AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth Care
Physical Chromosome MappingChromosome MappingChromosomesChromosomes, BacterialHybrid CellsMolecular Sequence DataBase SequenceGenetic LinkageAmino Acid SequenceCloning, MolecularChromosome BandingX ChromosomeChromosome AberrationsSex ChromosomesDNA, ComplementaryChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosomes, HumanChromosome SegregationChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, PlantChromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosome DeletionChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosomes, FungalChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, MammalianChromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosome PairingChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10Chromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, YChromosome DisordersChromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12Genetic MarkersChromosomes, Human, XChromosome PaintingChromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Artificial, YeastChromosomes, Human, Pair 15KaryotypingIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20Chromosomes, Human, 16-18Chromosomes, Human, 13-15Chromosome BreakageChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YPhysical FitnessRing ChromosomesChromosome InversionChromosome PositioningChromosomes, Human, 4-5Crosses, GeneticCentromereX Chromosome InactivationRecombination, GeneticTranslocation, GeneticMutationChromosomes, InsectMeiosisMicrosatellite RepeatsPhenotypeLod ScoreChromosome StructuresPedigreeMotor ActivityChromosomes, Human, 19-20MetaphaseAneuploidyMitosisAllelesPhysical Therapy ModalitiesExerciseContig MappingModels, GeneticNucleic Acid HybridizationSequence Analysis, DNAGenotypeDNAPeptide MappingHaplotypesGenesEpitope MappingBlotting, SouthernChromosome WalkingTrisomySequence Tagged SitesNondisjunction, GeneticBrain Mapping
Bacterial ArtificialSequencesGenomeAbnormalitiesRegions of the chromosomeGenesLocusKaryotype analysisCytogeneticCytogeneticsChromosomalAutosomesPseudoautosomal regionsHeterochromatinLociProbesVariantsAncestralOrganismStructuralGeneticsMolecularHumansComparativeProteinsRegionCharacteristicsComputationalInheritanceLibrariesResearchersHumanSegmentsPrimarilyMarkersBase pairsPossibilityApproachesStudiesExamination
Bacterial Artificial4
  • Abstract: '[Researchers] have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. (harvard.edu)
  • P. 2194 middle column 2nd paragraph: 'Genome assembly relied on the use of several types of data, including clone-based sequence, whole-genome sequence from libraries with three insert sizes [2 kb, 10 kb, and 130 kb], and a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)-based sequence-tagged site (STS) content map. (harvard.edu)
  • An important breakthrough in horse Y chromosome research came with the availability of new genomics tools and resources, such as large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries (for review, see Rubes et al. (veteriankey.com)
  • As of late 2000, the public human sequence was primarily based on approximately 24,000 accessioned bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones covering 97% of the euchromatic portion of the genome [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequences9
  • These technique allow for maps to be constructed so that relative positions of genes and other important sequences can be analyzed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The above-mentioned ab, of repetitive sequences in plant genomes (up to 99%), makes difficult the application of this technique for, mapping individual plant genes [40]. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. (embl.de)
  • 1992). Due to the largely heterochromatic nature of ECAY and repeat-biased amplification of DOP-PCR, microdissected probes tend to be enriched with repetitive sequences, while euchromatic sequences remain underrepresented. (veteriankey.com)
  • To better understand the karyotype organization in Melipona and the relationship among the subgenera, we mapped repetitive sequences and analyzed previously reported cytogenetic data with the aim to identify cytogenetic markers to be used for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and chromosome evolution in the genus. (karger.com)
  • In order to gain insight into the chromosomal distribution of LTR-retrotransposons in the rice genome, a detailed examination of LTR-retrotransposon sequences on Chromosome 10 was carried out. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on evolutionary origin, euchromatic sequences of MSY are divided into three different classes: X-degenerate, X-transposed, and ampliconic sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • X-degenerate sequences are single copy and broadly expressed genes which were evolved from ancestral autosomes to generate sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The X-transposed region is a result of a recent X-to-Y transposition that has preserved 99% similarity to their X chromosome sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome12
  • Gene mapping or genome mapping describes the methods used to identify the location of a gene on a chromosome and the distances between genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto their respective positions on the genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genes can be viewed as one special type of genetic markers in the construction of genome maps, and mapped the same way as any other markers. (wikipedia.org)
  • A gene map helps point out the relative positions of genes and allows researchers to locate regions of interest in the genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two distinctive mapping approaches used in the field of genome mapping: genetic maps (also known as linkage maps) and physical maps. (wikipedia.org)
  • While the physical map could be a more accurate representation of the genome, genetic maps often offer insights into the nature of different regions of the chromosome, for example the genetic distance to physical distance ratio varies greatly at different genomic regions which reflects different recombination rates, and such rate is often indicative of euchromatic (usually gene-rich) vs heterochromatic (usually gene-poor) regions of the genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • results can serve as an important argument in favour of the proposal to develop a special program for sequencing the genome chromosomes and for, To estimate the possibility of plant genome mapping using human genome probes, the probes fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of human 18S-28S rDNA (clon 22F9 from the LA-13NCO1 library) was carried out on chromosomes of the spring barleyHordeum vulgareL. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • However, a comprehensive genome-wide map of human S/MARs is yet not available. (researchgate.net)
  • We describe numerous global features of the genome and examine the relationship of various genetic maps with the assembly. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Such a global approach had previously been described only for chromosomes 21 and 22, which together account for 2.2% of the genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thirty percent of the genome is in finished form, including the entire sequence of chromosomes 21 and 22 [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the challenges in genome annotation remain daunting [ 10 ], and the research community can anticipate years of additional work and manual curation to produce a true gene map of high quality. (biomedcentral.com)
Abnormalities6
  • Compared to autosomes and the X chromosome, relatively few numerical or structural cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for ECAY. (veteriankey.com)
  • These signs and symptoms include delayed development, intellectual disability, certain physical abnormalities, and the characteristic features of a genetic condition called Gorlin syndrome (also known as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Still, rarely reported are so-called "unbalanced chromosome abnormalities" (UBCAs), which are either losses or gains or equally large genomic regions, but the carrier is only minimally clinically affected even no clinically affected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chromosome karyotype analysis provides an overview of all chromosomes and can identify numerical or/and structural chromosome abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Besides clearly disease causing chromosomal imbalances there are also rare cases of the unbalanced chromosome abnormalities (UBCAs) [ 4 ] and euchromatic variants [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A comprehensive physical examination of the parents, especially the father showed no abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
Regions of the chromosome1
  • Therefore, microdissected Y-chromosome probes are good for FISH but not suitable for cloning and sequencing of the male-specific or pseudoautosomal regions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)
Genes15
  • Gene maps help describe the spatial arrangement of genes on a chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genes are designated to a specific location on a chromosome known as the locus and can be used as molecular markers to find the distance between other genes on a chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic mapping on the other hand uses genetic techniques to indirectly find association between genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the human DNA probe, signals were detected in the major sites of the ribosomal genes on chromosomes 5I (7H) and 6I (6H) only when the chromosome preparations were obtained using an optimized technique with obligatory pepsin treatment followed by hybridization. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • Chromosome 4 has received attention primarily related to the search for the Huntington's disease gene, but also for genes associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, polycystic kidney disease and a form of muscular dystrophy. (embl.de)
  • Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chromosome 9 likely contains 800 to 900 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with a 9q22.3 microdeletion are missing two to more than 270 genes on chromosome 9. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Research shows that several genes that control cell growth and division are located on chromosome 9. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Either buy pray for silence a thriller kate burkholder 2010 genes can improve with the stochastic mRNA transferase to activate the cartilage at the method SE and perform a additional chromosome known by package. (naturheilpraxis-gisbert-fussek.de)
  • Y chromosome harbors male‑specific genes, which either solely or in cooperation with their X-counterpart, and independent or in conjunction with sex hormones have a considerable impact on basic physiology and disease mechanisms in most or all tissues development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, loss of Y chromosome and/or aberrant expression of Y chromosome genes cause sex differences in disease mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, the involvement of Y chromosome genes in male-specific diseases such as prostate cancer and the cases that are more prevalent in men, such as cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, and cancers, has been highlighted. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Their X homologs excessively escape X chromosome inactivation, thus researchers classified them as dose-sensitive and haplolethal genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Locus1
  • The authors recently mapped a susceptibility locus for autism to chromosome region 2q24-q33 (MIM number 606053). (neurotransmitter.net)
Karyotype analysis1
  • Routine karyotype analysis is not sensitive enough to detect subtle chromosome rearrangements (less than 5 Mb). (bmj.com)
Cytogenetic2
  • This might be because rearrangements in the gene-poor Y chromosome have milder effect on the phenotype, as a result of which the affected individuals escape attention and are not subjected to cytogenetic analysis. (veteriankey.com)
  • Similarly, formerly independent maps, based on cytogenetic banding patterns, meiotic crossovers and radiation hybrids, may be placed within the single consensus sequence. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytogenetics1
  • The probes have been used for molecular hybridizations (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH) in clinical cytogenetics, Y chromosome mapping, sequencing, gene discovery, and comparative Y chromosome studies between the horse and other equids/ Perssodactyls. (veteriankey.com)
Chromosomal4
  • gene is mapped on the wheat chromosome 5B, but, neither obtaining a physical marker nor microdissec-, tion of this chromosomal region gave practical results, [56]. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 9. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 9q22.3 microdeletion is a chromosomal change in which a small piece of the long (q) arm of chromosome 9 is deleted in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The double-membrane nuclear envelope provides a physical interface that contributes to the compartmentalization of chromosomal domains that have distinct chromatin states and activities within the nuclear space. (biomedcentral.com)
Autosomes1
Pseudoautosomal regions1
  • About 95% of the Y chromosome is composed of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY), and the other 5% is two pseudoautosomal regions (PAR1 and PAR2) in two ends of this chromosome (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Heterochromatin5
  • This polymorphism is primarily attributed to the various amount of Y heterochromatin, though earlier studies also suggest variation in the euchromatic portion of the chromosome (Power, 1988). (veteriankey.com)
  • Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
  • These heterochromatin patterns and the number of chromosomes are characteristics exclusive to Melipona karyotypes that distinguish them from the other genera of the Meliponini. (karger.com)
  • In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
  • Yeast heterochromatin regulators Sir2 and Sir3 act directly at euchromatic DNA replication origins. (yeastgenome.org)
Loci2
  • While both maps are a collection of genetic markers and gene loci, genetic maps' distances are based on the genetic linkage information, while physical maps use actual physical distances usually measured in number of base pairs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thirteen type I loci from HSA4q, HSA6p, HSA7q and HSA12q were comparatively FISH-mapped in four river buffalo and sheep chromosomes. (cnr.it)
Probes1
  • Comparison of the human with the sheep genomes by use of human chromosome-specific painting probes. (cnr.it)
Variants1
  • Euchromatic variants do not cause clinical symptoms and are often nothing else than cytogenetically visible copy number variants (CNVs), while UBCAs are gains or losses of euchromatic material in the size of megabasepairs, where according to sheer size of the imbalance a severe phenotype would have to be expected. (biomedcentral.com)
Ancestral1
  • Human chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage in being the product of a head-to-head fusion of two intermediate-sized ancestral chromosomes. (embl.de)
Organism1
  • In some areas of study, gene mapping contributes to the creation of new recombinants within an organism. (wikipedia.org)
Structural2
  • The only true Y chromosome structural rearrangements, reported so far, are large-scale ECAY deletions in 64,XY sex reversal mares (Raudsepp et al. (veteriankey.com)
  • Almost every chromosome is affected by numeric or structural aberrations. (neurotransmitter.net)
Genetics1
Molecular3
  • Physical mapping utilizes molecular biology techniques to inspect chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying Y chromosome-related diseases can have a significant impact on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Humans1
Comparative3
  • More recently, the technique of comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) using metaphase chromosomes has been applied to this clinical problem. (bmj.com)
  • Comparative FISH mapping of bovid X chromosomes reveals homologies and divergences between the subfamilies bovinae and caprinae. (cnr.it)
  • Comparative genetic maps within the grass family indicate extensive regions of conserved gene content and orders [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins1
  • With the launch of the human proteome project (HPP), the association of Y chromosome proteins with pathological conditions has been increasingly explored. (biomedcentral.com)
Region4
  • The combination of these resources resulted in a set of ordered contigs spanning nearly all of the euchromatic region on each chromosome arm. (harvard.edu)
  • Affected individuals are missing at least 352,000 base pairs, also written as 352 kilobases (kb), in the q22.3 region of chromosome 9. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Duplications in the region of chromosome 18q11 have been rare reported previously in clinically healthy persons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The distribution of elements across chromosome 10 is non-random with the highest density (48 elements per Mb) being present in the pericentric region. (biomedcentral.com)
Characteristics1
  • Studies demonstrated that the Y chromosome is not a 'genetic wasteland' and can be a useful genetic marker for interpreting various male-specific physiological and pathophysiological characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
Computational1
  • The index is based on the integration of public transcript, protein, and mapping information, supplemented with computational prediction. (biomedcentral.com)
Inheritance1
  • Maps provide researchers with the opportunity to predict the inheritance patterns of specific traits, which can eventually lead to a better understanding of disease-linked traits. (wikipedia.org)
Libraries2
Researchers3
  • The genetic basis to gene maps is to provide an outline that can potentially help researchers carry out DNA sequencing. (wikipedia.org)
  • These techniques consequently allow researchers to observe chromosomes directly so that a map may be constructed with relative gene positions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers begin a genetic map by collecting samples of blood, saliva, or tissue from family members that carry a prominent disease or trait and family members that do not. (wikipedia.org)
Human3
  • Additionally, there are two reports about infertile stallions having XXY sex chromosomes - an equine counterpart to human Kleinfelter syndrome (Kubien et al. (veteriankey.com)
  • ZOO-FISH and R-banding reveal extensive conservation of human chromosome regions in euchromatic regions of river buffalo chromosomes. (cnr.it)
  • The human Y chromosome is a haploid male-specific chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)
Segments1
  • However, these methods have limited resolution and are unreliable for subtle copy number changes involving chromosome segments of 5 Mb in length or less. (bmj.com)
Primarily1
  • In this article, the role of Y chromosome in male-specific diseases (male infertility and prostate cancer (PC), and the ones which primarily affect men such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, and various types of cancers has been reviewed (Fig. 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Markers3
  • The first steps of building a genetic map are the development of genetic markers and a mapping population. (wikipedia.org)
  • The closer two markers are on the chromosome, the more likely they are to be passed on to the next generation together. (wikipedia.org)
  • Physical markers are, in particular. (centrocardiobogota.com)
Base pairs1
  • Chromosome 9 is made up of about 141 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents approximately 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Possibility1
  • The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
Approaches1
  • Two approaches to generating gene maps (gene mapping) include physical mapping and genetic mapping. (wikipedia.org)
Studies1
  • Under this generic term, all chromosome-related studies should be summarized to introduce novel ideas and concepts in biology and medicine, thus having an integrative effect on the field. (frontiersin.org)
Examination1