• Streptolydigin (Stl) is an antibiotic that works by inhibiting nucleic acid chain elongation by binding to RNA polymerase, thus inhibiting RNA synthesis inside a cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Streptolydigin inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase, but not eukaryotic RNA polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
  • 87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Specific functional analogies are drawn between several components of CASS and proteins involved in eukaryotic RNAi, including the double-stranded RNA-specific helicase-nuclease (dicer), the endonuclease cleaving target mRNAs (slicer), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase which is a component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor, involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. (embl.de)
  • All organisms-bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes-have a transcription initiation factor that contains a structural module that binds within the RNA polymerase (RNAP) active-center cleft and interacts with template-strand single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the immediate vicinity of the RNAP active center. (osti.gov)
  • RNA polymerase (RNA Pol or RNAP) is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a template of DNA, a process known as transcription. (sciencefacts.net)
  • It is thus a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (sciencefacts.net)
  • In bacteria, a single RNA polymerase transcribes all types of RNAs. (sciencefacts.net)
  • RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) synthesizes pre-rRNA 45S, which matures into the ribosome 's 28S, 18S, and 5.8S subunits. (sciencefacts.net)
  • RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) produces precursors of mRNAs and most snRNA and microRNAs. (sciencefacts.net)
  • RNA polymerase IV (RNAP IV) produces siRNA in plants. (sciencefacts.net)
  • RNA polymerase V (RNAP V) has RNAs involved in siRNA-directed heterochromatin formation in plants. (sciencefacts.net)
  • The sigma (σ) factor of the RNA polymerase is encoded by nuclear genes. (sciencefacts.net)
  • The RNA polymerase is primarily responsible for transcription, the process by which a template DNA strand is used to form RNA. (sciencefacts.net)
  • RNA polymerase produces all types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and even non-coding RNAs and ribozymes. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Once RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter (where RNA polymerase begins transcribing a gene), it moves along the DNA template in the 5 to 3' direction, adding nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Specific sequences on DNA, called promoters , determine where the RNA polymerase binds and how frequently it initiates transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In bacteria , a single RNA polymerase produces the primary transcript precursors for all three major classes of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • During elongation, an enzyme called RNA polymerase proceeds along the DNA template adding nucleotides by base pairing with the DNA template in a manner similar to DNA replication, with the difference that an RNA strand is being synthesized that does not remain bound to the DNA template. (umn.edu)
  • During elongation, RNA polymerase tracks along the DNA template, synthesizes mRNA in the 5′ to 3′ direction, and unwinds then rewinds the DNA as it is read. (umn.edu)
  • In all organisms, RNA polymerase, a complex protein machine that transcribes genomic DNA into RNA, performs transcription. (nih.gov)
  • A single RNA polymerase in bacteria and archaea-and only three different polymerases in eukaryotes-program an amazing variety of developmental pathways. (nih.gov)
  • In particular, transcriptional activators, co-activators, and repressors can interact with the template DNA and/or RNA polymerase to modulate core promoter selection. (nih.gov)
  • Early work suggested that the process and regulation of transcription initiation fundamentally differed between bacterial polymerase and higher organisms. (nih.gov)
  • Throughout life, factors that interact with RNA polymerase and with sequences close to or within the core promoter itself can alter promoter recognition. (nih.gov)
  • In many cases, these factors interact with only a small surface of RNA polymerase, yet they impose a major specificity change through this contact. (nih.gov)
  • We demonstrated how the binding of a small T4 protein structurally remodels a portion of the specificity subunit (sigma) of RNA polymerase. (nih.gov)
  • This, in turn, allows a T4 activator to interact with a portion of sigma that would normally be occluded by RNA polymerase and to interact with a portion of the DNA that would normally be bound by sigma. (nih.gov)
  • These interactions result in the formation of a remodeled specificity factor for RNA polymerase that recognizes a new promoter sequence. (nih.gov)
  • This work reveals at a molecular level how reconfiguring a small portion of RNA polymerase can completely alter promoter specificity. (nih.gov)
  • We have found that BvgA and two subunits of RNA polymerase occupy the same region of DNA. (nih.gov)
  • Eukaryotic transcription three types of RNA polymerases. (unizg.hr)
  • Genes are transcribed by enzymes called RNA polymerases that generate a single-stranded RNA identical in sequence (with the exception of U in place of T) to one of the strands of the double-stranded DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases in that they can initiate the synthesis of new strands in the absence of a primer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Eukaryotic genes are transcribed in the nucleus by three different RNA polymerases , each principally responsible for one of the major classes of RNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The mTORC1, Myc, and noncoding RNA signaling pathways are the primary mediators that work jointly with RNA polymerases and ribosome proteins to control ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biochemical and structural studies reveal significant functional similarities among bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNA polymerases. (nih.gov)
  • Darnell describes how scientists unraveled fundamental questions about the biochemical and genetic importance of RNA-how mRNAs are generated and used to produce proteins, how noncoding and catalytic RNAs mediate key cellular processes, and how RNA molecules likely initiated life on Earth. (cshlpress.com)
  • This remarkable book tells a story that parallels his career, dealing at the beginning with the prehistory of research on RNA, DNA, and proteins and then shifting into high gear with a detailed look at the history of bacterial messenger RNA and the author s own specialty, the RNA of eukaryotic cells. (cshlpress.com)
  • The recent advances in the field of RNA modifications reveal a novel regulatory layer between RNA modifications and proteins, which is central to developing a novel concept called "epitranscriptomics. (mpg.de)
  • Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors. (aadharinstitute.com)
  • The messenger RNAs (mRNAs) produced from transcription are further used to encode functional proteins or make non-coding RNAs, such as tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Control of eukaryotic messenger RNA synthesis by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. (wikidata.org)
  • Here we report two groups of TnpB-like proteins (Fanzor1 and Fanzor2) that are widespread in diverse eukaryotic transposable elements (TEs), and in large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses infecting eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The phylogeny and distribution of the TnpB/Fanzor proteins indicate that they may be disseminated among eukaryotic species by viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • From rna to make new proteins (translation). (caisouthern.com)
  • This diagram shows the translation of rna into proteins. (caisouthern.com)
  • Genes encode proteins, and the instructions for making proteins are decoded in two steps: first, a messenger rna (mrna) molecule is produced through the. (caisouthern.com)
  • We have been checking the literature and could not trace yet the existence of such bacterial sensing systems that could be modified for sensing eukaryotic proteins, although some possible leads exist. (igem.org)
  • How the prokaryotic cell differs from the eukaryotic cell, focusing on genetics, aspects of surface structures and secreted proteins. (lu.se)
  • Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Here, it is described that several internal and 5'-terminal RNA modifications either present or likely present in prokaryotic mRNA. (mpg.de)
  • The most extensively characterized class of bacterial sRNAs are the trans -encoded sRNAs that are encoded distant from the genes for their mRNA targets and that typically have only limited complementarity (10-30 nt) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mRNA product is complementary to the template strand and is almost identical to the other DNA strand, called the nontemplate strand , with the exception that RNA contains a uracil (U) in place of the thymine (T) found in DNA. (umn.edu)
  • Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Eukaryotic TFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase XPB subunit. (embl.de)
  • It acts by opening DNA either around the RNA transcription start site or the DNA. (embl.de)
  • The handling of RNA (transcription, translation) is similar among all the major domains of life, suggesting that these tools were present in the common ancestor of all present-day cells and diverged subsequently in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. (3quarksdaily.com)
  • However, this transcription initiation-factor structural module occupies the path of nascent RNA and thus presumably must be displaced before or during initial transcription. (osti.gov)
  • In this paper, we report four sets of crystal structures of bacterial initially transcribing complexes that demonstrate and define details of stepwise, RNA-extension-driven displacement of the "σ-finger" of the bacterial transcription initiation factor σ. (osti.gov)
  • 20.Transcription and RNA processing. (unizg.hr)
  • Bacterial transcription, postranscriptional modifications. (unizg.hr)
  • Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level (regulating the expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing). (aadharinstitute.com)
  • RNAPs not only transcribe DNA but are also responsible for proofreading the newly synthesized RNA strand and taking part in the recognition of the transcription start and termination sites. (sciencefacts.net)
  • A gene is a segment of DNA that functions as a unit to generate an RNA product or, through the processes of transcription and translation, a polypeptide chain. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Non-LTR retrotransposons need both RT and endonuclease (EN) in their transposition process termed target site-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, role of chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene silencing. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • Although analyses that give information on the expression of a few genes provide insight and have been responsible for a large proportion of the bacterial pathogenesis literature currently available, our ultimate goal is to understand expression changes across the whole genome. (cdc.gov)
  • Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Subsequent analyses of the small RNA suggest it regulates S. enterica genes involved in cell invasion and survival. (genomeweb.com)
  • Our study provides a paradigm for a sensitive RNA-based analysis of intracellular bacterial pathogens and their hosts without physical separation, as well as a new discovery route for hidden functions of pathogen genes," senior author Jörg Vogel, a molecular infection biology and infectious diseases researcher at the University of Würzburg, and colleagues wrote. (genomeweb.com)
  • Through a series of follow-up experiments, the group demonstrated that the small RNA acts not only as a co-activator of Salmonella genes important to invasion, infection, and intracellular replication, but also as a regulator of coding and non-coding transcripts produced by infected host cells. (genomeweb.com)
  • All archaeal and many bacterial genomes contain Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats (CRISPR) and variable arrays of the CRISPR-associated ( cas ) genes that have been previously implicated in a novel form of DNA repair on the basis of comparative analysis of their protein product sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comparative-genomic analysis of CRISPR and cas genes leads to the hypothesis that the CRISPR-Cas system (CASS) is a mechanism of defense against invading phages and plasmids that functions analogously to the eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi) systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The functioning of this system seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other bacterial sRNAs, referred to as cis -encoded sRNAs, are present in close proximity to their targets, such as upstream, opposite of the 5′ UTR of the target, or between two genes in an operon [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Advances in transcriptome sequencing allow for simultaneous interrogation of differentially expressed genes from multiple species originating from a single RNA sample, termed dual or multi-species transcriptomics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • From the very beginning of his first lab at MIT, Darnell, his students and postdocs have studied RNA, its synthesis, processing, and transcriptional regulation. (cshlpress.com)
  • To enable subsequent detection of both DNA and RNA viruses, extracted nucleic acids were randomly primed for cDNA synthesis. (vin.com)
  • It is part of the active center responsible for RNA synthesis. (sciencefacts.net)
  • It contains the other part of the active center responsible for RNA synthesis and the rest of the elements for non-sequence-specific interactions with DNA and nascent RNA. (sciencefacts.net)
  • The transcribed region of a gene contains the template for synthesis of an RNA, which begins at the start point. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - A new Nature study suggests non-coding RNA produced by pathogenic bacteria can influence transcripts produced by both the microbe itself and the infected host. (genomeweb.com)
  • Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Lecture: developing chemical fundaments of genetics (DNA, RNA), bacterial genetics, gene expression and regulation, pecularities of eukaryotic organisms. (tum.de)
  • Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) play key roles in modulating gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA-seq has revolutionized the way we address complex biological questions, allowing for differential gene expression, differential transcript analysis, as well as transcriptome assemblies. (ucdavis.edu)
  • The discovery of the elaborate and versatile systems of RNA silencing in eukaryotes is one of the pivotal advances in biology of the last decade [ 1 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These two superfamilies encompass a large number of DNA and RNA helicases from archaea, eubacteria, eukaryotes and viruses that seem to be active as monomers or dimers. (embl.de)
  • Like microRNAs (miRNAs) in eukaryotes, trans -acting bacterial sRNAs appear to recognize their targets by a seed-pairing mechanism using seeds as small as 6-7 nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eukaryotes have many different nuclear RNAPs, and each recognizes a different promoter sequence, synthesizing some form of the RNA or the other. (sciencefacts.net)
  • siRNAs are produced from double-stranded RNAs of viruses and transposable elements, which are processed by the dicer nuclease, one of the essential components of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complexes (RISCs) [ 7 - 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 13. Viruses have (AIPMT 2014) (a) DNA enclosed in a protein coat (b) prokaryotic nucleus (c) single chromosome (d) both DNA and RNA. (recruitmenttopper.com)
  • Our findings with PinT and other intracellularly induced [small RNAs] illustrate how small perturbations in the infection process, such as dysregulation of a few Salmonella mRNAs, can propagate through the entire host system, potentially leading to different disease outcomes in the context of a whole organism," the researchers concluded. (genomeweb.com)
  • A limited study had indicated that in Sinorhizobium meliloti the YbeY ortholog regulates the accumulation of sRNAs as well as the target mRNAs, raising the possibility that YbeY may play a previously unrecognized role in bacterial sRNA regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. (bvsalud.org)
  • Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. (bvsalud.org)
  • The unit provide a range of services: RNA-Seq, Whole Genome Sequencing, Spatial transcriptomics and Metagenomics (bacterial 16S rRNA, ITS). (gulbenkian.pt)
  • RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Although RNA sequencing is increasingly being used to explore host and pathogen features involved in infection, the team explained, most studies have focused on protein-coding transcripts, assessing bacterial RNA sequences and host RNAs separately. (genomeweb.com)
  • Bacterial insertion sequences (IS) of IS200 / IS605 and IS607 family often encode a transposase (TnpA) and a protein of unknown function, TnpB. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most common type is the DDE-transposase encoded by most bacterial insertion sequences (IS), eukaryotic DNA transposons, and LTR retrotransposons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We performed northern blot analyses for the guide RNA truncations and found increased levels of expression for the longer tracrRNA sequences, suggesting that improved target cleavage was at least partially due to higher sgRNA expression or stability ( Fig. 1c ). (cdc.gov)
  • Here we report the temporal measurements of absolute RNA and protein levels per gene within a mixed bacterial-archaeal consortium. (nature.com)
  • In contrast, the means of handling and copying DNA vary quite a bit, with, for example, the major bacterial DNA processing enzymes lacking archaeal/eukaryotic homologs . (3quarksdaily.com)
  • We review the similarities and differences between eukaryotic and bacterial ribosomes and the molecular mechanism of ribosome-targeting antibiotics and bacterial resistance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although human transcripts far exceeded those of the Salmonella , the approach made it possible to pick up transcripts representing messenger RNA and non-coding RNAs from both organisms. (genomeweb.com)
  • Using an approach known as dual RNA-seq, researchers from Germany, Austria, and the US characterized host transcripts and pathogen messenger RNAs in tandem over time in a human cell line infected with Salmonella enterica from the Typhimurium serovar, an intracellular pathogen known for producing a large repertoire of small regulatory RNAs. (genomeweb.com)
  • In an effort to simultaneously assess coding and non-coding transcripts in a bacterial pathogen and affected host, the researchers relied on dual RNA-seq, a strategy that uses green fluorescent-tagged Salmonella to identify infected human host cells from a HeLa cell line. (genomeweb.com)
  • Based on dual RNA-seq experiments done at five time points during the first day of infection, they uncovered hundreds of new and known small RNAs from Salmonella . (genomeweb.com)
  • Dual-species transcriptomics or dual-RNA-seq studies use transcriptomics to assess the transcriptional profiles of multiple organisms originating from the same sample [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A]s bacterial infections of eukaryotic cells involve two interacting organisms with profoundly different transcriptomes, RNA-seq studies are commonly restricted to either the pathogen or host after their physical separation," the authors wrote. (genomeweb.com)
  • The organisms studied in dual-species transcriptomics experiments are present in different relative abundances and while the read proportions between the two organisms differ by system, most infection models, particularly biologically relevant models, have the total RNA content of the host vastly outnumbering microbe [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The developing complementary technologies of DNA microarrays and proteomics are allowing the response of bacterial pathogens to different environments to be probed at the whole genome level. (cdc.gov)
  • A second group of methods, which includes DNA microarrays and proteomics, have advantages that overcome the limitations implicit in signature-tagged mutagenesis and in vivo expression technology, namely, the ability to directly measure expression (gene or protein) levels on a true genome-wide scale, but their application to analysis of bacterial pathogens during real infections is still in its infancy. (cdc.gov)
  • One special type of plasmid used for genome sequencing is a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , which can contain DNA fragments of about 150 kb. (learner.org)
  • Cells across the tree of life are built with very similar components: A wall to keep everything in, DNA which stores the genome, and RNA and protein which take care of the mechanics and metabolism. (3quarksdaily.com)
  • RNA was likely to be among the very first of the modern information polymer classes to emerge, because RNAs can do the jobs of genome storage (now done mainly by DNA) and enzymatic action (now done mainly by protein). (3quarksdaily.com)
  • 23.Organization of eukaryotic genome. (unizg.hr)
  • We describe the development of a new vector based on cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), a plus-strand RNA virus with its genome divided into two RNA segments, RNA1 and RNA2. (researchsquare.com)
  • The Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) nuclease can be efficiently targeted to genomic loci by means of singleguide RNAs (sgRNAs) to enable genome editing 1 - 10 . (cdc.gov)
  • Both crRNA-tracrRNA duplexes and sgRNAs can be used to target SpCas9 for multiplexed genome editing in eukaryotic cells 1 , 3 . (cdc.gov)
  • But PinT also appears to influence host transcriptional patterns, leading to shifts in representation by several long, non-coding RNAs as well as enhanced activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathways. (genomeweb.com)
  • Eukaryotic regulation transcriptional activation and repression. (unizg.hr)
  • The unit offers RNA-seq library preparation, with multiple options such as ribo-depletion (Bacterial and Eukaryotic), poly-A enrichment, 3′-Tag-Seq (QuantSeq) libraries All the libraries are constructed to retrieve the full transcript, exception for QuantSeq (3′-end sequencing). (gulbenkian.pt)
  • Participants will generate two types of RNA-seq libraries: one using poly-A enrichment and one using ribo-depletion. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Some bacterial pathogens have been shown to substantially modify their surface components in response to the host immune system and modify their energy metabolism and transport pathways to allow efficient growth within the host. (cdc.gov)
  • Conceptual parallels exist between bacterial and eukaryotic small-RNA (sRNA) pathways, yet relatively little is known about which protein may recognize and recruit bacterial sRNAs to interact with targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component signaling systems, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • To take a closer look at small RNAs with regulatory potential, the researchers added an extra step to deplete host and pathogen ribosomal RNAs. (genomeweb.com)
  • There are two major, distinct forms of regulatory small RNAs involved in eukaryotic gene silencing: small interfering (si) RNAs and micro (mi) RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the field of microbiology has adapted to the study of complex microbiomes via modern meta-omics techniques, we have not updated our basic knowledge regarding the quantitative levels of DNA, RNA and protein molecules within a microbial cell, which ultimately control cellular function. (nature.com)
  • All domains of life utilize a diverse set of modified ribonucleotides that can impact the sequence, structure, function, stability, and the fate of RNAs, as well as their interactions with other molecules. (mpg.de)
  • We thus endeavor to understand how the pathogen adapts to the host microenvironment, what selective pressures are acting on the pathogen in each microenvironment, what bacterial factors are responsible for the host damage, and how the immune system is evaded. (cdc.gov)
  • We demonstrate that not only the presence of pathogen inherent molecular patterns induces immune responses, but that bacterial motility is linked to a host-cell-induced expression of additional immune modulators. (elifesciences.org)
  • The opportunistic pathogen may infect virtually any tissue and has evolved as a model to study bacterial adaptation to the conditions within the human host. (elifesciences.org)
  • This interplay of bacterial effects on the pathogen can be beneficial to protect plants from infection, as shown with A . thaliana root experiments. (frontiersin.org)
  • The primary transcripts are modified and trimmed to produce the mature RNAs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Further detailed analyses of these responses will increase understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis, identify new bacterial virulence factors, and aid in the design of new vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • The book is geared towards scientists from the graduate level on up, and will particularly appeal to active investigators in RNA biology, educators of molecular biology and biochemistry, and science historians. (cshlpress.com)
  • In sum, Darnell has succeeded in writing an appealing and cogent account of the rise of RNA molecular biology and its continued centrality in research today. (cshlpress.com)
  • Molecular cloning of DNA & RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. (aadharinstitute.com)
  • We employ simple bacterial and bacteriophage model systems, because these systems can be defined in detail biochemically and investigated at a molecular level. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast, RNA modifications in prokaryotes are poorly characterized. (mpg.de)
  • However, none of the CASS components is orthologous to its apparent eukaryotic functional counterpart. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The boost of next-generation sequencing technologies sets the foundation to identify and study the functional role of RNA modifications. (mpg.de)
  • For example, when Escherichia coli is grown axenically in steady state, we can expect that each RNA molecule corresponds to 10 2 -10 4 of the matching protein (absolute protein-to-RNA ratio, hereafter referred protein-to-RNA ratio) and the variation in the level of cellular RNA explains ~29% of the variation in the amount of detectable protein 2 . (nature.com)
  • Bacterial pathogens must be able to gain access to, persist in, and replicate in normally privileged sites within a host. (cdc.gov)
  • The primary aim of investigating bacterial pathogenesis is to understand the way that pathogens interact with the host to cause disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Understanding this process is fundamental to the development of anti-bacterial strategies because biofilms shield pathogens from environmental stresses, nutrient loss, and most, importantly antibiotics. (nih.gov)
  • In particular, the formation of the basic cap-binding complex, eukaryotic initiation. (caisouthern.com)
  • In RNA: Life s Indispensable Molecule, Jim Darnell provides a comprehensive and captivating account of RNA research, illuminated by his own life-long and celebrated engagement in the field. (cshlpress.com)
  • Methods We performed global micro-RNA (miRNA) analysis in plasma in two cohorts encompassing 375 individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes with late diabetic kidney disease and targeted proteomics analysis in plasma in four cohorts encompassing 746 individuals with late and early diabetic kidney disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Complementary oligonucleotide binding to the anticodon loop of fMet-transfer RNA. (colorado.edu)
  • Complementary oligonucleotide binding to transfer RNA. (colorado.edu)
  • Also, it contains some elements for non-sequence-specific interactions with DNA and nascent RNA. (sciencefacts.net)
  • After isolating cells four hours and 24 hours post-infection, the team used the Illumina HiSeq 2000 instrument to generate tens of millions of reads from total RNA present in the samples. (genomeweb.com)
  • The SMART-SEQ2 protocols we have available allow us to produce RNA-Seq libraries from very limited amounts of starting material (5ng of high-quality total RNA down to single cells). (gulbenkian.pt)
  • Total RNA input as low as single cells (e.g. from FACS). (gulbenkian.pt)
  • 5 to 5 ng of high quality total RNA or 1-300 single cells in RLT+ buffer (inquire for details). (gulbenkian.pt)
  • The concentrated viral samples were passed through 0.22-μm filters to remove bacterial and eukaryotic cells and DNase treatment to remove any naked nucleic acids prior to viral nucleic acid extraction. (vin.com)
  • Chloroplast in eukaryotic cells contains an RNAP similar to bacterial RNAP. (sciencefacts.net)
  • I attended a Systems biology meeting ESF 2008 where Ron Weiss explained how he used a bacterial to manipulate eukaryotic cells. (igem.org)
  • RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • We find that SpCas9 tolerates mismatches between guide RNA and target DNA at different positions in a sequence-dependent manner, sensitive to the number, position and distribution of mismatches. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers at Stanford University used such a method to produce amplified heterogeneous populations of RNA from limited quantities of cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Our analysis of this data reveals an absolute protein-to-RNA ratio of 10 2 -10 4 for bacterial populations and 10 3 -10 5 for an archaeon, which is more comparable to Eukaryotic representatives' humans and yeast. (nature.com)
  • In this context, the exploration of temporal interplay between populations with different lifestyles (comprising metabolism, motility, sporulation, etc.) becomes of primary importance to interpret the changes in fundamental quantities in a microbial community, such as the protein-to-RNA ratio that ultimately impacts the overarching community phenotype(s). (nature.com)
  • Indeed, the protein-to-RNA ratio per sample of the bacterial populations matched previous calculations for the existing example from axenically cultured E. coli 2 . (nature.com)
  • Approximately 6 hours will be spent on data analysis, presented by the Bioinformatics Core, and will include an introduction-to/demo-of RNA-seq data QA/QC, preprocessing, read mapping, gene counting as well as a hands-on-exercise on Differential Expression Analysis in R with previously computed gene counts tables. (ucdavis.edu)
  • The structures reveal that-for both the primary σ-factor and extracytoplasmic (ECF) σ-factors, and for both 5'-triphosphate RNA and 5'-hydroxy RNA-the "σ-finger" is displaced in stepwise fashion, progressively folding back upon itself, driven by collision with the RNA 5'-end, upon extension of nascent RNA from ~5 nt to ~10 nt. (osti.gov)
  • The highly conserved bacterial YbeY RNase has structural similarities to the MID domain of AGOs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A more detailed analyses on bacterial-fungal co-cultivation in narrow interaction channels of microfluidic devices revealed that the strongest inhibitory potential was found for Pseudomonas protegens CHA0, with its inhibitory potential depending on the presence of the GacS/GacA system controlling several bacterial metabolites. (frontiersin.org)
  • Structurally, it is similar to bacterial RNAP and eukaryotic RNAP II. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Eukaryotic DNA repair helicase RAD3/ERCC-2, an ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase involved in nucleotide excision repair of UV-damaged DNA. (embl.de)
  • Eukaryotic ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q. A DNA helicase that may play a role in the repair of DNA that is damaged by ultraviolet light or other mutagens. (embl.de)
  • Bacterial and eukaryotic antiviral SKI2-like helicase. (embl.de)
  • Bacterial ATP-dependent DNA helicase recG. (embl.de)
  • 5' RNA helicase. (colorado.edu)
  • Today, more than 160 different RNA modifications are known that decorate the RNA at the 5'-terminus or internal RNA positions. (mpg.de)
  • The majority of RNA modifications studies focus on the eukaryotic epitranscriptome. (mpg.de)
  • Bacterial genetics and evolution are discussed in relation to infection and interaction with the host. (lu.se)
  • The deregulation of noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs is involved in developing blood, neurodegenerative diseases, and atherosclerosis. (bvsalud.org)