary to perform photosynthesis. (thenakedscientists.com)
- The slug then transports those chloroplasts along tiny tubes and places them near its skin so the animal can benefit from photosynthesis. (icr.org)
- We aim to understand how chloroplasts and mitochondria play dual functions in the plant cell as 1) metabolic hubs for photosynthesis and respiration respectively, and 2) environmental stress sensors for the cell by releasing a variety of distress signals upon perception of unfavourable conditions. (edu.au)
- The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
- The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
- Some bacteria also perform photosynthesis, but they do not have chloroplasts. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Genomes3
- In order to better understand the genomic forces driving the evolution of Echinochloa species toward weed and crop characteristics, we assemble genomes of three Echinochloa species (allohexaploid E. crus-galli and E. colona , and allotetraploid E. oryzicola ) and re-sequence 737 accessions of barnyard grasses and millets from 16 rice-producing countries. (nature.com)
- Chloroplast capture is an evolutionary process through which inter-species hybridization and subsequent backcrosses yield a plant with new genetic combination of nuclear and chloroplast genomes. (wikipedia.org)
- In: Organelle Genetics 2012, Part 2: evolution of organelle genomes and gene expression (C. Bullerwell, ed), Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Germany, p. 41-77. (umontreal.ca)
Proteins5
- Chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells, divide by binary fission, and, like bacteria, have Fts (Filamenting temperature sensitive) proteins at their division plane. (plantlet.org)
- However, there is no "molecular fossils" of proteins that we could use to learn about their evolution. (mpg.de)
- We can now think about replaying the tape of evolution with our ancestral proteins provide it with completely novel interaction partners to improve the enzyme's catalysis and eventually overcome the natural limitations. (mpg.de)
- Specific sessions will be dedicated to organelle evolution, their gene expression systems, the import of proteins and their assembly into functioning complexes, signaling pathways and stress response, disintegration of organelles during aging and senescence, and how all these are being translated to agriculture and medicine. (grc.org)
- We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
Genes5
- Michael Hiller, who is affiliated with the two Max Planck Institutes and the Center for Systems Biology Dresden, says: 'Instead of investigating soft-tissue structures directly, we traced the evolution of genes that are required for their formation. (mpg.de)
- Over the course of plant evolution since the original endosymbiotic events, interactions have occurred between genes in the chloroplasts, nucleii and mitochondria. (growingpassion.org)
- How did the slug obtain the genes required to operate its stolen chloroplasts? (icr.org)
- 4 Further, evolutionists used solar-powered sea slugs as the iconic example of an animal that had captured plant genes long ago, assuming that the chloroplast-processing genes they found in the slugs were inherited directly from its slug parents. (icr.org)
- See Tomkins, J. Newly Discovered 'Orphan Genes' Defy Evolution . (icr.org)
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain1
- We have mentioned that both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Algae5
- Though Cyanophyceae or Blue Green Algae don't contain chloroplast, pigment is present in their thylakoids. (plantlet.org)
- A simple type of chloroplast is found in red algae (Rhodophyceae), a primitive class of algae. (plantlet.org)
- The red algae form a distinct group characterized by having eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles , chloroplasts that lack external endoplasmic reticulum and contain unstacked (stroma) thylakoids , and use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments , which give them their red color. (wikipedia.org)
- The scientists reviewed research on the photosynthetic amoeba Paulinella , which is a model to explore a fundamental question about eukaryote evolution: why was there a single origin of algae and plants? (sciencedaily.com)
- Microscopic extensions in the solar-powered sea-slug gut select and import chloroplasts from partly chewed-up algae cells. (icr.org)
Biogenesis5
- The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
- It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is not dissimilar to the gradient of proliferation and differentiation along developing roots [ 2 ] but, in contrast, it provides a unique opportunity to study chloroplast biogenesis and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Chloroplast biogenesis involves a multiplicity of processes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
Thylakoid2
- In both pro- and eukaryotes, thylakoid contains pigment which is present in the chloroplast. (plantlet.org)
- The chloroplast albino 3 (ALB3) protein appears to integrate the light harvesting chlorophyll-binding protein into thylakoid membranes using a pathway that is distinct from the chloroplast Sec translocation pathway. (tcdb.org)
Bacteria6
- In the origin story of chloroplast, that microbe was the photosynthetic bacteria. (plantlet.org)
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts have striking similarities to bacteria cells. (utah.edu)
- Homologues of the yeast Oxa1 protein are found in chloroplasts of plants and in a wide variety of bacteria. (tcdb.org)
- Scientists have long noticed that bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are similar in size. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
- We also know that mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA and ribosomes, just as bacteria do. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
- Through evolution, these ingested bacteria became more specialized in their functions, with the aerobic bacteria becoming mitochondria and the photosynthetic bacteria becoming chloroplasts. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Nuclear ribosomal2
- Evolutionary Trends in Plants 5: 65-84 Terry RG, Nowak RS, Tausch (2000) Genetic variation in chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA in Utah juniper ( Juniperus osteosperma, Cupressaceae): evidence for interspecific gene flow. (wikipedia.org)
- 2014. Phylogenies and chromosome evolution of Phacelia (Boraginaceae: Hydrophylloideae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast sequence data. (ca.gov)
Chlamydomonas4
- Thioredoxin activation of phosphoribulokinase in a bi-enzyme complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts. (bio.net)
- Tools for chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas: expression vectors and a new dominant selectable marker. (bio.net)
- The effects of transcription and RNA processing on the initiation of chloroplast DNA replication in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (bio.net)
- Further characterization of Trp-14 using chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas indicated that substitution of D1 Trp-14 to Phe, mimicking Trp oxidation enhanced FtsH-mediated D1 degradation under high light, although the substitution did not affect protein stability and PSII activity. (elifesciences.org)
Membrane5
- These green chlorophyll molecules along with some accessory pigments are contained generally in a membrane-bound packet-like structure called chloroplast within the algal body. (plantlet.org)
- The food vacuole membrane of protozoan became the outer chloroplast membrane. (plantlet.org)
- The plasma membrane of cyanobacterium becomes the inner chloroplast membrane. (plantlet.org)
- Membrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution. (bio.net)
- A double membrane surrounds both mitochondria and chloroplasts, further evidence that each was ingested by a primitive host. (utah.edu)
Nucleus1
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own, circular DNA that replicates independently from the DNA in the cell's nucleus. (growingpassion.org)
Evolutionary1
- Resolving the evolution of soft-tissue structures, crucially depends on accurate knowledge of the evolutionary relationships between the considered species. (mpg.de)
Plastid2
- 14. Plastid evolution. (elte.hu)
- However, the division of labor between PEP and NEP during plastid development and in mature chloroplasts is unclear. (frontiersin.org)
Endosymbiotic theory1
- The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles (e.g. mitochondria, chloroplast) in today's eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. (plantlet.org)
Sequence data5
- The increasing availability of DNA sequence data of many species provides unprecedented opportunities to hunt for molecular vestiges and thus resolve debates on evolution of other anatomical traits' concludes Michael Hiller, who supervised the study. (mpg.de)
- Molecular phylogeny of tribe Dipterocarpeae (family Dipterocarpaceae) based on sequence data of chloroplast and nuclear DNA. (uni-goettingen.de)
- Huang J, Price RA (2003) Estimation of the age of extant Ephedra using chloroplast rbc L sequence data. (springer.com)
- Ickert-Bond SM, Wojciechowski MF (2004) Phylogenetic relationships in Ephedra (Gnetales): evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. (springer.com)
- Thesis: "Phylogeny of infrageneric relationships within Phacelia (Boraginaceae) inferred from chloroplast sequence data. (ca.gov)
20001
- 2000. Chloroplast evolution in the Pinus montezumae complex: a coalescent approach to hybridization. (wikipedia.org)
Gene expression1
- Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathway1
- The dominant pathway in chloroplasts is, however, the one that produces NADPH, by the activity of ferredoxin NADP + oxidoreductase (FNR). (nature.com)
Light reactions1
- The chloroplasts house the photosynthetic light reactions where sunlight is converted into chemical energy. (frontiersin.org)
Molecular5
- A team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, the Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden and the Natural History Museum Frankfurt now provide a new approach to resolve the evolution of soft-tissue structures, focusing on the evolution of testes in mammals. (mpg.de)
- Understanding the molecular principles behind this process tells us about the potential, but also the limitations of evolution as an optimization force. (mpg.de)
- All green plants contain chloroplasts, amazing molecular machines which use carbon dioxide, water and photons from sunlight to create sugar and oxygen. (growingpassion.org)
- 2006. Molecular phylogeny of Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia based on chloroplast DNA. (uni-goettingen.de)
- A molecular phylogeny of Aeridinae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) inferred from multiple nuclear and chloroplast regions. (wikimedia.org)
Cellular4
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from other cellular compartments by their endosymbiotic origin, their semiautonomous genetic systems, their role in energy transduction, and their complex biology. (grc.org)
- In vascular plants, photosynthetic electron transport (PET) chain produces reductive power that is utilised by diverse acceptors involved in both chloroplast and cellular metabolism 1 . (nature.com)
- Taking advantage of the developmental gradient in the bread wheat leaf, we provide a simultaneous quantitative analysis for the development of mesophyll cells and of chloroplasts as a cellular compartment. (biomedcentral.com)
- The second phase is marked by the development of photosynthetic chloroplasts which occupy the available cellular space. (biomedcentral.com)
Algal2
- The rest of the algal members contain chloroplast because they are eukaryotic. (plantlet.org)
- Shared ancestry of algal symbiosis and chloroplast sequestration in foraminifera. (unige.ch)
Mitochondrial1
- Comparison with mitochondrial and chloroplast complexes. (elte.hu)
Genetic1
- RESULTS: In this study, the genetic characteristics, phylogenetic evolution, cis-acting elements and expression patterns of IMP gene family in cotton were systematically analyzed. (bvsalud.org)
Eukaryotic cells3
- Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes that have the 30S and 50S subunits, unlike eukaryotic cells. (plantlet.org)
- About 2.7 billion years ago, another remarkable change was occurring: the evolution of eukaryotic cells. (growingpassion.org)
- Below is a graphic I've put together to show the two crucial stages in the incorporation of photosynthesising prokaryotes into proto-eukaryotic cells, leading to a true eukaryotic cell with both a mitochondrion and a chloroplast. (growingpassion.org)
Organelles1
- The round green organelles are chloroplasts. (growingpassion.org)
Species6
- Thomas Lehmann from the Senckenberg Frankfurt adds: "The evolution of testicular descent is controversial, because it is not fully understood how the African species are related to other mammals. (mpg.de)
- In paleontology we can make use of fossilized bones to understand the evolution of species, like us humans. (mpg.de)
- The big-picture story of evolution tells that, over millions of years, natural processes produced millions of species from one or a few primitive progenitors. (icr.org)
- Critical interpretations of fossil fungi combined with phylogenies of living species have the potential to reveal patterns of character evolution and to inform estimates of the geological timing of fungal radiations. (ubc.ca)
- Species delimitation directly affects interpretation of evolution and biogeography. (ubc.ca)
- These reactive chemical species are associated with the electron-transport system in the chloroplast. (rae.org)
Evidence4
- Phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses reveal the complex and reticulate evolution in the speciation of Echinochloa polyploids and provide evidence of constrained disease-related gene copy numbers in Echinochloa . (nature.com)
- 1991. Chloroplast DNA variation within and among genera of the Heuchera group: evidence for extensive chloroplast capture and the paraphyly of Heuchera and Mitella. (wikipedia.org)
- There is compelling evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once primitive bacterial cells. (utah.edu)
- The more enlightened IDers accept these as evidence of evolution, but question whether such evolution can be explained as the result of unguided natural selection. (uncommondescent.com)
Ribosomes1
- Like mitochondria, chloroplasts also have their own DNA and ribosomes. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Protists1
- Like plant cells, photosynthetic protists also have chloroplasts. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Transcriptome data1
- However, the relationship between the two is barely understood, which limits the value of transcriptome data to understand the process of chloroplast development. (biomedcentral.com)
Endosymbiosis4
- It is assumed that chloroplast is developed by the process of endosymbiosis. (plantlet.org)
- [17] A secondary endosymbiosis event involving an ancestral red alga and a heterotrophic eukaryote resulted in the evolution and diversification of several other photosynthetic lineages such as Cryptophyta , Haptophyta , Stramenopiles (or Heterokontophyta) , and Alveolata . (wikipedia.org)
- Endosymbiosis repeatedly evolved in several lineages, while some engaged in the sequestration of chloroplasts, known as kleptoplasty. (unige.ch)
- Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, evolved from free-living prokaryotic organisms that entered the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis. (frontiersin.org)
Lineages1
- Based on the severity of deletions, we postulate that the chloroplast homolog of ORF2280 has become nonfunctional in at least four independent lineages of angiosperms. (illinois.edu)
Phylogenetic1
- Huang J, Giannasi DE, Price RA (2005) Phylogenetic relationships in Ephedra (Ephedraceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. (springer.com)
Cells3
- Although only green plants possess chloroplasts in their cells, all animal and plant cells have mitochondria, a specialised organelle that oxidises (burns) sugar and provides energy for cells to work. (growingpassion.org)
- Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs, within which mesophyll cells differentiate to become chloroplast-filled. (biomedcentral.com)
- Understanding the build-up of photosynthetic capacity requires detailed knowledge of how these cells, and chloroplasts within, are produced and develop. (biomedcentral.com)
Circular1
- Chloroplasts have their own DNA that is circular, not linear. (plantlet.org)
Electron1
- We have employed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to study free radical formation and electron partitioning in TROL-depleted chloroplasts. (nature.com)
Plants4
- Generation of other radical forms was elevated in trol chloroplasts in all tested conditions, except for the plants pre-acclimated to high-light. (nature.com)
- Our analysis generates both the first wheat leaf transcriptional map and one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the developmental history of chloroplasts in higher plants. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here we analyze the evolution of seed dispersal syndromes in an ancient group of plants. (springer.com)
- Ancient seeds spill secrets about the evolution of flowering plants. (ufl.edu)
20211
- 2021. Examination of Reticulate Evolution Involving Haageocereus and Espostoa. (ufl.edu)
Process1
- Therefore, creating a novel organelle is a highly complex process that makes it fleetingly rare in evolution. (sciencedaily.com)
Fundamental1
- For such an approach to be undertaken, a fundamental understanding of chloroplast development is an absolute prerequisite. (biomedcentral.com)