• Activator proteins consist of two main domains: a DNA-binding domain that binds to a DNA sequence specific to the activator, and an activation domain that functions to increase gene transcription by interacting with other molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • understand the theoretical basis for laboratory work (cloning, recombinant expression of proteins, protein purification, etc. (tum.de)
  • Previous studies have shown that ClpB-cyt/HSP100 gene belongs to the group class I Clp ATPase proteins and ClpB-cyt/HSP100 transcript is regulated by heat stress and developmental cues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using the respective signal sequences cloned upstream to GFP/CFP reporter proteins and transient expression studies with onion epidermal cells, evidence is provided that rice ClpB-m and Clp-c proteins are indeed localized to their respective cell locations mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While expression of OsClpB-m was significantly less as compared to its cytoplasmic and chloroplastic counterparts in different tissues, this transcript showed highest heat-induced expression amongst the 3 ClpB proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Degradations of proteins to amino acids and regulation. (unizg.hr)
  • In eukaryotic cells, chromatin comprises a complex consisting of DNA, RNA, and proteins where covalent modifications correlate with regulation of gene expression [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our project offers a unique opportunity for Master's student to gain hands-on experience focused on transcriptional regulators with importance in expression of genes of outer membrane proteins that are essential in host-pathogen interaction. (lu.se)
  • Specific functional analogies are drawn between several components of CASS and proteins involved in eukaryotic RNAi, including the double-stranded RNA-specific helicase-nuclease (dicer), the endonuclease cleaving target mRNAs (slicer), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I enjoyed working with yeast RNA mechanisms and the involved proteins, but I was also very happy to collaborate with groups working on other organisms and mechanisms, such as bacterial mechanisms of virulence. (cosminribo.eu)
  • Whereas regulating gene expression in multicellular organisms allows for cellular differentiation, in single-celled organisms like prokaryotes, it primarily ensures that a cell's resources are not wasted making proteins that the cell does not need at that time. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
  • The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
  • Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
  • Recent advances in genetic engineering have made it possible for microorganisms to be used for expression of heterologous proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used to assess the effects of miRNA mimics or inhibitors on regulation of candidate proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, expression levels of genes encoding these proteins had no apparent effects on the lesions. (cdc.gov)
  • The completed rice genome sequence has been used for the characterization of a large number of gene families involved in diverse processes and pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 23.Organization of eukaryotic genome. (unizg.hr)
  • Genome size and gene content. (unizg.hr)
  • Key aspects include the organization of the bacterial genome, the transcription and translation machinery, mechanisms of regulation of gene expression, transport of small molecules and macromolecules, cell division and differentiation, bacterial motility and chemotaxis, signal transduction and bacterial communication mechanisms. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution has clearly been accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size as the chloroplasts lost most of their genes to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. (nature.com)
  • She has a strong background in evolutionary bioinformatics and examined problems related to the origin and genome evolution of eukaryotic microbes and archaea. (unibas.ch)
  • Dirk Schübeler has done important work in epigenomics and regulatory genomics, in particular with the dynamics of genome-wide methylation patterns, their role in gene regulation, and the interplay between chromatin state and the actions of transcription factors. (unibas.ch)
  • R-M systems are widely spread among prokaryotes: they have been found or predicted with computational methods in the vast majority of bacterial and archaeal genomes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent years, research on microbial transcription has expanded rapidly due to new atomic-level structures of prokaryotic, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNA polymerases and their respective transcription factors in combination with systems-wide profiling of gene regulatory events. (plos.org)
  • All archaeal and many bacterial genomes contain Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats (CRISPR) and variable arrays of the CRISPR-associated ( cas ) genes that have been previously implicated in a novel form of DNA repair on the basis of comparative analysis of their protein product sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The functioning of this system seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Biochemical and structural studies reveal significant functional similarities among bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNA polymerases. (nih.gov)
  • Here we report the temporal measurements of absolute RNA and protein levels per gene within a mixed bacterial-archaeal consortium. (nature.com)
  • Eukaryotic transcription three types of RNA polymerases. (unizg.hr)
  • The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • I am a scientist working at the Pasteur Institute and interested in the molecular mechanisms that shape gene expression. (cosminribo.eu)
  • My lab focuses on elucidating these mechanisms of transcription initiation and regulation. (nih.gov)
  • Elucidating the mechanisms controlling gene expression is important to the understanding of human health. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Therefore, the identification of mechanisms underlying the regulation of the malignant behavior of MM and key genes in disease progression has the greatest significance for the establishment of novel therapeutic strategies and improvement of the prognosis in patients. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Blencowe's research team studies the mechanisms by which genes are regulated and coordinated to provide critical functions in mammalian cells. (unibas.ch)
  • Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, as well as to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in its recognition by the immune system and in cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • In eukaryotes, genes tend to be transcribed individually, and each gene is controlled by its own regulatory sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • Together these studies have revealed the fundamental principles that underlie transcription and its regulation among bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. (plos.org)
  • however, gene expression in eukaryotes is more complicated because of the temporal and spatial separation between the processes of transcription and translation. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Thus, although most regulation of gene expression occurs through transcriptional control in prokaryotes, regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes occurs at the transcriptional level and post-transcriptionally (after the primary transcript has been made). (pressbooks.pub)
  • Other activators help promote gene transcription by triggering RNA polymerase to release from the promoter and proceed along the DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Binding of the activator to its regulatory sequence promotes gene transcription by enabling RNA polymerase activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Early work suggested that the process and regulation of transcription initiation fundamentally differed between bacterial polymerase and higher organisms. (nih.gov)
  • a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
  • Real‑time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analyses were used to detect SPRY2 expression and miR‑21 protein expression levels. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In prokaryotes, multiple genes can be transcribed together (operon), and are thus controlled under the same regulatory sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, in E. coli , all of the structural genes that encode enzymes needed to use lactose as an energy source lie next to each other in the lactose (or lac ) operon under the control of a single promoter, the lac promoter. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Expression of the Escherichia coli tryptophanase operon depends on ribosome stalling during translation of the upstream TnaC leader peptide, a process for which interactions between the TnaC nascent chain and the ribosomal exit tunnel are critical. (cipsm.de)
  • Here, we characterize the role of this alarmone in the regulation of the hlyCABD(II) operon of the UPEC isolate J96, encoding the toxin alpha-hemolysin that induces cytotoxicity during infection of bladder epithelial cells. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Prototrophy suppressor mutations in a ppGpp-deficient strain restore the alpha-hemolysin expression from this operon to wild-type levels, confirming the requirement of ppGpp for its expression. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Biomolecular analyses have revealed that a few SNPs in the promoter sequences and only one SNP in the 5' UTR of mRNA induce the differential expression of , drastically impacting mRNA translation. (cnrs.fr)
  • You will also employ functional assays investigating host-pathogen interactions in vitro, such as serum bactericidal assay or adherence to eukaryotic cells. (lu.se)
  • However, none of the CASS components is orthologous to its apparent eukaryotic functional counterpart. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversely, KDM1A+2a(-/-) hESCs give rise to functional cardiac cells, displaying increased beating amplitude and frequency and enhanced expression of critical cardiogenic markers. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • First described to modulate metabolic adaptive responses, ppGpp modulates the expression of genes belonging to very diverse functional categories. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • In this study, a metatranscriptomic approach was used to investigate the functional diversity of the eukaryotic microorganisms within the rumen of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), with a focus on plant cell wall degrading enzymes. (concordia.ca)
  • Within the research in Molecular Biology, one important field along the years has been the analyses on how prokaryotes regulate the expression of their genes and what the consequences of these activities are. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Therefore, bacterial RNAP is the model system of choice for detailed structural and mechanistic studies of transcription. (plos.org)
  • The meeting will cover a broad range of topics related to the mechanism and regulation of transcription in bacteria. (plos.org)
  • It induces both local effects in the gut, as well as alterations in distant organs through stimuli generated by bacteria, structural bacterial components, and microbial metabolites [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathways control the ability of bacteria to interact with abiotic surfaces or with other bacterial and eukaryotic cells (Romling et al, 2013). (learnlifescience.com)
  • ppGpp is an intracellular sensor that, in response to different types of stress, coordinates the rearrangement of the gene expression pattern of bacteria to promote adaptation and survival to new environmental conditions. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Delaying expression of by as little as 3?h enhanced clearance of bacteria and survival of infected. (phytid.org)
  • Restriction-modification (R-M) systems were discovered and characterized as bacterial systems defending cells from an invasion of foreign DNA, e.g. , phage DNA [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Remarkably, OsClpD1 gene imparted appreciably high level tolerance to the mutant yeast cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In all cells the control of RNAP activity is a central node in the regulation of gene expression. (plos.org)
  • The section Cell Biology mainly regards the eukaryotic cell and intends to elucidate the vast diversity in structure and function of molecules, organelles and cells in addition to basic principles of modern molecular cell biology. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Similarly, all cells in two pure bacterial cultures inoculated from the same starting colony contain the same DNA, with the exception of changes that arise from spontaneous mutations. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Similarly, how is it that the same bacterial cells within two pure cultures exposed to different environmental conditions can exhibit different phenotypes? (pressbooks.pub)
  • Its synthesis and activity are influenced by a variety of physico-chemical signals outside and inside of eukaryotic host cells. (ed.ac.uk)
  • The analysis of virulence gene expression in vivo, i.e. in infected host cells, indicates that yet uncharacterized bacterial factors other than PrfA, and possibly also host factors, modulate the expression of the PrfA regulon. (ed.ac.uk)
  • This system forms a needle-like apparatus that injects toxins directly into eukaryotic cells. (phytid.org)
  • Lecture: developing chemical fundaments of genetics (DNA, RNA), bacterial genetics, gene expression and regulation, pecularities of eukaryotic organisms. (tum.de)
  • So, if you are a Master's student looking for a challenging but also rewarding research project, who is interested in bacterial genetics, we encourage you to apply to our project. (lu.se)
  • a cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter. (insdc.org)
  • In particular, we have investigated the activation of phage T4 promoters during T4 infection and the regulation of promoters that express virulence gene products in the pathogens Bordetella pertussis and Vibrio cholerae . (nih.gov)
  • It is proposed that unique inserts of CRISPR, some of which are homologous to fragments of bacteriophage and plasmid genes, function as prokaryotic siRNAs (psiRNA), by base-pairing with the target mRNAs and promoting their degradation or translation shutdown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA. (nature.com)
  • Operons regulation by repressor. (unizg.hr)
  • Type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread genetic modules in bacterial genomes. (mdpi.com)
  • A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • There will be involved gene engineering and molecular biology methods such as PCR, SDS-PAGE, qPCR, western blot, DNA-protein interaction assays, flow cytometry etc. (lu.se)
  • In all of our systems, we combine classic protein and nucleic acids biochemistry with state-of-the-art structural and molecular modeling techniques to understand the protein-protein and protein-DNA contacts that are needed for regulation. (nih.gov)
  • and, regulation of biological processes such as chromosomal folding, protein secretion and intracellular signaling. (berkeley.edu)
  • To decipher the molecular basis for the variation in expression and protein production among strains, different regulation levels were analyzed in representative clinical isolates and reference strains. (cnrs.fr)
  • Hasnain, Sumaira Z title: Immune regulation of the unfolded protein response at the mucosal barrier in viral infection date: 2018-04-03 journal: Clin Transl Immunology DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1014 sha: 6a80b22e84d2692545c6f11d7cb4c96602a25c39 doc_id: 3122 cord_uid: 07dlf3zw Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is subject to stringent quality control. (distantreader.org)
  • Despite the stringent regulation around protein folding and redundancy within the chaperone-assisted folding process, both endogenous and exogenous triggers can disrupt the ER homeostasis and increase protein misfolding. (distantreader.org)
  • This spliced form of XBP1 then translates into a transcription factor, which further translocates into the nucleus where it induces expression of a wide variety of genes including ER-associated chaperones and protein folding enzymes to increase ER size and folding capacity. (distantreader.org)
  • 2010) Cellulosilyticum ruminicola, a newly described rumen bacterium that possesses redundant fibrolytic-protein-encoding genes and degrades lignocellulose with multiple carbohydrate- borne fibrolytic enzymes. (concordia.ca)
  • Our analysis of this data reveals an absolute protein-to-RNA ratio of 10 2 -10 4 for bacterial populations and 10 3 -10 5 for an archaeon, which is more comparable to Eukaryotic representatives' humans and yeast. (nature.com)
  • Indeed, the protein-to-RNA ratio per sample of the bacterial populations matched previous calculations for the existing example from axenically cultured E. coli 2 . (nature.com)
  • Download Figure?S1, TIF file, 0.1 MB mbo001131461sf01.tif (122K) GUID:?19339782-EB36-4CB4-92F6-9CB926BBA044 Figure?S2: ExoU protein in supernatants of ATC-induced cultures is secreted and not due to bacterial lysis. (phytid.org)
  • Furthermore, the study of bacterial RNAP continues to illuminate key paradigms relevant to transcriptional control in all organisms. (plos.org)
  • Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, evolved from free-living prokaryotic organisms that entered the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • To conduct our work on virulence gene regulation, we collaborate with the laboratory of Dr. Scott Stibitz at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (nih.gov)
  • Fermentable carbon sources seem to have a particular role in virulence gene regulation. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Activator-controlled genes require the binding of activators to regulatory sites in order to recruit the necessary transcription machinery to the promoter region. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two major, distinct forms of regulatory small RNAs involved in eukaryotic gene silencing: small interfering (si) RNAs and micro (mi) RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • a transcriptional cis regulatory region that when located between an enhancer and a gene's promoter prevents the enhancer from modulating the expression of the gene. (insdc.org)
  • a regulatory region that controls epigenetic imprinting and affects the expression of target genes in an allele- or parent-of-origin-specific manner. (insdc.org)
  • Genomic DNA contains both structural gene s, which encode products that serve as cellular structures or enzymes, and regulatory gene s, which encode products that regulate gene expression. (pressbooks.pub)
  • We explore an alternative approach to defining gene sets, based on regulatory interactions, which we expect to collect genes with more correlated expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We define two families of gene sets using information on regulatory interactions, and evaluate them on phenotype-classification tasks using public prokaryotic gene expression data sets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novel gene sets defined on the basis of regulatory interactions improve set-level classification of gene expression data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subramani (2019) said that Quorum sensing (QS) is a process of intercellular signaling or cell-cell communication and a vital regulatory mechanism for coordinating biofilm formation including common activities and physiological processes such as symbiosis, formation of spores or fruiting bodies, antibiotics synthesis, genetic competence, apoptosis, and virulence in many bacterial species using extracellular QS signaling molecules, which is often referred to as autoinducers. (learnlifescience.com)
  • the cell may regulate the transcription of individual genes through regulatory molecules (ex. (powershow.com)
  • The bacterial RNAP is the smallest and best characterized member of the multi-subunit RNAP family. (plos.org)
  • Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) are known regulators in many physiological processes. (learnlifescience.com)
  • The unique inserts in CRISPR show virtually no similarity even between closely related bacterial strains which suggests their rapid turnover, on evolutionary scale. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taken together, this work illustrates the complexity of virulence factor expression in clinical strains and demonstrates a butterfly effect where subtle genomic variations have a major impact on phenotype and virulence. (cnrs.fr)
  • Download Figure?S3, TIF file, 0.1 MB mbo001131461sf03.tif (151K) GUID:?AEC0786A-9B1D-4C73-B74D-4379D40E074F Table?S1: Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study. (phytid.org)
  • The association of the cas genes with CRISPR and, especially, the presence, in CRISPR units, of unique inserts homologous to phage and plasmid genes make us abandon this hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is a second messenger that modulates a variety of bacterial growth phenotypes including biofilm formation. (learnlifescience.com)
  • Comparative-genomic analysis of CRISPR and cas genes leads to the hypothesis that the CRISPR-Cas system (CASS) is a mechanism of defense against invading phages and plasmids that functions analogously to the eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi) systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These DNA-binding domains are specific to a certain DNA sequence, allowing activators to turn on only certain genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this way, regulation of the transcription of all of the structural genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze the many steps in a single biochemical pathway can be controlled simultaneously, because they will either all be needed at the same time, or none will be needed. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Contributing to the interest of the present topic is the fact that modulation of gene activity involves the sensing of intra- and inter-cellular conditions, DNA binding and DNA dynamics, and interaction with the replication/transcription machinery of the cell. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Bacterial transcription, postranscriptional modifications. (unizg.hr)
  • He also mentions that microorganisms produce a wide variety of QS signaling molecules that can be self-recognized in a concentration-dependent manner and subsequently induce or suppress the expression of QS-controlled genes. (learnlifescience.com)
  • Our group is interested in the research of clinically relevant bacterial species that mainly cause upper and lower airway infections and their interactions with the host. (lu.se)
  • Culture independent metagenomic studies have been used to reveal the genetic content of the bacterial species within gut microbiomes. (concordia.ca)
  • Thus, principles that emerge from studies of RNAP and its regulation in microbial systems permit development of strategies to control microbial pathogens. (plos.org)
  • 2022 ) Gene Expression Regulation in Airway Pathogens: Importance for Otitis Media. (lu.se)
  • Understanding this process is fundamental to the development of anti-bacterial strategies because biofilms shield pathogens from environmental stresses, nutrient loss, and most, importantly antibiotics. (nih.gov)
  • This study provides a snapshot of eukaryotic gene expression in the muskoxen rumen, and identifies a number of candidate genes coding for potentially valuable lignocellulolytic enzymes. (concordia.ca)
  • A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. (nature.com)
  • Our work has revealed a unique architecture for the interaction of the Bordetella pertussis response regulator (BvgA) with a particular virulence gene promoter. (nih.gov)
  • Understanding the interaction between the gene expression of a pathogen and that of its human host is important for the understanding of a particular infectious disease. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Liberali studies the dynamics of self-organization, and how cellular signaling dictates its spatial-temporal regulation. (unibas.ch)
  • Breakdown and synthesis, regulation. (unizg.hr)
  • a DNA region that includes DNase hypersensitive sites located 5′ to a gene or gene cluster, and which confers high-level, position-independent, and copy number-dependent expression on that gene or gene cluster. (insdc.org)
  • Here, we discovered a temporal modulation of ubKDM1A and KDM1A+2a during human and mice fetal cardiac development and evaluated their impact on the regulation of cardiac differentiation. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • 2) sequence segment located between the promoter and the first structural gene that causes partial termination of transcription. (insdc.org)
  • In both cases, each genetically identical cell does not turn on, or express, the same set of genes. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Gene regulation involves a complex web of interactions within a given cell among signals from the cell's environment, signalling molecules within the cell, and the cell's DNA. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of sprouty homolog 2 (SPRY2) gene regulation by miR-21 on the occurrence, development and tumor metastasis in multiple myeloma (MM). The miR‑21 expression lentiviral vector (LV)‑anti‑miR‑21 and a liposome transfection method were used to screen MM cell lines with stable silent SPRY2. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Real‑time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis showed that in the MM cell lines with high endogenous miR‑21 expression (RPMI8226 and KM3), SPRY2 expression was significantly lower. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In the former case, a gene set corresponds to an ontology term (representing a function, process, or a cellular component) and collects all genes annotated by that term. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the latter, a gene set contains genes whose product acts in a specific cellular pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Escherichia coli, ppGpp regulates the expression of cellular factors that are important during urinary tract infections. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • We determined subnanometer-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of eukaryotic ribosome-Sec61 complexes. (cipsm.de)
  • This information is important because endotoxin is released during multiplication or bacterial death, causing a series of biological effects that lead to an inflammatory reaction and resorption of mineralized tissues. (bvsalud.org)