The Mexican epizootics may have resulted from the circulation of a more equine-neurotropic, subtype IE virus strain or from increased transmission to horses due to amplification by other vertebrate hosts or transmission by more competent mosquito vectors. (nih.gov)
The speed with which the disease spreads depends on the subtype of the VEE virus and the density of mosquito populations. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] The Mucambo virus (subtype III) appears to have evolved ~1807 AD (95% credible interval: 1559-1944). (wikipedia.org)
Outbreaks4
These data suggest that the duration and scope of the recent Mexican epizootics were limited by lack of equine amplification characteristic of previous, more extensive VEE outbreaks. (nih.gov)
In the Americas, there have been 21 reported outbreaks of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. (wikipedia.org)
This virus was isolated in 1938, and outbreaks have been reported in many different countries since then. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Though the majority of VEE outbreaks occur in Central and South America, the virus has potential to outbreak again in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
Mosquito1
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (VEE). (wikipedia.org)
Horses1
To assess the role of horses as amplification hosts during the 1993 and 1996 Mexican Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) epizootics, we subcutaneously infected 10 horses by using four different equine isolates. (nih.gov)
Vaccine3
Another vaccine, containing the TC-83 strain, is only used on humans in military and laboratory positions that risk contracting the virus. (wikipedia.org)
Because of uncertainties as to the safety of live virus vaccines in non-domestic canines, many zoos relied on Merial/ Boehringer Ingelheim 's PUREVAX® ferret canine distemper vaccine (a " subunit " vaccine) given subcutaneously at ~ 12 weeks of age and repeated three and six weeks later. (2ndchance.info)
If not, the safest procedure for a valuable wild canid whose ability to tolerate a modified live virus canine parvovirus vaccine is unknown is to use a killed feline parvovirus ( panleukopenia ) vaccine (such as Merck's Panagen) for the initial vaccination. (2ndchance.info)
Animals1
When a blood-feeding insect feeds on such animals, it picks up this virus and transmits it to other animals or humans. (wikipedia.org)
Disease2
Neurologic disease developed in only 1 horse, and brain histopathologic examination showed meningeal lymphocytic infiltration, perivascular cuffing, and focal encephalitis. (nih.gov)
Equines, rather than rodents, are the primary animal species that carry and spread the disease. (wikipedia.org)