Evidence retinal and choroidal disease choroid diseases. Medical search. Frequent questions

CEA can also cause retinal or scleral coloboma, coloboma of the optic disc, retinal detachment, or intraocular hemorrhage. (wikipedia.org)
Vitreitis, vasculitis, serous retinal detachment, and retinal haze may occur in the acute phase. (medscape.com)
The second volume of this set covers several choroid and retinal disorders including, commotio retinae, choroidal rupture and macular trauma, retinal breaks and detachment, and a variety of congenital / genetic eye diseases such as Best's disease and Stargardt disease. (benthambooks.com)
As the tumor enlarges, it may cause distortion of the pupil (iris melanoma), blurred vision (ciliary body melanoma), or markedly decreased visual acuity caused by secondary retinal detachment (choroidal melanoma). (cigna.com)
Your eye care professional will look to see if the choroidal nevus is raised (has thickness), has orange pigment (lipofuscin), or is leaking fluid (retinal detachment). (eagle-eyecare.com)
Additionally, choroidal folds were now visible clinically and on OCT in both eyes (Figure 3A,B and D). An OCT through the new lesion in the right eye showed another bacillary layer detachment (Figure 3C). (westcoastretina.com)
B-scan ultrasonography identified no choroidal mass or sub-Tenons fluid, or a 'posterior T-sign', but found diffuse bilateral choroidal thickening, with a serous retinal detachment on the right (Figure 3H). (westcoastretina.com)
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed serous retinal detachment (SRD) and choroidal thickening in both eyes (OU). (bvsalud.org)
Glial proliferation can lead to tractional retinal detachment and macular pucker. (eyecancer.com)
In late stages they may cause massive exudation and retinal detachment, uveitis (inflammation), glaucoma and phthisis (shrinking of the eye). (eyecancer.com)
Exophytic retinoblastomas arise from the outer layers of the retina and cause retinal detachment. (entokey.com)
Macrophoto of enucleated eye with exophytic retinoblastoma shows encephaloid tumor in subretinal space and total bullous retinal detachment, which adheres to the back of the lens. (entokey.com)
Exophytic retinoblastomas arise from the outer layers of the retina and cause retinal detachment (Fig. 12-3B , C ). The detached retina is often highly elevated, and its vessels are visible behind the lens on clinical examination. (entokey.com)
Early manifestations of complete VKH disease include diffuse choroiditis, which may include serous retinal detachment or focal areas of subretinal fluid. (medscape.com)

The choroid is a collection of blood vessels supplying the retina. (wikipedia.org)
Written by a group of retina specialists, this book is an excellent resource for knowledge about retinal disorders. (benthambooks.com)
The streamlined format and evidence based medicine presented in the volume make this book the perfect reference for medical students, residents, general ophthalmologists and retina specialists. (benthambooks.com)
The eye has a layer of melanocytes behind the retina in the choroid. (eagle-eyecare.com)
Choroidal nevus is typically a "pigmented tumor" of the blood vessel layer (choroid) beneath the retina. (eagle-eyecare.com)
Recent findings: AIRs are a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the retina characterized by progressive unexplained visual loss, abnormalities and contraction in visual fields, photoreceptor and electroretinographic dysfunction, and the presence of circulating anti-retinal antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
FFA is a diagnostic imaging technique used to evaluate blood flow in the retina and choroid of the eye through the use of diagnostic imaging. (amretina.com)
With this concise and practical resource, clinicians can use the Clinical Retina Pocket Guidelines to make informed decisions about the diagnosis and treatment of retinal conditions. (amretina.com)
Structural changes resulting from pathological myopia may create deformities in the sclera, choroid, and retina. (optometryadvisor.com)
1 In individuals with more refractive error than −8.00 D, foveoschisis becomes more of a threat as abnormal vitreous traction on the inner retina causes splitting of the macular retinal region. (optometryadvisor.com)
By this process, tumor cells expressing antigenic epitopes with retinal photoreceptors elicit an immune response that cross-reacts with the retina, disrupting normal signal transmission. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an acquired, degenerative disease of the retina that causes progressive changes to the macula, resulting in a loss of central vision. (eyesoneyecare.com)
Although autopsy studies have documented histological and ultrastructural changes associated with AMD in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriorcapillaris and choroid in middle age, the disease typically does not manifest clinically before age 55 (10). (org.es)
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominantly inherited multisystem cancer syndrome with a predilection for the central nervous system (CNS) and the retina. (eyecancer.com)
Juxtapapillary retinal capillary hemangiomas are less common, representing about 11% to 15% of cases, and their appearance can vary depending on whether the lesion is endophytic (grow from the retina into the vitreous gel of the eye), exophytic (grow beneath the retina), or sessile (flat). (eyecancer.com)
Therefore adults with a normal retina at age 30 years may have a low risk of developing a retinal capillary hemangioma during the reminder of their lives. (eyecancer.com)
The blue wavelength light does not penetrate deeper than the retinal nerve fiber layer and can be used to study the inner layers of the retina. (biomedcentral.com)
The green wavelength scanning light penetrates into the retina and can be used to analyze the deeper layers of the retina, and the red wavelengths scanning light can reach the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the superficial choroid and can be used to study the RPE and choroid. (biomedcentral.com)
The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is the innermost layer of the retina and consists of the axons of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (biomedcentral.com)

Diagnosis is also difficult in dogs with coats of dilute color because lack of pigment in the choroid of these animals can be confused with choroidal hypoplasia. (wikipedia.org)
Also, because of the lack of choroidal pigment, mild choroidal hypoplasia is difficult to see, and therefore cases of CEA may be missed. (wikipedia.org)
If the choroidal nevus has orange pigment or has thickened, it should be checked more often. (eagle-eyecare.com)
The intermediate form is associated with loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the overlying retinal layers (atrophy), with loss of contrast sensitivity, loss of reading speed, and difficulty with adaptation to changing light conditions. (medscape.com)
Two-and-a-half weeks later, follow-up evaluation showed that the patient's posterior segment abnormalities had largely resolved, leaving behind only an area of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) disruption (Figure 2A). (westcoastretina.com)
however, advanced findings may include any combination of optic nerve pallor, attenuated retinal vasculature, retinal pigment epithelial changes and vitreous cells. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
2,6 Retinal pigment dispersion is typically absent or sparse in distribution. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
In the dry form, loss of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) results in retinal tissue atrophy called geographic atrophy (GA) . In wet AMD, choroidal neovascularization (CNV) develops in the macula, which can also result in GA in the later stages of the disease. (eyesoneyecare.com)
To identify key genes differentially expressed in the human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) following low-level West Nile virus (WNV) infection. (molvis.org)
Primary hRPE and retinal pigment epithelium cell line (ARPE-19) cells were infected with WNV (multiplicity of infection 1). (molvis.org)
The scarring is characterized by loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor layer with localized defects in the underlying Bruch membrane. (klinikaoczna.pl)
Late manifestations of complete VKH disease include evidence of previous early manifestations of the disease, as outlined above, with ocular depigmentation and nummular chorioretinal scars, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) clumping and migration, or anterior uveitis. (medscape.com)

Choroidal neovascularization may occur in areas of scarring. (medscape.com)
Additionally, because choroidal neovascularization can occur in areas of scarring and may lead to blindness, patients must understand the importance of yearly follow-up care, including a dilated fundus examination. (medscape.com)
In this study, we investigated the role of hypoxia induced SIRT1 in choroidal neovascularization in relation to age-related macular degeneration. (molvis.org)
In this study, we investigated the role of SIRT1 in choroidal angiogenesis in vitro and analyzed the mechanism by which SIRT1 may regulate the initiation of neovascularization. (molvis.org)
METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, comparative study that compared the automated segmentation of macular thickness using Spectralis™ OCT technology (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) versus manual segmentation in eyes with no macular changes, macular cystoid edema (CME), and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). (bvsalud.org)
4 Myopic maculopathy, a consequence of high myopia, may involve Bruch membrane lacquer cracks, chorioretinal and macular atrophy, and choroidal neovascularization. (optometryadvisor.com)

The typical choroidal melanoma is a brown, elevated, dome-shaped subretinal mass. (cigna.com)
If a choroidal nevus is leaking subretinal fluid, this is a particularly ominous sign. (eagle-eyecare.com)
Exudative ARMD is associated with the development of choroidal neovascular membranes that result in the development of exudate, subretinal fluid, and hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
A creamy lesion with underlying choroidal thickening and surrounding subretinal fluid was identified nasal to the optic nerve in the right eye (Figure 1A). (westcoastretina.com)
Figure 8 presents SD-OCT imaging illustrating choroidal neovascular membrane with adjacent subretinal fluid. (eyesoneyecare.com)
There was a small amount of subretinal fluid underlying the retinal tears that did not extend beyond the newer laser scars, otherwise there was no new breaks or detachments with scleral indentation performed 360 in each eye. (reviewofoptometry.com)
There was no evidence of subretinal fluid. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Secondary effects (from the retinal angioma) leading to visual loss, such as intraretinal and subretinal exudation, are often limited to the vicinity of the hemangioma but can be remote, often producing a macular star of exudates. (eyecancer.com)
Patients without these findings must have diffuse choroidal thickening-as seen using ultrasonography-with fluorescein angiographic abnormalities, including focal areas of delayed choroidal perfusion, multifocal pinpoint leakage, areas of placoid hyperfluorescence, pooling of subretinal fluid, and optic nerve staining. (medscape.com)

To investigate whether subfoveal choroidal thickness, measured using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), is an indicator of subclinical ocular or systemic inflammation in eyes with Behçet disease (BD) without active ocular inflammation. (ekjo.org)
Subfoveal choroidal thickness, as measured by EDI-OCT, may be a clinical indicator of subclinical ocular inflammation and systemic inflammation in BD patients without active ocular inflammation. (ekjo.org)
Therefore, investigating choroidal changes in BD not only has potential significance for understanding the pathophysiology, but can also provide information about subclinical ocular inflammation, which may reflect systemic inflammation in BD. (ekjo.org)
Cystoid macular edema (CME) in 2 eyes and significant retinal inflammation in 4 eyes were markedly resolved after single injection. (bvsalud.org)
We also identified other genes, including IDO1 and BAMBI, that may influence the RPE and therefore outer blood-retinal barrier integrity during ocular infection and inflammation, or are associated with degeneration, as seen for example in aging. (molvis.org)
Hyphema may also result from systemic diseases, including widespread inflammation ( Powell 2002 Powell C.C. 2002. (scielo.br)
serpiginous choroidopathy is characterized by inflammation, localized origi-nally in the choroid with extensive infiltration by lymphocytes. (klinikaoczna.pl)

Aim This study used swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) to investigate subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) who displayed different levels of disease activity and severity. (bmj.com)
We measured the choroidal thickness of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients in different stages using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and found that the choroidal thickness of TAO patients in the active phase increased significantly. (bmj.com)
The accuracy of activity prediction using subfoveal choroidal thickness is high. (bmj.com)
Subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured using EDI-OCT. (ekjo.org)
Choroidal thickness was significantly greater in the NUBD (310.5 ± 81.0 µm) than in the IUBD (263.1 ± 56.6 µm, p = 0.013) and control (256.9 ± 67.9 µm, p = 0.002) groups. (ekjo.org)
0.001), while the use of cyclosporine was significantly associated with choroidal thickness in eyes with NUBD ( p = 0.039). (ekjo.org)
EDI-OCT has shown significantly increased choroidal thickness in BD patients with active uveitis [ 11 12 ], as well as in the uninvolved eyes of patients with unilateral BU, compared with control subjects [ 11 ]. (ekjo.org)
If the choroidal nevus has orange pigmentation, if the nevus is leaking fluid, or has a thickness of 2 mm or more, it may be (or become) a malignant choroidal melanoma. (eagle-eyecare.com)
1 Compared with children who do not have myopia, children with myopia demonstrate decreased choroidal thickness with age that complements their axial elongation. (optometryadvisor.com)
Central retinal thickness (CFT) in all eyes without CME, ellipsoid zone (EZ) on OCT in 71.4% of eyes, ERG response in 55% of eyes, and VF in 50% of eyes were stable or improved within 6 months after treatment. (bvsalud.org)

Ocular involvement has been observed in 30% to 70% of BD patients, manifesting as anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, panuveitis, and/or retinal vasculitis [ 1 3 4 ]. (ekjo.org)
In addition, imaging modalities, such as indocyanine green angiography, in patients with active Behçet uveitis (BU) have shown irregular filling of the choriocapillaris, choroidal filling defects, and dye leakage from choroidal vessels, suggesting involvement of the choroid in BD [ 9 10 ]. (ekjo.org)
That is, the highly vascularized choroid is likely to be affected, regardless of whether clinical uveitis is present. (ekjo.org)
The uveitis principally affects the iris, with the choroid being only secondarily involved. (medscape.com)
Ocular involvement-presenting as chorioretinitis, uveitis, occlusive retinal vasculitis, or optic neuritis [ 4 , 5 ]-occurs in some cases of WNV infection, although the pathogenesis and sequelae of these complications are unclear. (molvis.org)
Serpiginous choroiditis (SC) is recurrent posterior uveitis, classified as a rare group of diseases termed "white-dot syn-dromes", as described by Ezra in 1995 [1]. (klinikaoczna.pl)
Independently, Vogt, Koyanagi, and Harada described several patients during a 20-year period with bilateral uveitis, exudative retinal detachments, neurologic abnormalities, and disorders of the integument. (medscape.com)

Horizontal and vertical scans show serous fluid, and choroidal folds. (westcoastretina.com)
Bilateral, multifocal serous detachments in a patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. (medscape.com)

Some benefit has been suggested from combinations of corticosteroids, plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), which presumably decrease circulating anti-retinal antibodies and help to stabilize VA. Treatment of the underlying malignancy does not improve vision. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

Characteristic to the disease is the profound atrophy of the brain accompanied by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the presence of tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). (frontiersin.org)
this condition is associated with the presence of drusen, without visual loss early in the disease, and often progresses to retinal atrophy and central retinal degeneration with associated loss of central vision. (medscape.com)
Research shows that 83% of adult patients with myopic maculopathy have signs of diffuse peripapillary choroidal atrophy as children. (optometryadvisor.com)
Optic nerve heads (ONH) had a myopic tilt, extensive peripapillary atrophy temporally and a cup-to-disc ratio of 0.15 right eye and 0.25 left eye without evidence of clinic nerve fiber layer defects. (reviewofoptometry.com)

However, a subset of mesoderm-derived lineage, namely the vasculature of the choroid, was near homoplasmic for the WT allele. (jci.org)
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive imaging technique that provides significant information about retinal and choroidal vasculature to diagnose and treat these conditions. (amretina.com)

Although the devastating ocular symptoms of BD in the fundus are caused by obliterative and necrotizing vasculitis, histopathological studies of the choroid have demonstrated diffuse and focal infiltration by inflammatory cells, including CD4+ T cells and macrophages [ 7 8 ]. (ekjo.org)
Here we review the retinal-based paraneoplastic syndromes, specifically cancer-associated retinopathy, melanoma-associated retinopathy (a lesser-known entity), paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy and bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

The development of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) has improved visualization of choroidal tissue, allowing choroidal involvement to be investigated noninvasively in many diseases. (ekjo.org)
OBJECTIVE: To study the automated segmentation of retinal layers using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the impact of manual correction over segmentation mistakes. (bvsalud.org)

For this reason, careful ophthalmoscopy should be performed on all children with strabismus to exclude retinoblastoma or some other significant retinal pathology. (entokey.com)

The white dot syndromes or inflammatory chorioretinopathies are a heterogenous group of diseases of unknown aetiology, characterized by the appearance of white dots on the fundus. (phmj.org)
Figure 7 exhibits fundus photography of a patient with advanced AMD, and choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) can be observed. (eyesoneyecare.com)
however, the patient's best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) recovered only to 0.7 OD and 0.6 OS, and the impairment of the outer retinal layer was broadly detected as hyperautofluorescent lesions on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) examination and as irregularity in or disappearance of the ellipsoid and interdigitation zones on OCT, which were quite atypical for the findings of APMPPE. (bvsalud.org)
UWF retinal photo of the top (A) and bottom (B) eye showing a tessellated fundus, tilted nerve with temporal crescent. (reviewofoptometry.com)
The fundus findings of retinal capillary hemangioma are usually typical, and diagnosis can be made based on ophthalmoscopic examination. (eyecancer.com)
The merging of the images obtained by these three wavelengths should be able to detect findings from the different retinal layers much more clearly than conventional color fundus images. (biomedcentral.com)

Based on findings in neurological diseases ( 20-23 ) and pharmacological interactions ( 24-27 ), it appears that a malfunction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)2 receptors may have a major role in the pathogenesis of bruxism. (spandidos-publications.com)
The earliest recorded pandemics go back to ancient Greece, but the earliest record of an infectious disease (which had ophthalmic findings) was found in Australia and was probably trachoma. (aao.org)
Because BD is a systemic vascular disease, these findings suggest that patients with BD and without any evidence of ocular involvement may still have subclinical choroidal involvement [ 11 ]. (ekjo.org)
Furthermore, glaucoma and thickened choroid, linked to the port-wine stain, are recurrent ocular findings in all three conditions. (hindawi.com)
Peripheral retinal findings, which include lattice degeneration and retinal holes, are common findings in children with high myopia, becoming more prevalent as axial length increases. (optometryadvisor.com)
The diagnosis of GCA requires age more than 50 years at disease onset, new headache in the temporal area, temporal artery tenderness, and/or reduced pulse, jaw claudication, systemic symptoms, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) exceeding 50 mm/hr, and typical histologic findings (granulomatous involvement) in temporal artery biopsy (TAB) [ 5 ]. (intechopen.com)
31 The electroretinography findings in CAR are illustrative of global retinal dysfunction, with severely reduced, if not extinguished, scotopic and photopic a- and b-waves. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
The previously reported posterior pole findings appreciated via dilated fundoscopy were as follows: treated retinal tear with old cryotherapy and new barrier laser scars (12:30) in the right eye, and treated retinal tears (11:00, 1:30) with pigmented lattice degeneration (5:00-6:00), all surrounded by barrier laser in the left eye. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Ultra-widefield retinal imaging was obtained to document the retinal findings (Figures 1a, 1b). (reviewofoptometry.com)
However, the pathogenesis of VKH disease is uncertain, although the wide spectrum of findings in this disorder suggests a central mechanism to account for the multisystemic manifestations. (medscape.com)

Hypoxia is a critical pathological factor in a variety of retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration. (molvis.org)
There were 14 eyes with diabetic retinopathy, 11 eyes with age-related macular degeneration, 3 eyes with a branch retinal vein occlusion, and 3 eyes with an epiretinal membrane/macular hole. (biomedcentral.com)

Approximately 40-50% of patients with GCA have ophthalmologic complications, including visual loss secondary to A-AION, central retinal artery occlusion, homonymous hemianopsia or cortical blindness (uni- or bilateral occipital infarction) [ 6 ]. (intechopen.com)
Hyphema was secondary to systemic disease (15/20) or occurred as a primary ocular lesion (5/20) in four dogs and one cat. (scielo.br)

This 3 volume set offers a comprehensive compilation which presents detailed information about ophthalmic (retinal, vitreous and macular) diseases. (benthambooks.com)
Although the multiple pathophysiological mechanisms still require clarification, similarities in ophthalmic manifestations make it reasonable to classify these diseases in an independent group. (hindawi.com)
Various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed, but the clinical similarities, ophthalmic manifestations in particular, make it reasonable to classify these diseases as an independent group. (hindawi.com)
The main ophthalmic finding in VHL is retinal capillary hemangioma, which is a benign hamartoma. (eyecancer.com)

In addition, with increasing air travel and globalization, several emerging infectious diseases have been recognized as causing ocular disease, including retinitis, chorioretinitis, retinal vasculitis, and optic nerve involvement. (medscape.com)

Behçet disease (BD) is a systemic immune-mediated vasculitis, affecting both arteries and veins in multiple organs [ 1 2 ]. (ekjo.org)

Melanoma of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid), though rare, is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. (cigna.com)
Uveal melanomas can arise in the anterior (iris) or the posterior (ciliary body or choroid) uveal tract. (cigna.com)
however, a recently published series of 11 patients also implicates choroidal and ciliary body melanomas and even choroidal nevi. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

Repeat OCT through the lesion showed mildly thickened choroid with chorioretinal folds without intraretinal fluid (Figure 2B). (westcoastretina.com)

The wide range of manifestations observed in patients with mitochondrial disease results from varying fractions of abnormal mtDNA molecules in different cells and tissues, a phenomenon termed heteroplasmy. (jci.org)
[ 21 ] However, in one series of 10 patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis, 4 developed evidence of choroidal infection over a 12-month period of observation. (medscape.com)
Typical choroidal scars have been found in patients with mild respiratory infection and in those with more extensive disease. (medscape.com)
Depending on its appearance, patients with a choroidal nevus should have their eyes examined every year. (eagle-eyecare.com)
Since skin and conjunctival melanomas have been linked to ultraviolet exposure, and since choroidal melanomas are more commonly found in patients with blue eyes, those with outdoor occupations, and those living in Australia (where there is an ozone hole), it is reasonable to wear ultraviolet (UV) blocking sunglasses. (eagle-eyecare.com)
With advancing age, the chances of getting GA increase, with approximately 1 in 29 patients over age 75 having GA and 1 in 4 patients over age 90 having the disease. (eyesoneyecare.com)
Many patients with dry AMD are asymptomatic and unaware of the disease. (org.es)
Retinal capillary "Vvon Hippel" hemangioma is one of the most common and often the earliest manifestations of VHL disease and, therefore, ophthalmologists are frequently involved in the care of patients with this disease. (eyecancer.com)
The incidence of VHL disease is approximately one in 40,000 live births and it is estimated that there are approximately 7,000 patients with VHL disease in the United States. (eyecancer.com)
Retinal capillary hemangioma usually manifests as a solitary tumor, but approximately one-third of patients have multiple retinal hemangiomas, and up to half of patients have bilateral involvement. (eyecancer.com)
The mean age at diagnosis of retinal capillary hemangioma in VHL disease is approximately 25 years, and most patients present between the ages of 10 and 40 years. (eyecancer.com)
Patients in underdeveloped countries often present in the late stages of the disease with proptosis or an orbital mass caused by extraocular extension of the tumor (Fig. 12-2 ). (entokey.com)
Patients with retinal diseases who had ocular examination with both the MC-SLO and CF instruments at the Kagoshima University from December 2016 to February 2017 were studied. (biomedcentral.com)
VKH disease occurs more commonly in patients with a genetic predisposition to the disease, including those from Asian, Middle Eastern, Hispanic, and Native American populations. (medscape.com)
Several human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations have been found in patients with VKH disease, including HLA-DR4, HLA-DR53, and HLA-DQ4. (medscape.com)
Despite differences in their patients, the manifestations appeared to represent a spectrum of disease, and several authors suggested that the disorder should be termed Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Patients with complete VKH disease must also have evidence of neurologic and auditory manifestations, as well as integumentary signs. (medscape.com)
Patients with incomplete VKH disease have either neurologic and auditory manifestations or integumentary signs, but not both. (medscape.com)
Patients with probable VKH disease include those with isolated ocular disease. (medscape.com)

3 ] Similarly, there is no consistent evidence that occupational exposure to UV light or other agents is a risk factor for uveal melanoma. (cigna.com)
Like a nevus on the skin, a choroidal nevus can grow into a malignant melanoma. (eagle-eyecare.com)
Such nevi should be followed most closely for evidence of growth or malignant transformation into a choroidal melanoma. (eagle-eyecare.com)
The risk of a choroidal nevus transforming into a choroidal melanoma is about 1 in 20,000. (eagle-eyecare.com)
If the choroidal nevus has one or more of these finding, it is labeled a suspicious choroidal nevus that might turn into (or be) a small choroidal melanoma. (eagle-eyecare.com)
Since a choroidal nevus can turn into a choroidal melanoma, it is reasonable to have it periodically observed by your eye care professional. (eagle-eyecare.com)

The prognosis depends on the degree of choroidal involvement and seems to be related to initial visual acuity and initial systemic severity of disease. (medscape.com)
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases, p.374-418. (scielo.br)

Yet neither type of theory has performed well in explaining late-life disease aetiology, particularly with respect to disease onset, presentation and progression. (preprints.org)
Myopia onset at a younger age not only increases the risk of further progression, it elevates the risk of ocular disease during a patient's lifetime. (optometryadvisor.com)
The aforementioned posterior pole changes seen with disease progression in CAR have also been described in MAR. 10 Visual field testing most commonly reveals generalized constriction. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
The natural course of retinal capillary hemangiomas is variable (progression, stability or spontaneous regression). (eyecancer.com)

Other features linked to the port-wine stain and typical to all of the three conditions are glaucoma and choroidal alterations. (hindawi.com)

Although CMV is the most common congenital infection in the developed world, affecting approximately 1% of all infants born in the United States, only 10% of all infants born in the United States with congenital CMV infection have symptomatic disease at birth, including chorioretinitis. (medscape.com)
Beyond the neonatal period, chorioretinitis can be diagnosed in diverse clinical conditions and can reflect newly acquired diseases or reactivation. (medscape.com)

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a multisystemic disorder characterized by granulomatous panuveitis with exudative retinal detachments that is often associated with neurologic and cutaneous manifestations. (medscape.com)
With such a wide spectrum of manifestations, typical cases of VKH disease are uncommon. (medscape.com)

Small lesions may remain stable for years or may show evidence of gliosis without leakage, but some have been documented to enlarge. (eyecancer.com)

This atlas provides an invaluable resource for anyone involved in the diagnosis and treatment of retinal and choroidal disorders, providing a visual reference for the interpretation of FFA results and guiding their clinical decision-making process. (amretina.com)
1 Congenital myopia, while often non progressive, can be vision threatening and present with other ocular diseases, including retinopathy of prematurity and inherited retinal disorders. (optometryadvisor.com)

The uvea is the most common site of intraocular disease. (medscape.com)

Newer treatment modalities uncovered in this review include the use of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factors in the treatment of sight-threatening complications such as choroidal neovascularisation. (phmj.org)

Classification of AMD is based on disease severity and includes mild, intermediate, and advanced stages. (eyesoneyecare.com)
Children in underdeveloped countries who have little access to medical care often present with in the late stages of the disease with proptosis or an orbital mass. (entokey.com)

The patient had an extensive ocular history with regards to retinal changes related to PM. She underwent barrier laser retinopexy of retinal tears in both eyes approximately twelve years prior with re-treatment ten years later for additional laser barricade around the retinal tears in addition to inferior lattice degeneration in her left eye. (reviewofoptometry.com)

We could use optical examination to assist the staging of TAO and further provide evidence for clinical decision. (bmj.com)

Disease activity and severity were graded using European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy standardised criteria. (bmj.com)
5 A younger age at onset allows this stretching to occur for a longer period of time, increasing the risk of disease severity later in life. (optometryadvisor.com)

Retinal capillary hemangiomas are usually orange red, circumscribed, round, vascular tumors supplied by a pair of dilated and tortuous feeder vessels. (eyecancer.com)
D. Retinal vessels are visible behind lens in eyes with exophytic retinoblastoma. (entokey.com)

We relayed our concern for possible cancer recurrence with new choroidal metastasis to the patient's oncologist, who undertook pan-body imaging and held nivolumab until the work up for metastases could be completed. (westcoastretina.com)
Five days later, the hyperfluorescence on FAF had disappeared, and the outer retinal layer improved on OCT. Moreover, the patient's BCVA recovered to 1.0 OU. (bvsalud.org)

The morbidity resulting from its treatment can leave sequelae in people with high life expectancy, making it extremely necessary to understand the pathogenesis of this disease, enabling the development of new treatments and reduction of sequelae caused by the disease. (bvsalud.org)

If we suspect an ocular condition or disease, we will immediately schedule or perform diagnostic tests to determined our next steps. (eagle-eyecare.com)
To help clarify the diagnostic features of VKH disease, the International Committee on Nomenclature established revised criteria for the diagnosis of VKH disease. (medscape.com)

The incidence of lymphoproliferative ocular diseases, especially malignant lymphoma, has increased over the years. (medscape.com)
The phakomatoses have been traditionally defined as a group of hereditary diseases with variable expressivity characterized by multisystem tumors with possible malignant transformation. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, choroidal melanocytosis in the phakomatosis pigmentovascularis can lead to malignant transformation. (hindawi.com)

The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the fundamental principles of OCTA imaging, how OCTA images are interpreted, and how OCTA is used in the diagnosis and management of macular diseases. (amretina.com)
The diagnosis might be confused with retinal macroaneurysm or adult Coats disease when severe exudation exists. (eyecancer.com)

The ophthalmologist van der Hoeve was the first to describe the phakomatoses as a clinical entity of diseases including tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, and von Hippel-Lindau and Sturge-Weber syndromes [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
𝗠𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗹𝗲 : Learn the clinical guidelines for approaching and managing retinal and macular diseases according to evidence-based medicine. (amretina.com)

6 ] Most uveal tract melanomas originate in the choroid. (cigna.com)

A benign choroidal nevus requires no treatment and there is no way to safely remove them. (eagle-eyecare.com)

Accumulated evidence suggests that ARMD is a genetic disease. (medscape.com)

The pathogenesis of AIR remains unclear and various antiretinal antibodies have been associated to the disease. (bvsalud.org)
The possibility that VKH disease has an autoimmune pathogenesis is supported by the statistically significant frequency of HLA-DR4, an antigen commonly associated with other autoimmune diseases. (medscape.com)

Anatomy19

Organisms1

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes3

Detachment14

Retina19

Pigment12

Neovascularization6

Subretinal9

Inflammation7

Thickness10

Uveitis7

Serous2

Anti-retinal antibodies1

Atrophy4

Vasculature2

Diffuse2

Optical coherence2

Significant retinal1

Fundus6

Findings10

Macular degeneration2

Secondary2

Ophthalmic4

Optic nerve1

Vasculitis1

Ciliary body3

Chorioretinal1

Patients19

Melanoma6

Systemic2

Progression4

Glaucoma1

Chorioretinitis2

Manifestations2

Leakage1

Disorders2

Intraocular1

Complications1

Stages2

Lattice degeneration1

Examination1

Severity2

Vessels2

Patient's2

Sequelae1

Diagnostic2

Malignant3

Diagnosis2

Clinical2

Melanomas1

Benign1

Genetic1

Pathogenesis2