• 60% of human protein-coding genes, mostly by binding to the 3′- untranslated region (3′UTR) of the target mRNAs ( 5 ) and, therefore, miRNAs affect gene expression networks of a variety of biological processes including development, apoptosis, proliferation, and metabolism ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Molecular characterization and gene expression of lhcb5 gene encoding CP26 in the light-harvesting complex II of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (bio.net)
  • Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • I'm using cell and molecular biology techniques, biochemistry as well as microscopy to characterise the plant SUN proteins. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • An international team of researchers, led by the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and the University of York, has provided the first molecular evidence that Neanderthals not only ate a range of cooked plant foods, but also understood its nutritional and medicinal qualities. (york.ac.uk)
  • Their results, published in Naturwissenschaften - The Science of Nature , provide another twist to the story - the first molecular evidence for medicinal plants being used by a Neanderthal individual. (york.ac.uk)
  • Now trapped within dental calculus researchers found molecular evidence that one individual had eaten bitter tasting plants. (york.ac.uk)
  • The researchers say evidence for cooked carbohydrates is confirmed by both the cracked/roasted starch granules observed microscopically and the molecular evidence for cooking and exposure to wood smoke or smoked food in the form of a range of chemical markers including methyl esters, phenols, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons found in dental calculus. (york.ac.uk)
  • Molecular functions of small and large gene families appear to be non-randomly distributed possibly indicating a difference in retention of duplicates or local expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I am a protein biochemist focused on plant biology in the School of Molecular Sciences. (edu.au)
  • [ 20 , 21 ] Other molecular work has demonstrated evidence that R seeberi may have host-specific strains (eg, human vs dog vs swan). (medscape.com)
  • Grafting of one plant to another can transfer chloroplasts (organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis), mitochondrial DNA, and the entire cell nucleus containing the genome to potentially make a new species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such proteins are circulated to two distinct parts of plant cells-the nucleus and organelles known as chloroplasts. (azocleantech.com)
  • When you change light or temperature, genes in both the nucleus and chloroplasts change their expression. (azocleantech.com)
  • She has known for some time that E. chlorotica acquires chloroplasts - the green cellular objects that allow plant cells to convert sunlight into energy - from the algae it eats, and stores them in the cells that line its gut. (sott.net)
  • They confirmed that if the sea slug used the algal chloroplasts alone, it would not have all the genes needed to photosynthesise. (sott.net)
  • One possibility is that, as the algae are processed in the sea slug's gut, the gene is taken into its cells as along with the chloroplasts. (sott.net)
  • The genes are then incorporated into the sea slug's own DNA, allowing the animal to produce the necessary proteins for the stolen chloroplasts to continue working. (sott.net)
  • In another surprising development, the researchers found the algal gene in E. chlorotica's sex cells, meaning the ability to maintain functional chloroplasts could be passed to the next generation. (sott.net)
  • The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution has clearly been accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size as the chloroplasts lost most of their genes to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cloning and Expression Analysis of the Plastidic Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Coding Sequence from Potato - Circumstantial Evidence for the Import of Hexoses into Chloroplasts. (mpg.de)
  • Horizontal gene transfer is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, and plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides and in the evolution, maintenance, and transmission of virulence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genes responsible for antibiotic resistance in one species of bacteria can be transferred to another species of bacteria through various mechanisms of HGT such as transformation, transduction and conjugation, subsequently arming the antibiotic resistant genes' recipient against antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes in this manner is becoming a challenge to manage in the field of medicine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ecological factors may also play a role in the HGT of antibiotic resistant genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inter-bacterial gene transfer was first described in Japan in a 1959 publication that demonstrated the transfer of antibiotic resistance between different species of bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • The researchers investigated the survival of DNA from transgenic maize and the transfer of the antibiotic resistance bla gene to bacteria in the presence of saliva, rumen fluid and silage effluent, which are relevant to horizontal gene transfer in the oral cavity, the rumen, and in silage. (gmwatch.org)
  • However, some antibiotic and antifungal residues and resistant germs and genes can survive treatment because wastewater treatment systems are not specifically designed to kill or remove them. (cdc.gov)
  • Evidence for wastewaters as environments where mobile antibiotic resistance genes emerge. (janusinfo.se)
  • In their latest experiments, Rumpho and colleagues sequenced the chloroplast genes of Vaucheria litorea, the alga that is the sea slug's favourite snack. (sott.net)
  • We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Chloroplast function is required throughout the life cycle of the plant and compromised activity can result in embryo lethality. (frontiersin.org)
  • Jan. 30, 2023 New research provides rare evidence that natural hybridization can reduce the risk of extinction of species threatened by climate change. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Vietnam is known worldwide for its high plant species diversity and endemism. (phys.org)
  • Here, we estimate the timing, direction and extent of gene flow between two distantly related oak species in the same section ( Quercus sect. (datadryad.org)
  • We tested several scenarios involving gene flow between these species using the diffusion approximation-based population genetic inference framework and model-testing approach of the Python package DaDi . (datadryad.org)
  • Magnaporthe oryzae , Magnaporthe grisea ), a member of the order Magnaporthales in the class Sordariomycetes, is an important plant pathogen and a model species for studying pathogen infection and plant-fungal interaction. (nature.com)
  • The blast clade genomes contain more secretome and avirulence effector genes, which likely play key roles in the interaction between Pyricularia species and their plant hosts. (nature.com)
  • The best studied species in Magnaporthales is the rice blast fungus, which was ranked number one on the "Top 10 fungal plant pathogens" list based on scientific and economic importance in a survey of 495 votes from the international plant mycology community 1 . (nature.com)
  • To this end, we recently sequenced the genomes of five species and generated transcriptomes from 21 species of Magnaporthales, including saprobes and plant pathogens 9 . (nature.com)
  • This particular gene comes from wheat, and it is also found in many grass species. (esf.edu)
  • The application of genetic modification allows genetic material to be transferred from any species into plants or other organisms. (hindawi.com)
  • LAZY1 is one of the major genes that affects branch and tiller angle in herbaceous and woody species such as Arabidopsis, rice and peach tree. (helsinki.fi)
  • LAZY phylogenetic analysis provided evidence of a duplication of LAZY1 in three studied tree species (Betula pendula, Prunus persica, Populus trichocarpa), duplicated genes are here named LAZY1a and LAZY1b. (helsinki.fi)
  • Plants from each collection year were grown over a range of CO 2 concentrations to test for adaptation of these weedy species to recent changes in atmospheric CO 2 . (mdpi.com)
  • In all three of the C 3 species, the increase in CO 2 concentration from 320 mol mol −1 to 380 mol mol −1 increased total dry mass at 24 days in plants from seeds collected in 2006, but not in plants from seeds collected in 1966. (mdpi.com)
  • Shoot and seed dry mass at maturity was greater at the higher growth CO 2 in plants collected in 2006 than in 1966 in two of the species. (mdpi.com)
  • A discovery made during an analysis of a species of mistletoe whose apparent ability to survive without key genes involved in energy production could make it one of the most unusual plants on Earth. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The discovery was made during an analysis of the parasitic plant Viscum scurruloideum, a species of mistletoe whose apparent ability to survive and thrive without several genes involved in the primary energy-producing pathway of oxygen-respiring organisms could make it one of the most unusual plants on Earth. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Over 300 other flowering plants have previously been examined, and Complex I is present in every single species. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Although in rare cases mitochondrial genes may be transferred to the nucleus of a cell, she said the IU team found no evidence to suggest this is the case in V. scurruloideum , and that further investigation will be required to reveal the exact mechanism through which the species compensates for its missing genes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To expand knowledge about parasitic plants, the IU team chose to sequence the mitochondrial genomes of Santalales, more commonly referred to as mistletoes, which are the largest order of parasitic plants in the world with over 2,000 species. (sciencedaily.com)
  • I conclude that the symbionts present in the potato leafhopper are necessary for the normal development and reproduction of this species, in addition to playing a potential role in plant wound response to feeding. (umd.edu)
  • Pumped up by genes from as many as a half a dozen other species, the plants repel moths and viruses, fight off fungus diseases, and produce seed with a shelf life beyond that of their nonengineered cousins. (technologyreview.com)
  • However, biologists do believe that in some cases foreign genes in crops can pass into other, nonagricultural species, with potentially dangerous effects. (technologyreview.com)
  • The best evidence is perhaps alteration of reactive oxygen species balance and signaling in cells that regulate innate immunity causing alteration of the inflammatory response that is postulated to contribute to chronic diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Although gradual changes in trait complexity appear to have been facilitated by allelic turnover, key innovations are associated with gene and genome duplications. (lu.se)
  • These findings provide an important connection between the origins of biodiversity, coevolution, and the role of gene and genome duplications as a substrate for novel traits. (lu.se)
  • It combines approachable narrative with extensively tested lab exercises that illustrate key concepts of genome biology in humans, invertebrates, and plants. (cshlpress.com)
  • The identification of potential gene sequences (pHaps) from soybean allows us to begin to get a picture of the genomic history of the organism as well as begin to observe the evolutionary fates of gene copies in this highly duplicated genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When available, the information provided by whole-genome sequencing projects provides an entry into an understanding of genome structure and evolution and gene discovery, and function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The IU scientists discovered the unprecedented lack of Complex I in a multicellular organism during a larger project to expand the number of parasitic plants that have undergone mitochondrial genome sequencing. (sciencedaily.com)
  • DRB2 has been remarkably conserved throughout plant evolution, raising the possibility that translational repression is the ancient form of miRNA-directed gene regulation in plants, and that Dicer partnering proteins, such as human TRBP, might play a similar role in other eukaryotic systems. (nature.com)
  • The microarray analysis of drb2 also revealed a large set of gene transcripts that were significantly different from wild-type levels, but which are not thought to be the primary targets of miRNA-directed regulation ( Supplementary Fig. 3 ). (nature.com)
  • in this way, vesicle-free miRNA may regulate cell-to-cell communication including the regulation of gene expression and cellular signaling. (frontiersin.org)
  • Additionally, this discussion expands its mandate by analyzing the function and regulation of anti-cell death in plant development. (essaywriter.org)
  • Nitrogen Regulation of Blue Light-Inducible Genes in Neurospora-Crassa. (mpg.de)
  • While the sequence of genes changes quickly, the three-dimensional structure of the proteins they code for is more resistant to the test of time. (newscientist.com)
  • Mid-SUN proteins are a neglected family of conserved type III membrane proteins of ancient origin with representatives in plants, animals and fungi. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • RGA and GAI belong to the DELLA subfamily within the GRAS family of plant regulatory proteins. (nih.gov)
  • A 300% increase in the expression of soybean pathogenesis related GmPR genes encoding antifungal and defense proteins confirmed that the biosynthesized NPs enhanced disease resistance against the fungal phytopathogen. (cdc.gov)
  • As Jian, Rivera and Lake (1999) put it: "Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes" (see also Lake and Rivera, 2007). (wikipedia.org)
  • Such EST data form a valuable foundation for the understanding of the gene composition and genomic biology of yet-to-be fully sequenced genomes [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genes that have been lost from V. scurruloideum typically reside in the mitochondrial genomes of plants and animals. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Biologists regard the mitochondrial genomes, or mitogenomes, of flowering plants as "extreme and often perplexing" in their wide range of sizes, structures and mutation rates, Palmer said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Previous analyses of the mitochondrial genomes of parasitic plants were limited to Rafflesiaceae, a small family of parasites famous for possessing the largest flowers in the world. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In essence, "genetic modification" or "genetic engineering" techniques enable scientists to find individual genes that control particular characteristics, separate them from the original source, and transfer them directly into the cells of an animal, plant, bacterium, or virus. (hindawi.com)
  • The predominance of single nucleotide insertion/deletions and substitution events between genes within families (individual genes and gene paralogs) is consistent with a model of gene amplification followed by single base random mutational events expected under the classical model of duplicated gene evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the evolutionary history of Vietnam's exceptional plant biodiversity remains poorly understood. (phys.org)
  • In plants, this membrane is poorly understood in terms of how it functions and what it consists of. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • The researchers believe many more photosynthesis genes are acquired by E. chlorotica from their food, but still need to understand how the plant genes are activated inside sea-slug cells. (sott.net)
  • As the researchers observed the growing monkeyflowers, they were able to test two contrasting predictions about how gene flow should affect plants at the edge of the range. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To answer these questions, the researchers measured how the mixing of genes from different elevations affected the plants' ability to live at the warm edge of their range, through traits such as time for seedlings to emerge, time to flowering and overall reproductive success. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The oxalate oxidase gene is also being tested by several other researchers to enhance pathogen tolerance in plant systems such as peanut , soybean , sunflower , and oilseed rape and also to possibly increase salt tolerance in tomato . (esf.edu)
  • Even more surprising for the researchers was their discovery that the gene needed to make sitosterol from precursors of cholesterol is widespread in the animal kingdom. (mpg.de)
  • The researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology are convinced that the tiny marine worm Olavius algarvensis is a valuable model organism for better understanding the beneficial role of plant sterols for animal health and well-being. (mpg.de)
  • Researchers studying Australia's fruitflies (Drosophila) sampled the insects along the country's east coast and looked at a gene, called Adh, that is known to vary with latitude. (bioedonline.org)
  • Researchers from Spain, the UK and Australia combined pyrolysis gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry with morphological analysis of plant microfossils to identify material trapped in dental calculus (calcified dental plaque) from five Neanderthals from the north Spanish site of El Sidrón. (york.ac.uk)
  • The researchers say the starch granules and carbohydrate markers in the samples, plus evidence for plant compounds such as azulenes and coumarins, as well as possible evidence for nuts, grasses and even green vegetables, argue for a broader use of ingested plants than is often suggested by stable isotope analysis. (york.ac.uk)
  • A mutation in the ND4L gene originated in a rooster , the researchers discovered. (sciencenews.org)
  • Although some activists claim genetically altered crops are a direct threat to human health, researchers generally dismiss such fears: There is little evidence that transgenic genes, in and of themselves, are likely to be toxic or promote disease. (technologyreview.com)
  • In addition, the researchers conclude: "Shifting to plant-based diets at a populational level will reduce emissions of greenhouse gases considerably - together making these diets efficient means towards a more sustainable development, while at the same time reducing the growing burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). (medscape.com)
  • There are several mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer: Transformation, the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Figure 1: Expression patterns of DRB1 and DRB2 in wild-type plants, and miRNA target expression in drb1 and drb2 . (nature.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression inside the cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • tRNA and rRNA are dominant ncRNAs, miRNAs have critical functions in gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • . 2006 ). In order to enhance blight-tolerance in the American chestnut tree, we are studying several gene products, regulatory regions of genes to control expression (promoters), and the possibility of combining two or more genes (called stacking or pyramiding) for better and more sustainable resistance. (esf.edu)
  • The dominant discovery in these experiments indicates that there is a heterologous expression of certain genes in plants that can regulate cell death. (essaywriter.org)
  • As you consider news about studies suggesting that our food and drink choices may influence expression of our genes, and the population and activities of microbes in the gut, look through the lens of the bigger picture of research on ways we can reduce cancer risk. (aicr.org)
  • But now they are discovering that the job of much of our DNA involves either turning on or silencing the expression of genes. (aicr.org)
  • And emerging research is exploring how compounds found in food might dial down expression of oncogenes (genes that have potential to cause increased cell growth that can lead to cancer) and increase expression of tumor suppressor genes. (aicr.org)
  • The introduction of a gene into different cells can result in different outcomes, and the overall pattern of gene expression can be altered by the introduction of a single gene. (hindawi.com)
  • LAZY1a gene expression levels were analyzed by RT-qPCR method. (helsinki.fi)
  • To investigate further the function of the RGL genes, we examined the expression profiles of all 5 DELLA protein genes by real-time PCR. (nih.gov)
  • Finally, expression of alfalfa wound response genes after exposure to potato leafhopper saliva was measured. (umd.edu)
  • Endo 1-3 ß-D-glucanase, isoflavone reductase, chalcone synthase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene expression were higher in plants exposed to leafhopper saliva than in unexposed controls. (umd.edu)
  • led to different plant wound response gene expression patterns. (umd.edu)
  • A Truncated Version of an Adp-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Promoter from Potato Specifies Guard Cell-Selective Expression in Transgenic Plants. (mpg.de)
  • Inhibition of the Adp-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase in Transgenic Potatoes Leads to Sugar-Storing Tubers and Influences Tuber Formation and Expression of Tuber Storage Protein Genes. (mpg.de)
  • Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Potato Cdna That Encodes Branching Enzyme - Evidence for Coexpression of Starch Biosynthetic Genes. (mpg.de)
  • Cd adversely impacts cell function through changes in gene expression and signal transduction and is recognized as a carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). (wikipedia.org)
  • Large scale gene analysis of most organisms is hampered by incomplete genomic sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Specifically, Skippington said the V. scurruloideum mitogenome had lost all nine mitochondrial genes encoding respiratory Complex I, a principal component of the main energy-producing pathway in aerobic organisms. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The plants are transgenic-that is, genes from other organisms have been inserted into their chromosomes. (technologyreview.com)
  • This technology uses RNA to silence a target gene, but mounting evidence has shown that meddling with the genes could have unintended effects within the plant and also on organisms that eat the plant. (commondreams.org)
  • The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In extreme cases where we might consider augmenting genetic resources available to imperiled populations, it might be best to obtain these genes from populations inhabiting similar kinds of habitats," Strauss said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Gene flow" describes the movement of genetic traits within and among populations, as individual animals or plants breed. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Despite this, there are adaptive characteristics and distinctive features that that distinguish the lifestyle of plants from those of animals, hence the adoption of only distantly related components in revealing the genetic regulations of plant cell death. (essaywriter.org)
  • Many EST libraries were constructed from RNA extracted from various genetic backgrounds, thus gene identification from these sources is complicated by the existence of both gene and allele sequence differences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We used the ESTminer suite of programs to identify potential soybean gene transcripts from a single genetic background allowing us to observe functional classifications between gene families as well as structural differences between genes and gene paralogs within families. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But this genetic diversity has never before been shown to include the loss of genes involved in the mitochondria's primary genetic function of respiration. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The results from this study showed the high potential of cry1Aa and cry1Ba genes for genetic engineering of rice plants or the strains to biopesticide formulations. (scielo.br)
  • I have a background as a systematist and perform genetic and experimental research on the evolution of wild plants, with special emphasis on natural selection, ecotypic variation, floral diversification and the evolutionary effects of inbreeding. (lu.se)
  • Insect-resistant maize line CG00526-176 contains three bacterial genes: the cry1A(b) specific to lepidopterans, the bar gene conferring tolerance to glufosinate, and a bla gene encoding TEM-1 b-lactamase (ampicillin resistance). (gmwatch.org)
  • The nptII gene in transgenic potato plants coding for kanamycin resistance, transforms naturally competent cells of the soil bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri and Acinetobacter BD413 (both harboring a plasmid with an nptII gene containing a small deletion (hence nonfunctional) with the same high efficiency as nptII genes on plasmid DNA ( 3x10-5 -1x10-4) despite the presence of a more than 106 fold excess of plant DNA. (gmwatch.org)
  • At least 20 characteristics for resistance from wild tomato plants have been introduced into horticultural tomatoes. (grain.org)
  • Scientific evidence from a report called Initiatives for Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment [PDF - 94 pages] show that traces of antibiotics and antifungals, germs resistant to them, and genes that cause resistance traits are present and can spread in waterways and soils. (cdc.gov)
  • A cluster and humans coming into contact with the animals (farm that includes three genes, vanH , vanA , and vanX , is required for high-level resistance to glycopeptides. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, nucleotide sequences related to the cluster vanHAX are present in this DNA, suggesting that the prolonged use of avoparcin in agriculture led to the uptake of glycopeptide resistance genes by animal commensal bacteria, which were subsequently transferred to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Resistance arises by mutation (influencing the target or efflux of the antimicrobial agent) or by the acquisition of resistance genes (encoding antimicrobial or target alter- ation, or alternate pathways) (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • The actual origins of acquired resistance genes are unknown, but environmental microbes, including the strains producing antimicrobial agents, are believed to be important sources (4,5). (cdc.gov)
  • Genes from different plants or from certain microorganisms are added to the genes of some plants to increase the plants' hardiness or resistance to pests or to improve them in some other way. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They are codified by cry genes localized in plasmids, and one strain can host more than one cry gene, thus making it possible to synthesize different toxins by the same bacterium (12, 22) and evidencing its large potential of insecticidal activity. (scielo.br)
  • [14] Most strains of Cannabis are short day plants , [13] with the possible exception of C. sativa subsp. (wikipedia.org)
  • I am a senior lecturer in Cell Bilogy and a member of the plant biology group. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • This loss of genes very likely corresponds to the loss of an entire respiratory complex," said Jeff Palmer, IU Distinguished Professor in the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences' Department of Biology, who led the study. (sciencedaily.com)
  • I am the Director of the ARC Centre of Excellent in Plant Energy Biology. (edu.au)
  • A Step-by-Step Protocol for COMPASS, a Synthetic Biology Tool for Combinatorial Gene Assembly. (mpg.de)
  • My teaching duties include basic and advanced courses in botany, floristics, plant evolution and conservation biology. (lu.se)
  • Aaron Richardson and Jeffrey D. Palmer state: "Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a major role in bacterial evolution and is fairly common in certain unicellular eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bla gene originates from the cloning vector PUC18 and is not expressed in maize, but has bacterial regulatory sequences that would allow it to become functional were it to be transferred back into bacteria. (gmwatch.org)
  • Its sequence was identical to the algal version, indicating that the slug had probably stolen the gene from its food. (sott.net)
  • The sequence of the gene and its role in the donor organism may have a relatively well-characterized function in the organism from which it is isolated. (hindawi.com)
  • using a redundancy criterion to identify reproducible sequence differences between related genes within gene families. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analysis of these sequences revealed single base substitutions and single base indels are the most frequently observed form of sequence variation between genes within families in the dataset. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The more recent duplication event in particular would be expected to result in many paralogous pairs of genes differing by relatively few sequence differences, thus complicating gene identification using ESTs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identified approximately 45,000 potential gene sequences (pHaps) from EST sequences of Williams/Williams82, an inbred genotype of soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus it is expected that most soybean genes occur in gene families consisting of two or more paralogs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sexton noted that hybrids of monkeyflowers from two warm-edge populations did better than either of their parents, perhaps because the populations had been using different genes to adapt to warm environments. (sciencedaily.com)
  • RNA polymerase II mainly transcribes microRNA genes as primary miRNA transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that contain 5′cap and 3′poly(A) tails ( 28 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The second was that genes from the center of the range that did not help plants adapt would dilute any adaptive genes, negating their benefit. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In the past years, I have been involved in several studies that contrast levels of population differentiation in putatively neutral marker genes with the corresponding data for potentially adaptive phenotypic traits to examine whether past selection pressures have been diversifying, unifying, or too weak to have any influence on the phenotypic variation. (lu.se)
  • Contrary to the results of marker-gene analyses, our results for rare, threatened plants in Sweden and other areas provide little evidence for loss of adaptive potential in ecologically relevant characters with a polygenic basis. (lu.se)
  • To perform this experiment, the team started with a mutant Arabidopsis plant that is entirely insensitive to temperature, and they altered it to become reactive once again. (azocleantech.com)
  • RGA (repressor of ga1-3) and GAI (gibberellin insensitive) are negative regulators of plant hormone gibberellin (GA) signaling in Arabidopsis. (nih.gov)
  • Scientists from the University of California, Riverside have discovered a gene that could reverse this effect. (azocleantech.com)
  • Forty years ago, when transferring genes from one organism to another was first becoming a standard research technique, scientists naturally began to worry about its potential hazards. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • According to scientists, there is evidence that GM canola express a purpose for processing oils for consumption by humans. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Read about how mutation affects genes and how scientists clone plants and animals. (hobbyengineering.com)
  • Indiana University scientists have discovered the first known instance of a plant or animal lacking several key genes involved in energy production in cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Scientists don't know how often mitochondria are inherited from fathers in the wild - they've seen it in some plants ( SN: 5/16/15, p. 8 ), sheep and even in one person . (sciencenews.org)
  • Also, transcript levels of few shoot architecture related genes were analyzed. (helsinki.fi)
  • Some Lepidoptera (e.g. monarch butterflies and silkworms) have been genetically modified by horizontal gene transfer from the wasp bracovirus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, there is evidence that the amount of yield for these genetically engineered canola plants have increased and thus boosting the management savings that is earned from its growth. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Learn about dominant and recessive genes and play inheritance games to determine how traits will be expressed. (hobbyengineering.com)
  • The traffic of genes among populations may help living things better adapt to climate change, especially when genes flow among groups most affected by warming, according to a new study. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The discovery shows the power of latitude-linked genes to reveal the effects of climate change on living populations. (bioedonline.org)
  • In addition to the loss of these genes, the V. scurruloideum mitogenome shows other signs of degenerative evolution, such as miniaturization and an accelerated mutation rate. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In contrast, the selection of regulatory mechanisms is independent of the degree of mismatch between a plant miRNA and its target transcript 5 . (nature.com)
  • However, the components and mechanism(s) that determine whether a plant miRNA ultimately regulates its targets by guiding cleavage or translational inhibition are unknown 6 . (nature.com)
  • Here we show that the form of regulatory action directed by a plant miRNA is determined by DRB2, a DICER-LIKE1 (DCL1) partnering protein. (nature.com)
  • In contrast, many genes underwent positive selection in this order and the majority of these sequences are clade-specific. (nature.com)
  • Horizontal gene transfer is recognized as a pervasive evolutionary process that distributes genes between divergent prokaryotic lineages and can also involve eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the mid-1980s, Syvanen postulated that biologically significant lateral gene transfer has existed since the beginning of life on Earth and has been involved in shaping all of evolutionary history. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2005) observe, "additional evidence suggests that gene transfer might also be an important evolutionary mechanism in protist evolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • We examined the coevolutionary interactions between plants (Brassicales) and butterflies (Pieridae), and uncovered evidence for an escalating evolutionary arms-race. (lu.se)
  • Therefore, several studies have been conducted with the aim of establishing the best ways through which plant development can be assured, taking into consideration the environmental response and evolutionary patterns of the modern society. (essaywriter.org)
  • The evolution of small, selfing flowers from large, animal-pollinated flowers is one of the most common evolutionary trends in the plant kingdom. (lu.se)
  • Flower-color polymorpisms have been a topic of long-standing interest for plant evolutionary biologists. (lu.se)
  • It is not associated with gluten found in wheat, but it is a natural defense gene that helps protect wheat from disease. (esf.edu)
  • These early trees contain the wheat oxalate oxidase gene controlled by a vascular promoter, meaning the enzyme is predominantly present in the stem tissues where infections occur. (esf.edu)
  • This is because the wheat that is produced after canola has an increase of yield by over 20 % as compared to planting wheat following wheat. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • The first gene being tested in transgenic American chestnut encodes an enzyme called oxalate oxidase . (esf.edu)
  • The FA2 gene of Chlamydomonas encodes a NIMA family kinase with roles in cell cycle progression and microtubule severing during deflagellation. (bio.net)
  • The third gene, vanA , Francisco, CA). encodes an ATP-dependent D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. (cdc.gov)
  • We bring a detailed policy framework to our advocacy efforts, and provide lawmakers with the scientific evidence they need to achieve our objectives. (aicr.org)
  • People use blueberry for aging, memory and thinking skills, high blood pressure, athletic performance, diabetes, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This only happens when the plant is integrated as part of the crop rotation crops. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Little evidence of inter-phylum horizontal gene transfer (HGT) was detected in Magnaporthales. (nature.com)
  • The evidence for horizontal gene transfer is accumulating. (gmwatch.org)
  • E. coli strain DH5a was the test micro-organism for horizontal gene transfer. (gmwatch.org)
  • In summary, horizontal gene transfer can occur before the DNA is completely broken down, even when the breakdown is rapid, as in the rumen or in silage. (gmwatch.org)
  • DNA breakdown is extremely slow in saliva, and hence the oral cavity will be a very important site for horizontal gene transfer. (gmwatch.org)
  • To see how reduced oxalate affects the fungus' ability to attack a plant, view the following time-lapse video of an "Apple test" used to measure fungal virulence (long version viewable on YouTube ). (esf.edu)
  • were discovered in the sialotranscriptome, providing more evidence that this bacterium is present in the salivary glands of the potato leafhopper. (umd.edu)
  • Polymerase chain reaction: locates and makes copies of parts of the DNA contained in the castor bean plant. (cdc.gov)
  • Approaches to Influence Partitioning and Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Transgenic Plants. (mpg.de)
  • France has prohibited all transgenic plants. (technologyreview.com)
  • Two years ago, they found the first gene, known as HEMERA. (azocleantech.com)
  • We found that the most likely demographic scenario includes a bottleneck in Q. engelmannii that coincides with asymmetric gene flow from Q. berberidifolia into Q. engelmannii . (datadryad.org)
  • The other necessary genes are found in the algae's nuclear DNA. (sott.net)
  • They then turned their attention to the sea slug's own DNA and found one of the vital algal genes was present. (sott.net)
  • We generally found that there were benefits from gene flow, but gene flow from other warm-edge areas was most beneficial," Strauss said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The team also found a variant in another gene that had shifted 800 kilometres down the Australian coast. (bioedonline.org)
  • By using this method in conjunction with the extraction and analysis of plant microfossils, they found chemical evidence consistent with wood-fire smoke, a range of cooked starchy foods, two plants known today for their medicinal qualities, and bitumen or oil shale trapped in the dental calculus. (york.ac.uk)
  • The study also provides evidence that the starch granules reported from El Sidrón represent the oldest granules ever to be confirmed using a biochemical test, while ancient bacteria found embedded in the calculus offers the potential for future studies in oral health. (york.ac.uk)
  • They found no evidence even suggesting take-up and translocation of wood preservative into the plants! (woodweb.com)
  • Despite its emerging role as a key structural and signaling platform, the plant NE remains one of the least understood membrane systems. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • That includes both high-quality population studies that span multiple years, as well as controlled trials that provide evidence of a plausible mechanism, meaning that realistic human eating choices lead to relevant differences in cancer risk. (aicr.org)
  • It has been suggested that lateral gene transfer to humans from bacteria may play a role in cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • To acquire phytosterols, humans are increasingly turning to supplements, green smoothies, or a Mediterranean diet with plenty of plant-based foods. (mpg.de)
  • Acetaldehyde is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) because there is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde, and there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde. (who.int)
  • The lower leaf pairs usually occur in an opposite leaf arrangement and the upper leaf pairs in an alternate arrangement on the main stem of a mature plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • In plants, cell death is a fundamental process, as it plays the roles of controlling the elimination of cells during plant development and defense in the form of hypersensitive response. (essaywriter.org)
  • The silenced gene is also heavily involved in a plant's natural defense against pests and pathogens, which could lead to trees that are less healthy than non-GMO apples and rely on more chemical treatments to ward off pests and disease. (commondreams.org)
  • The findings from this study provide novel evidence of systemic suppression of fungal disease by nanobiopesticides, via promoting plant defense mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
  • Copies of a gene may be integrated, additional fragments inserted, and gene sequences rearranged and deleted-which may result in lack of operation of the genes instability or interference with other gene functions possibly cause some potential risks [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • by transgenic plant DNA strictly depends on homologous sequences in the recipient cells. (gmwatch.org)
  • Functional annotation of gene sequences indicate functional classifications are not randomly distributed among gene families containing few or many genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two potential contributions involve influences on the microbes in your gut and on how genes are expressed or silenced. (aicr.org)
  • Evidently, it has been established from the above outline that cell death plays a pivotal role in the innate responses in both animals and plants. (essaywriter.org)
  • Their study provides evidence that many other animals also have the genes needed to make their own phytosterols. (mpg.de)
  • Up to now, it has been assumed that phytosterols are characteristic for plants, and cholesterol for animals, and that typically only plants can make phytosterols, while animals make cholesterol. (mpg.de)
  • We discovered a gene that was thought to have been lost long ago in the evolution of animals," explains Liebeke. (mpg.de)
  • This means there is a strong selective advantage for animals in having the gene that allows them to make phytosterols. (mpg.de)
  • the single-celled bacteria and archaea, and the more complex eukaryotes that gave rise to animals and plants (see timeline). (newscientist.com)
  • However, conventional canola plant has high levels of erucic acid that is poisonous to both animals and human beings. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • The research adds to a growing body of evidence showing that living things, from insects to plants and other animals, are responding to the planet's shifting climate. (bioedonline.org)
  • It is primarily released into our environment through mining and smelting in industrial processes and enters the food chain through uptake by plants from contaminated soil and water. (cdc.gov)
  • Such evidence suggests that fathers bequeath mitochondria to their progeny more often than previously suspected. (sciencenews.org)
  • In contrast, other less conclusive evidence suggests that excess folate may increase cancer risk. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Leaf-Specific Antisense Inhibition of Starch Biosynthesis in Transgenic Potato Plants Leads to an Increase in Photoassimilate Export from Source Leaves During the Light Period. (mpg.de)
  • These factors are taken under control by the growing of GM canola that is resistant to weeds by possessing herbicide resistant genes. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Measuring the relationship between resistant germs and genes, drug residues (small amounts of leftover drugs or pieces of drugs that are not completely absorbed by the body), the environment, and human health is complex and incomplete. (cdc.gov)
  • The Adh gene produces an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase. (bioedonline.org)
  • It seemed possible that these genes are regulated by transcription factors that are themselves regulated by miRNAs, and at a translational level by a process involving DRB2. (nature.com)
  • Investigation of the genes of this twice-mutated plant disclosed the new gene, RCB, whose products function closely with HEMERA to stabilize the heat-sensing function. (azocleantech.com)
  • What is really unique here is the fact that the gene is transferred and appears to function. (sott.net)
  • Exploring this border is now proving hugely rewarding, with implications for many aspects of cell function and plant responses to the environment. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Laboratory tests may include serum electrolyte panel, arterial blood gases, liver function tests, renal function tests, urine testing for evidence of hematuria, and white blood count. (cdc.gov)
  • My research focuses on the nuclear envelope in plants. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Previous higher plant studies have associated them with functions at the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (brookes.ac.uk)
  • This Frontiers Research Topic aims to highlight recent advances made to examine the role of the nuclear envelope (NE) as the "key border" in plants. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Structural approach to uncover the photoprotective mechanisms adopted by plants and algae. (berkeley.edu)