Eukaryotic cells protein factor. Medical search. Frequent questions

2004) Mutations causing childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination reduce eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex formation and activity. (yeastgenome.org)
Mutations linked to leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter impair the function of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex in diverse ways. (medlineplus.gov)

bacteria to secrete and translocate virulence factor proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells ( 12 ). (cdc.gov)
On the other hand, DT represents a very interesting molecular machine which allows using this protein in different bioengineering applications, such as ablation of certain cell types in transgenic mice, development of immunotoxins targeted for specific cell markers and also for delivery of certain proteins into the cytosol. (org.ua)
B-subunit is composed of two domains: receptor domain or R-domain, which is responsible for binding to cell DT receptor, and transmembrane or T-domain, which is involved in the process of C-domain transfer in the cytosol across endosomal membrane. (org.ua)
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway deconstructs most proteins in the eukaryotic cell cytosol and nucleus. (novusbio.com)
Metabolic reactions are spatially organized not only into organelles but also by the transient formation of localized protein assemblies in the cytosol. (unibas.ch)

The 19S regulatory subunits recognize ubiquitinated proteins and play an essential role in unfolding and translocating targets into the lumen of the 20S subunit. (novusbio.com)
Production of both subunits begins at the site of synthesis of the rRNAs in the cell nucleus. (uni-muenchen.de)
The two complexes share the defining core mTOR protein but employ characteristic subunits, Raptor for mTORC1 and Rictor for mTORC2, for capturing input signals controlling and localization, as well as for recognizing specific targets for phosphorylation. (unibas.ch)
We performed mutagenesis to introduce changes equivalent to 12 human CACH/VWM mutations in three subunits of the equivalent factor from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and analyzed effects on cell growth, translation, and gene expression in response to stresses. (yeastgenome.org)
Deletions of multiple GID subunits compromise cell proliferation, and this defect is accompanied by deregulation of critical cell cycle markers such as the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor, phospho-Histone H3 and Cyclin A. We identify the negative regulator of pro-proliferative genes Hbp1 as a bonafide GID/CTLH proteolytic substrate. (elifesciences.org)
EIF5B (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5B) is a conserved eukaryotic translation factor that mediates association of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits during eukaryotic translation initiation, and modulates the cell cycle progression by regulating the translation of upstream open reading frames (uORF)-containing mRNAs such as p27 and p21 [ 3 ]. (techscience.com)
The EIF2B1 , EIF2B2 , EIF2B3 , EIF2B4 and EIF2B5 genes provide instructions for making the five parts (subunits) of a protein called eIF2B. (medlineplus.gov)
For example, they may impair the ability of one of the protein subunits to form a complex with the others, or make it more difficult for the protein to attach to the initiation factor. (medlineplus.gov)

PAF is used to transmit signals between neighboring cells and acts as a hormone, cytokines, and other signaling molecules. (wikipedia.org)

Genome sequencing of the RIMD2210633 pandemic genicity-related genes were laterally transferred from the strain showed that it has 2 sets of gene clusters that en- pandemic strain to one of the different V. parahaemolyticus code the type III secretion system (TTSS) apparatus ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)
This gene encodes one of the mitochondrial translation elongation factors. (nih.gov)
2006). Polypyrimidine tract binding protein regulates IRES-mediated gene expression during apoptosis. (nature.com)
Differential display analysis of gene expression revealed consistent and reproducible overexpression of a transcript in the transformed cells compared with the nontransformed cells. (cdc.gov)
Researchers at LMU's Gene Center, led by Professor Roland Beckmann , have now determined, at high resolution, the three-dimensional structure of several assembly intermediates that are formed during the later stages of ribosome formation in human cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
These proteins assemble at the core promoter of a gene, which is commonly defined as the minimal region necessary to trigger transcription ( 2 - 4 ). (biorxiv.org)
It was previously shown that transcription of a gene in eukaryotic cells is not always initiated from the same nucleotide, but that it can be initiated from a range of positions in the core promoter region, with an individual, sequence-influenced pattern for each gene ( 3 - 6 ). (biorxiv.org)
The eukaryotic epigenome is postulated to respond to environmental stimuli through alterations in chromatin features and, ultimately, gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
In eukaryotic cells, chromatin comprises a complex consisting of DNA, RNA, and proteins where covalent modifications correlate with regulation of gene expression [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Using gene knockout, transgenic and molecular approaches we are investigating the signal mechanisms underlying regulation of protein phosphorylation and sperm function. (kent.edu)
Sinha N, Puri P, Nairn AC, Vijayaraghavan S. Selective ablation of Ppp1cc gene in testicular germ cells causes oligo-teratozoospermia and infertility in mice. (kent.edu)
The EIF2B5 gene provides instructions for making one of five parts of a protein called eIF2B, specifically the epsilon subunit of this protein. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations have been identified in all five of the genes from which the eIF2B protein is produced, although most of these mutations (about 65 percent) occur in the EIF2B5 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (medlineplus.gov)

They have also been shown to induce expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), induce F-actin depolymerization, and activate a Src kinase. (listlabs.com)
GSK2606414 is a novel, highly selective inhibitor of protein kinase R‑like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). (spandidos-publications.com)
This process activates protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring kinase 1 and activating transcription factor (ATF) 6, and initiates unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways ( 13 , 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Protein regulators of this enzyme include inhibitors I2 (PPP1R2) and I3 (PPP1R11), sds22 (PPP1R7), protein 14-3-3 and a protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). (kent.edu)
In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. (kegg.jp)
The mutant protein caused aberrations in alternative splicing and one of its targets it a microtubule associated protein kinase. (helmholtz-munich.de)
As we found the RNA of this also at the centrosome and could rescue the phenotype of the mutant PRPF6 protein by co-electroporating the correctly spliced form of this kinase, we suggest that PRPF6 localization at the centrosome matters as it brings some of its crucial splicing targets also to the centrosome. (helmholtz-munich.de)
Image analysis of the matched maps identified 7 proteins that were either over- or down-expressed: activated protein kinase c receptor (LACK), alpha tubulin (×2), prostaglandin f2-alpha synthase, protein disulfide isomerase, vesicular transport protein and a hypothetical protein. (who.int)
Further mechanistic studies revealed that these functions were controlled by the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) interacting protein kinase (MNK) signaling pathways, which regulate which mRNAs will be translated. (lu.se)

ISRIB (integrated stress response inhibitor) as a drug, imparts resistance to the cells against the downstream effects of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2)α phosphorylation such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) induction. (sigmaaldrich.com)
ISRIB is a potent inhibitor of PERK signaling, which potently reverses the effects of eIF2a phosphorylation and restores the cells translation capacity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Our findings imply CACH/VWM mutations do not specifically impair responses to eIF2 phosphorylation, but instead cause protein structure defects that impair eIF2B activity. (yeastgenome.org)
In the HCC cells, activation of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway and IkB phosphorylation was significantly reduced by EIF5B silencing. (techscience.com)
Western blot analysis was used to measure eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation levels. (spandidos-publications.com)
In addition, GSK2606414 treatment inhibited eIF2α phosphorylation and reduced CHOP and VEGF mRNA expression levels in RPE cells under TG‑induced ER stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
Snow AJ, Puri P, Acker-Palmer A, Bouwmeester T, Vijayaraghavan S, Kline D. Phosphorylation-dependent interaction of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein (YWHA) with PADI6 following oocyte maturation in mice.Biol Reprod. (kent.edu)
Protein phosphorylation is the most common post-translation modification of proteins and regulates many biological processes. (lu.se)

There are three major isoforms of BAG-1 in mammalian cells, termed BAG-1L (p50), BAG-1M (p46) and BAG-1S (p36) that function as pro-survival proteins and are associated with tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. (nature.com)
During 2010-2015 our researches were aimed at studying the interaction of diphtheria toxin (DT) with mammalian cells, as well as functions of DT receptor, the precursor of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor proHB-EGF. (org.ua)
This protein phosphatase isoform, which is highly expressed in testis, is present only in mammalian spermatozoa. (kent.edu)
Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) 1 and 2 post-transcriptionally control mammalian iron homeostasis by binding to iron-responsive elements (IREs), conserved RNA stem-loop structures located in the 5'- or 3'- untranslated regions of genes involved in iron metabolism (e.g. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
FBS derived from clotted blood is the most widely used undefined supplement in eukaryotic, especially mammalian, cell culture. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Initiation of BAG-1 protein synthesis can occur by both cap-dependent and cap-independent mechanisms and it has been shown that synthesis of BAG-1S is dependent upon the presence of an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES) in the 5′-UTR of BAG-1 mRNA. (nature.com)
Here, we show that the BAG-1 IRES maintains synthesis of BAG-1 protein following exposure of cells to the chemotoxic drug vincristine but not to cisplatin and that this is brought about, in part, by the relocalization of PTB and PCBP1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. (nature.com)
However, how eukaryotic Pol δ achieves processive DNA synthesis and how it cooperates with PCNA and other factors during Okazaki fragment processing remains unknown. (nature.com)
This leads to an almost complete arrest of protein synthesis in the cell and its death. (org.ua)
In order to carry out this vital task, the cell must ensure that it has enough of the complexes required for the synthesis of proteins - the ribosomes. (uni-muenchen.de)
The mature small subunit can then bind to the large subunit, in association with a messenger RNA that provides the blueprint for protein synthesis. (uni-muenchen.de)
Recent studies indicate that nutrient fluctuations and insulin resistance increase proinsulin synthesis in β cells beyond the capacity for folding of nascent polypeptides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, thereby disrupting ER homeostasis and triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR). (jci.org)
This activity renders the 28S rRNA unable to interact with the elongation factors EF-1 and EF-2, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. (listlabs.com)
In addition to inhibiting protein synthesis, Shiga toxins induce cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. (listlabs.com)
eIF2B is essential for protein synthesis and regulates translation in response to cellular stresses. (yeastgenome.org)
The eIF2B protein helps regulate overall protein production (synthesis) in the cell by interacting with another protein, eIF2. (medlineplus.gov)
The eIF2 protein is called an initiation factor because it is involved in starting (initiating) protein synthesis. (medlineplus.gov)
Under some conditions, eIF2B increases protein synthesis by helping to recycle molecules called GTP, which carry energy to the initiation factor. (medlineplus.gov)
Under other conditions, it slows protein synthesis by binding tightly to the initiation factor, which converts the eIF2B protein into an inactive form and prevents recycling of GTP. (medlineplus.gov)
Proper regulation of protein synthesis is vital for ensuring that the correct levels of protein are available for the cell to cope with changing conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
Impairment of eIF2B function makes it more difficult for the body's cells to regulate protein synthesis and deal with changing conditions and stress. (medlineplus.gov)

Histone H3 is one of the DNA-binding proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells. (fishersci.com)
Post translationally, histones are modified in a variety of ways to either directly change the chromatin structure or allow for the binding of specific transcription factors. (fishersci.com)
Additionally, the regulation of the DNA binding of the transcriptional activators after stimulation is quantified using chromatin immunoprecipitation, employing epitope-tagged factors and real-time qPCR. (srce.hr)

The B polypeptide forms a pentamer that binds to the eukaryotic cell receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). (listlabs.com)
H3 along with four core histone proteins binds to DNA forming the structure of the nucleosome. (fishersci.com)
Given the fact that Pdr1 directly binds the xenobiotic molecule, its destruction might help the cells to remove toxic levels of menadione. (srce.hr)
p27 is a protein that binds to and prevents the activation of different G1. (lu.se)

In eukaryotes, the mature small subunit contains one rRNA and about 30 proteins, while the large subunit is made up of three rRNAs and approximately 50 proteins. (uni-muenchen.de)
We have used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structures of intermediate forms of the small ribosomal subunit isolated from human cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
motifs of Protein Phosphatase 2A PR65/A subunit. (cellsignal.com)

As one of three primary UPR effectors, PERK directly phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), which consequently inhibits initiation of general translation and reduces ER burden ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
The present study investigated the effects of GSK2606414 on proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
Although the precise underlying mechanisms of AMD are not fully understood, numerous lines of evidence have indicated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to the etiology of RPE cell damage and neovascularization formation ( 5 - 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

1996). HGF receptor associates with the anti-apoptotic protein BAG-1 and prevents cell death. (nature.com)
ADAR1 silencing in breast cancer cells leads to increased apoptosis, suggesting an anti-apoptotic function that promotes cancer progression. (cancerindex.org)
In the glioma cells, EIF5B promotes cell survival by enhancing the translation of several IRES-containing mRNAs including those encoding anti-apoptotic proteins such as XIAP and Bcl-xL [ 4 ]. (techscience.com)

The proteins produced from the affected genes form part of NADPH oxidase. (bartleby.com)
This loss is accompanied with an increased expression of the histone demethylase Jmjd3 and with the recruitment of the MLL1 protein, and correlates with the expression of the Ink4a/Arf genes. (plos.org)
However, prior to commitment, it has been cells, it is evident that GATA-1 and PU.1 are able to specify observed that many genes are expressed at intermediate or basal erythroid and myeloid cell fates (see [16] and references therein). (lu.se)

In eukaryotes, DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) bound to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) replicates the lagging strand and cooperates with flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) to process the Okazaki fragments for their ligation. (nature.com)

In most cell types, specific sets of proteins must be produced constantly and in widely different amounts. (uni-muenchen.de)
Protein secretion systems are molecular machines used by bacterial cells to translocate specific sets of proteins out of the bacterial cell, either to the extracellular milieu or directly into target cells (eukaryotic or prokaryotic. (dundee.ac.uk)

Childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination (CACH), or vanishing white matter leukoencephalopathy (VWM), is a fatal brain disorder caused by mutations in eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). (yeastgenome.org)
Conformational diseases are often caused by mutations, altering protein folding and stability in vivo . (mdpi.com)

DT could be extremely cytotoxic for eukaryotic cells. (org.ua)
The cytotoxic action of DT is mediated by catalytic transfer of ADP-ribosyl group from NAD + to the diphthamide residue (modified histidine residue) in eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF-2). (org.ua)
Using a wide range of biochemical and lipidomic analyses, we demonstrated that ABTL0812 increases cellular long-chain dihydroceramides by impairing DEGS1 (delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1) activity, which resulted in sustained ER stress and activated unfolded protein response (UPR) via ATF4-DDIT3-TRIB3 that ultimately promotes cytotoxic autophagy in cancer cells. (nih.gov)
These TAMs further stimulate activation of cytotoxic T cells that kill tumor cells, resulting in suppression of tumor growth. (lu.se)

Overexpression of the TEF-1delta protein by transfection was oncogenic in NIH3T3 cells as evidenced by the appearance of transformed foci exhibiting anchorage-independent growth and the potential to grow as tumors in nude mice. (cdc.gov)

Elledge's idea that eukaryotic cells sense the progress of DNA replication and transform that information into a DNA-damage response was new. (the-scientist.com)
Those results led him to study how cells monitor roadblocks to replication and DNA damage, such as nicks and double-stranded breaks, and how the cell handles that information. (the-scientist.com)
Moreover, we show that the Polycomb protein BMI1 interacts with CDC6, an essential regulator of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. (plos.org)
Finally, we demonstrate that Polycomb proteins and associated epigenetic marks are crucial for the control of the replication timing of the INK4a/ARF locus during senescence. (plos.org)
We identified the replication licencing factor CDC6 as a new partner of the Polycomb group member BMI1. (plos.org)
Upon senescence, Jmjd3 is overexpressed and the MLL1 protein is recruited to the locus provoking the dissociation of Polycomb from the INK4/ARF locus, its transcriptional activation and its replication during early S-phase. (plos.org)
Mitotic cell cycle progression is accomplished through a reproducible sequence of events, DNA replication (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated temporally by gaps known as G1 and G2 phases. (kegg.jp)

Ribosomes are the cell's protein factories. (uni-muenchen.de)
Eukaryotic (i.e. nucleated) cells can produce ribosomes in enormous numbers, although each consists of about 80 proteins and 4 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). (uni-muenchen.de)
Everything we know about the assembly of eukaryotic ribosomes derives from studies on simple organisms such as baker's yeast," says Michael Ameismeier , a PhD student in Beckmann's group and, together with Jingdong Cheng, joint first author of the new paper. (uni-muenchen.de)
Here, we demonstrate that EF-P is an elongation factor that enhances translation of polyproline-containing proteins: In the absence of EF-P, ribosomes stall at polyproline stretches, whereas the presence of EF-P alleviates the translational stalling. (cipsm.de)

The mTORCs integrate multiple input signals from nutrient levels, cellular energy state and external growth factors for the control of anabolic vs. catabolic metabolism, proliferation and growth as well as cytoskeletal dynamics and cell survival. (unibas.ch)
Due to their central role in driving cell proliferation, mTORCs are key targets for anti-cancer therapy. (unibas.ch)
Cellular senescence is a fundamental cellular program that is activated after a finite number of cell divisions and operates to avoid further cell proliferation. (plos.org)
Down-regulation of EIF5B significantly decreased proliferation and invasiveness of the HCC cells. (techscience.com)
Cell proliferation was assessed using the Cell Counting kit‑8 cell viability assay. (spandidos-publications.com)
GSK2606414 treatment inhibited RPE cell proliferation in a dose‑dependent manner, however it did not induce apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Eukaryotic cells require iron for survival and proliferation. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

These target cells can be eukaryotic host cells, making the T6SS a classical virulence factor. (dundee.ac.uk)
More commonly, however, the target is rival bacterial cells, making the T6SS a key player in inter-bacterial competition and competitive fitness, and therefore an indirect virulence factor. (dundee.ac.uk)

Some examples of affected proteins include those linked to cystic fibrosis, Angelman's syndrome, and Liddle syndrome. (novusbio.com)

Medical experts then extract large protein quantities from the eukaryotic or bacterial cell and test the proteins for enzymatic activity. (alternativemedicine.com)

Molecular biology plays a vital role in helping understand formations, regulations, and actions of various cell sections. (alternativemedicine.com)
Through molecular biology, you also understand how DNA transcribes into RNA and later translates to protein. (alternativemedicine.com)
He mentioned this to David Stillman , who was at Stanford to interview for a faculty position, and who studied cell cycle regulation of proteins as a postdoc in Kim Nasmyth 's lab at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in the U.K. Stillman pointed out that ribonucleotide reductase was cell cycle regulated-rather than remaining stable, the RNA and protein levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle. (the-scientist.com)
Overall, we are a molecular microbiology group, utilising a variety of approaches from genetics, molecular biology and classical microbiology, through to biochemistry, proteomics and cell biology. (dundee.ac.uk)

Their data reveals in detail how the ribosomal RNAs are progressively folded to provide the necessary binding sites for the cognate ribosomal proteins. (uni-muenchen.de)

ATF4 induces expression of the proapoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), which mediates PERK-induced apoptosis ( 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

These findings suggest that the gut microbiome, under specific dietary exposures, stimulates a reprogramming of the enhancer landscape in the colon, with downstream effects on transcription factors. (biomedcentral.com)

While most molecular biologists thought signaling pathways worked by sensing signals extrinsic to the cell and relaying the information to the nucleus, Elledge was proposing an internal signaling pathway that senses cell-intrinsic events. (the-scientist.com)
Cellular proteostasis involves the coordinated and compensatory action of pathways that control biogenesis, folding, trafficking and breakdown of proteins allowing the cell to adapt to physiological or pathological environmental changes. (elifesciences.org)
Bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic cells have hundreds to thousands of polyproline-containing proteins of diverse function, suggesting that EF-P and a/eIF-5A are critical for copy-number adjustment of multiple pathways across all kingdoms of life. (cipsm.de)
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are essential virulence factors used by many Gram-negative bacteria to inject proteins that make eukaryotic host cells accessible to invasion. (nih.gov)
Secretion systems, and the diverse proteins that they secrete, represent key virulence factors against eukaryotic host organisms. (dundee.ac.uk)
It is increasingly becoming recognised that protein secretion systems can also be important mediators of competition between bacterial cells, with such systems delivering anti-bacterial toxins. (dundee.ac.uk)

In addition, RPE cells proliferate and secrete various proangiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which serves an important role in AMD-associated CNV ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Stephen Elledge has built a career studying how eukaryotic cells maintain genomic integrity. (the-scientist.com)

Dudiki T, Joudeh N, Sinha N, Goswami S, Eisa A, Kline D, Vijayaraghavan S. The protein phosphatase isoform PP1γ1 substitutes for PP1γ2 to support spermatogenesis but not normal sperm function and fertility. (kent.edu)
Chakrabarti R, Cheng L, Puri P, Soler D, Vijayaraghavan S. Protein phosphatase PP1 gamma 2 in sperm morphogenesis and epididymal initiation of sperm motility. (kent.edu)
Vijayaraghavan S, Chakrabarti R, Myers K. Regulation of sperm function by protein phosphatase PP1gamma2. (kent.edu)
Huang Z, Somanath PR, Chakrabarti R, Eddy EM, Vijayaraghavan S. Changes in intracellular distribution and activity of protein phosphatase PP1gamma2 and its regulating proteins in spermatozoa lacking AKAP4. (kent.edu)
ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation. (kegg.jp)

In those cell types, the receptor concentration and binding is modulated by factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukins, and fatty acid content of the membranes. (listlabs.com)
By targeting these mechanisms, the overarching aim is to reprogram pro-tumoral TAMs into an anti-tumoral state, affecting various components of the non-cancer cells residing in the tumor microenvironment, ultimately inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis ( Figure 1 ). (lu.se)
TAMs are plastic cells that exhibit a spectrum of states spanning from an anti-tumor/immunoactivating (sometimes referred to as M1-like) to a pro-tumor/immunosuppressive (sometimes referred to as M2-like) phenotype. (lu.se)

In both genetic and diet-induced models of insulin resistance, CHOP deficiency improved β cell ultrastructure and promoted cell survival. (jci.org)
Section I. The Gram-Positive Cell Wall 1 -- Ultrastructure of Gram-Positive Cell Walls / Terry J. Beveridge 3 -- Surface Proteins on Gram-Positive Bacteria / Vincent A. Fischetti 11 -- Section II. (epa.gov)

Proteolytic degradation is critical to the maintenance of appropriate levels of short-lived and regulatory proteins as important and diverse as those involved in cellular metabolism, heat shock and stress response, antigen presentation, modulation of cell surface receptors and ion channels, cell cycle regulation, transcription, and signalling factors. (novusbio.com)
The effects of Shiga toxin 1 and Shiga toxin 2 have been shown to vary with cell type because Gb3 receptors are present in certain tissues, particularly sensory neurons and renal cells. (listlabs.com)
Dendritic release of dopamine activates dopamine D2 autoreceptors, which are inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), to decrease the excitability of dopamine neurons. (janelia.org)
Several types of Xoo virulence factors have been identified, including proteins associated with exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and motility, outer membrane (OM) proteins and TonB-dependent receptors, hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) proteins, and type III (T3) effectors [ 2 ]. (researchsquare.com)
The cell surface immune receptors (CSIRs) and intracellular immune receptors (IIRs) directly or indirectly recognize apoplastic or cytoplasmic "invasion molecules" to induce weak or strong immune responses [ 3 ]. (researchsquare.com)
Some CDCs attach to cell membranes by 'hijacking' an immune receptor on the surface of the membrane, so the team is looking into related proteins that hijack other receptors to discover different ways to manipulate the process. (techexplorist.com)
Most toxins bind to specific target cell receptors. (msdmanuals.com)

PAF also elicits hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane and the activation of ion channels, followed by an increase in reactive oxygen species in the cell and the induction of an apoptosis-like phenotype Cumulative evidence reveals that diabetes is a condition in which cell Ca2+ homeostasis is impaired. (wikipedia.org)
The pathway to apoptosis can be inhibited by negative feedback from PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), an enzyme that catabolizes platelet-activating factor. (wikipedia.org)
Chronic ER stress promotes apoptosis, at least in part through the UPR-induced transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). (jci.org)
These findings suggest that CHOP is a fundamental factor that links protein misfolding in the ER to oxidative stress and apoptosis in β cells under conditions of increased insulin demand. (jci.org)
However, they have both been shown to induce apoptosis in several different cell types. (listlabs.com)
Disruption of PERK activity has been demonstrated to reduce hydroquinone-induced apoptosis and hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in human RPE cells in vitro ( 5 , 21 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
FBS delivers nutrients, growth and attachment factors and protects cells from oxidative damage and apoptosis by mechanisms that are difficult to reproduce in serum-free media (SFM) systems. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Cell proteins were analysed with 2-dimensional electrophoresis and differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (who.int)

In Aspergillus fumigatus , iron starvation causes extensive transcriptional remodeling involving two central transcription factors, which are interconnected in a negative transcriptional feed-back loop: the GATA-factor SreA and the bZip-factor HapX. (frontiersin.org)
Aim: To understand how transcriptional factors Pdr1 and Pdr3, belonging to the pleiotropic drug resistance system, are activated, and regulated after introducing chemical toxins to the cell in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (srce.hr)
Results: Our results indicated higher expression levels of the Pdr1 transcriptional factor, compared to its homologous Pdr3 after treatment with menadione. (srce.hr)
Surprisingly, in V. cholerae cell cultures, both sulfide and peroxide treatment downregulate HlyU-dependent transcriptional activation of hlyA. (bvsalud.org)
In this work, we review the intricate network of transcriptional regulators that control the expression of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa, including one- and two-component systems and σ factors. (bvsalud.org)

1999). Cellular stress in Xenopus kidney cells enhances the phoshorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF(4E) and the association of eIF4F with poly(A)-binding protein. (nature.com)

Major downstream targets include fatty acid and lipid metabolism, protein and nucleotide biosynthesis. (unibas.ch)
Eukaryotic lipid and fatty acid metabolism remains a critical challenge for studies at the atomic, molecular and cellular scale: In contrast to simple prokaryotic systems, fatty acid metabolism in eukaryotes builds upon large multienzymes, which integrate multiple catalytic activities into giant proteins. (unibas.ch)
A landmark example are giant eukaryotic fatty acid synthases (FASs), which comprise seven types of functional domains and carry out more than 40 reaction steps for the biosynthesis of fatty acids from acetyl- and malonyl-CoA. (unibas.ch)

A hallmark of proteome balance is the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that degrades roughly 80% of multi-ubiquitinated proteins ( Collins and Goldberg, 2017 ). (elifesciences.org)
This highly specific regulation of one protein at the centrosome prompted us to explore centrosome composition at proteome-wide scale to determine if Akna is the exception or the rule. (helmholtz-munich.de)
Within this project we performed the first total centrosome proteome analysis of human neural stem cells and neurons. (helmholtz-munich.de)
Moreover, it revealed that 50% of the centrosome proteome is exchanged during differentiation from neural stem cells to neurons. (helmholtz-munich.de)
For example, some disease variants show significant overlap only with the neuronal centrosome proteome, and others, such as those of patients with periventricular heterotopia, only with the neural stem cell centrosome proteome. (helmholtz-munich.de)

These LRC are the signature of the DNA-histone proteins interactions within the nucleosomes, the basic units for DNA compaction in eukaryotic cell nuclei, that constitute a regulatory factor for accessibility to genetic material. (ens-lyon.fr)
Immunofluorescence staining of CD31+ vessels (red), CD68+ TAMs (green) and DAPI stained cell nuclei (grey) in ER+ BC. (lu.se)

The autophagic pathway constitutively maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling cytoplasmic organelles and proteins, but it is also stimulated by environmental stress conditions, such as starvation, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of misfolded proteins. (mdpi.com)
Activated defense responses consist of callose deposition in cell walls, oxidative burst, and accumulation of phytohormones and antimicrobial chemicals (e.g., secondary metabolites and phytoalexins) [ 4 ]. (researchsquare.com)
Several types of cellular stress, including hypoxia ( 8 ), infection ( 9 ), nutrient deprivation ( 10 ), oxidative stress ( 11 ) and dysfunctional calcium homeostasis ( 12 ), may induce accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen. (spandidos-publications.com)
A marked host inflammatory reaction characterized by local accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells is associated with these areas of cellular destruction. (medscape.com)

Many microorganisms have mechanisms that impair antibody production by inducing suppressor cells, blocking antigen processing, and inhibiting lymphocyte mitogenesis. (msdmanuals.com)

The earliest structure in the sequence still originates from the cell nucleus. (uni-muenchen.de)

Indeed, Akna mediates the delamination of the differentiating stem cells from their neuroepithelial niche, by orchestrating microtubule organizing center activity at the centrosome and recruiting proteins that stabilize adherence junctions to the centrosome thereby weakening the junctional complexes. (helmholtz-munich.de)

An enzymatic cascade is responsible for the attachment of multiple ubiquitin molecules to lysine residues of proteins targeted for degradation. (novusbio.com)

He found that RNR2 RNA levels increased dramatically, even more than the protein levels, upon exposure of cells to DNA damage and that mutations in RNR2 resulted in hypersensitivity to DNA damage. (the-scientist.com)
Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)

Unraveling cell-to-cell signaling networks with chemical biology. (janelia.org)

Metabolism in eukaryotic cells is tightly regulated in response to nutrient and energy availability as well as growth factor signaling for coordination of metabolism across organs and organism. (unibas.ch)
Expression of these virulence factors during infection is tightly regulated, which allows their production only when they are needed. (bvsalud.org)

The molecular mechanisms potentially responsible for cadmium -induced cell transformation and tumorigenesis were investigated using Balb/c-3T3 cells transformed with cadmium chloride. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we investigated the functional role of eukaryotic initiation factor 5B (EIF5B) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms. (techscience.com)
They target eukaryotic cells using different mechanisms, but all require cholesterol to pierce lipid bilayers. (techexplorist.com)

Medical experts use mutagenesis to investigate the biological activity and structure of RNA, DNA, and protein molecules for protein engineering. (alternativemedicine.com)
For about a decade, our group has been extending its field of research to the study and modeling of the structure and dynamics of biological molecules (DNA, proteins). (ens-lyon.fr)
EF-P is present in all bacteria and orthologous to archaeal and eukaryotic initiation factor 5A, yet the biological function has so far remained enigmatic. (cipsm.de)

Recently, the sterol regulatory element binding protein SrbA was found to be essential for adaptation to iron starvation, thereby linking regulation of iron metabolism, ergosterol biosynthesis, azole drug resistance, and hypoxia adaptation. (frontiersin.org)
Later steps of lipid metabolism are occurring in membrane space and rely on membrane-integral or -associated proteins. (unibas.ch)
Combining experimental structural studies with functional analysis, we elucidate fundamental principles of multienzyme architecture & regulation and the role of protein assemblies for spatial organization of metabolism. (unibas.ch)
Puri P, Myers K, Kline D, Vijayaraghavan S. Proteomic amalysis of bovine sperm YWHA binding partners identify proteins involved in signaling and metabolism. (kent.edu)

Our recombinant nontoxic toxin analogues and derivatives were applied in studying of toxin interaction with cell surface, intracellular transport of DT and in determination of proHB-EGF expression level. (org.ua)
Most of our recombinant proteins are fluorescent derivatives of various DT and proHB-EGF. (org.ua)
Expression of the L1 protein using recombinant DNA technology produces noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs). (cdc.gov)

Studying RNR2' s regulatory elements, he found those that were necessary to induce the production of higher protein levels in response to DNA damage and identified factors that bind these DNA elements to mediate the response of RNR2 to DNA damage. (the-scientist.com)

I took up a position at Oxford Brookes University in 2012 investigating the role of reticulon proteins in ER tubulation and viral trafficking in order to develop my international reputation in ER research and advanced imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)

Our largest research area is the Type VI secretion system (T6SS) , which is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and is a complex, dynamic nanomachine which 'fires' toxic effector proteins into target cells. (dundee.ac.uk)
A family of Type VI secretion system effector proteins that form ion-selective pores. (dundee.ac.uk)

I further investigated membrane proteins and the targeting of tail-anchored proteins at Sheffield Hallam University. (brookes.ac.uk)
I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)
Doing so helps them found- during a crucial phase at the start of the hole-forming process, the CDCs change their shape so that many proteins can come together side-by-side on the membrane to form a ring. (techexplorist.com)

My additional independent research on ER localisation and splicing in auxin biosynthesis showed for the first time ER-localisation for an auxin biosynthetic protein. (brookes.ac.uk)

Proteins provide the crucial structural elements of all cells and mediate the executive functions required for cell survival. (uni-muenchen.de)
These data suggest that EIF5B functions as an oncogene that promotes cancer cell growth, survival, and progression. (techscience.com)
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process involved in cancer metastasis wherein cancer cells with epithelial characteristics acquire mesenchymal characteristics such as increased motility, invasion, and survival [ 6 ]. (techscience.com)

Oncogenic potential of mouse translation elongation factor-1 delta, a novel cadmium -responsive proto-oncogene. (cdc.gov)
The presence of a leucine zipper motif, characteristic of translation elongation factor-1delta, was also found in the mouse TEF-1delta. (cdc.gov)
Translation elongation factor P (EF-P) is critical for virulence in bacteria. (cipsm.de)

Our research builds on hybrid use of state-of-the-art cryo electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography and advanced optical microscopy to elucidate blueprints of dynamic protein and principles of their assembly and cellular level interplay. (unibas.ch)
Accordingly, pharmacological manipulation to increase cellular dihydroceramides or incubation with exogenous dihydroceramides resulted in ER stress, UPR and autophagy-mediated cancer cell death. (nih.gov)
Our biochemical and cellular analysis thus demonstrates that the GID/CTLH complex prevents cell cycle exit in G1, at least in part by degrading Hbp1. (elifesciences.org)
In the last part, information about cell-penetrating peptides that can be used as molecular carries is mentioned with providing classification and cellular uptake mechanism of them. (intechopen.com)

A new way to engineer bacteria that normally attack human cells so that they kill other pathogens instead. (techexplorist.com)
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are hole-forming proteins that serve as major virulence factors for pathogenic bacteria. (techexplorist.com)
The pathogenic bacteria themselves have no cholesterol, which they may have evolved as a way to protect themselves from their hole-punching proteins. (techexplorist.com)
What's exciting is that this special helix used by CDCs is also found in many other types of proteins - not only in pathogenic bacteria but also as part of our immune system. (techexplorist.com)
Using the same technique, scientists are willing to investigate other interactions between pathogenic bacteria and host cells. (techexplorist.com)

Nucleotide sequence analysis of TEF-1delta cDNA revealed an open reading frame encoding the predicted protein of 281 amino acids and exhibited significant conservation with the corresponding protein of human, Xenopus laevis, and Artemia. (cdc.gov)

This microbiota-diet interaction leads to changes in histone modification at active enhancers that are enriched for binding sites for signal responsive transcription factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Biochemical studies suggest that in one case this transcription factors to implement particular genetic programs. (lu.se)
In occurs through the inhibition of DNA binding of cognate cis- hematopoiesis there exist several lineage branch points with regulatory motif while in the other case DNA binding is unaffected identified key transcription factors and external signals [3-5]. (lu.se)

We have shown previously that BAG-1 IRES-meditated initiation of translation requires two trans -acting factors poly (rC) binding protein 1 (PCBP1) and polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) for function. (nature.com)
Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression is mediated by internal initiation of translation and alternative initiation of transcription. (nature.com)
2002). Translation of polioviral mRNA is inhibited by cleavage of polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins executed by polioviral 3C(pro). (nature.com)
Blocking the translation of TEF-1delta with antisense TEF-1delta mRNA resulted in a significant reversal of the oncogenic potential of cadmium -transformed Balb/c-3T3 cells as evidenced from suppression in anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenesis in nude mice. (cdc.gov)
repeats are found in proteins involved in translation including eIF4Gs, p97/DAP5, Paip-1, GCN1 and FRAP/mTOR. (cellsignal.com)

Anatomy28

Organisms14

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs107

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes78

Information Science4

Health Care3

Initiation factor 2B complex2

Cytosol5

Subunits8

Signaling molecules1

Gene15

Kinase9

Phosphorylation8

Mammalian5

Synthesis16

Chromatin3

Binds4

Subunit3

EIF21

Endoplasmic reticulum3

Anti-apoptotic3

Genes3

Proliferating cell nu1

Specific sets of proteins2

Caused by mutations2

Cytotoxic4

Transfection1

Replication7

Ribosomes4

Proliferation7

Virulence factor2

Affected proteins include1

Enzymatic activity1

Molecular biology4

Ribosomal1

ATF41

Downstream effects1

Pathways4

Secretion Systems3

Secrete1

Genomic1

Phosphatase5

Tumor3

Ultrastructure2

Receptors7

Apoptosis7

Differentially expressed1

Transcriptional5

Enhances1

Fatty acid3

Proteome5

Nuclei2

Accumulation4

Impair1

Nucleus1

Mediates1

Degradation1

Mutations2

Biology1

Tightly2

Mechanisms3

Biological3

Metabolism4

Recombinant3

Induce1

Viral1

Effector2

Membrane3

Biosynthesis1

Survival3

Elongation factor3

Cellular4

Bacteria5

Nucleotide1

Transcription factors3

Translation5