• derivation of thermodynamic equilibrium constant (Kp, Kc, Kx), the relationship between the equilibrium constants, homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria, influence of pressure, temperature and concentration on the conditions of equilibrium, free energy and equilibrium constant. (unict.it)
  • We base our analysis on the equations of thermodynamic equilibrium in terms of osmotic pressure. (epj.org)
  • Chemical equilibrium, acid and base equilibrium, and solubiity equilibrium are introduced. (lasell.edu)
  • The proportionality to concentration means that osmotic pressure is a colligative property. (wikipedia.org)
  • Osmotic pressure is a colligative property , meaning that the property depends on the molar concentration of the solute but not on its identity. (wikidoc.org)
  • Jacobus van 't Hoff found a quantitative relationship between osmotic pressure and solute concentration, expressed in the following equation: Π = i c R T {\displaystyle \Pi =icRT} where Π {\displaystyle \Pi } is osmotic pressure, i is the dimensionless van 't Hoff index, c is the molar concentration of solute, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature (usually in kelvins). (wikipedia.org)
  • This means that the concentration dependence of the osmotic pressure can be obtained, either from an experimental determination or from a theoretical model of the bulk properties of the colloidal system. (lu.se)
  • To exemplify the usefulness of the model when establishing the influence of different operating parameters, such as the transmembrane pressure, the fluid shear, or different solution properties, such as concentration, particle size, pH, and ionic strength, a model system of charged spherical colloidal particles is used. (lu.se)
  • The direction of water flow is determined by its chemical potential, which is a function of pressure, temperature and concentration of dissolved solids. (worldpumps.com)
  • Diffusion occurs when molecules move from areas of ____ concentration to areas of ____ concentration until they reach equilibrium. (historyofprivacy.net)
  • 7] "These membrane proteins are involved in several physiological activities including transepithelial ion absorption and secretion, cell volume regulation, and setting intracellular Cl concentration below or above its electrochemical potential equilibrium. (medscape.com)
  • This response includes signaling from osmotic sensors to activate transcription factors, which in turn regulate the expression of osmocompensatory genes, all functioning to maintain CELL VOLUME and the water concentration inside the cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The movement of solvent molecules continues till equilibrium is reached. (myrank.co.in)
  • The excess pressure exerted on the solution side to stop the movement of solvent molecules into the solution. (myrank.co.in)
  • The osmotic pressure is defined to be the pressure required to maintain an equilibrium, with no net movement of solvent. (wikidoc.org)
  • This dilutes the more concentrated solution and results in equilibrium. (pureblueh2o.com)
  • Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Potential osmotic pressure is the maximum osmotic pressure that could develop in a solution if it were separated from its pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The condition for this is that the chemical potential of the solvent (since only it is free to flow toward equilibrium) on both sides of the membrane is equal. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the cell contains proteins, which cannot pass through the cell membrane and there is potassium chloride, which can pass through the cell membrane, the product of potassium and chloride concentrations in the cell will be equal to the product of potassium and chloride concentrations on the outside at equilibrium. (iupac.org)
  • As the cell membrane is permeable to water, the only way to establish the equilibrium is by adding some ions on the outside to compensate for the high osmotic pressure inside the cell, and that ion is sodium. (iupac.org)
  • But in l939, it was shown that the muscle membrane was permeable to sodium, and it was suggested that there are pumps in the membrane that pump sodium out (i.e., the distribution of sodium is not an equilibrium distribution but a steady state distribution that requires energy). (iupac.org)
  • Pure water in contact with both sides of an ideal semi-permeable membrane at equal pressure and temperature has no net flow across the membrane because the chemical potential is equal on both sides. (worldpumps.com)
  • Osmotic flow from the pure water side across the membrane to the salt solution side will occur until the equilibrium of chemical potential is restored. (worldpumps.com)
  • However, if the goal in our water purification system is to remove the salt from water, it is necessary to reverse the natural osmotic flow by forcing the salt water through the membrane in the reverse direction. (watermakers.com)
  • The fundamental principle of Nano-Filtration membrane's technology is the use of pressure to separate soluble ions from water through a semi permeable membrane. (osegroup.in)
  • The membrane is driven by osmotic pressure, which causes water to flow through it. (pureblueh2o.com)
  • Osmotic pressure can drive water through the membrane, which then dilutes the more concentrated of the solutions. (parkerandsons.com)
  • Assuming the membrane does not break, this net flow will slow and finally stop as the pressure on the solution side becomes such that the movement in each direction is equal: dynamic equilibrium. (wikidoc.org)
  • Our findings show that all-atom molecular dynamics can describe the equilibrium distributions of monovalent salt in the presence of small RNA oligomers at KCL concentrations where ion correlation effects become important. (aip.org)
  • Equilibrium thermodynamics of the colloidal system can be used in the cell calculations since local equilibrium is assumed in the neighborhood of each colloidal particle (i.e., in each cell). (lu.se)
  • More recently, the realization that macro- principal experimental challenge is to resolve and quantify molecules occupy 20-30% of the intracellular volume has populations of protein oligomers in dynamic equilibrium. (lu.se)
  • Assuming Aquaman is drawing seawater into his lungs, sinuses, and other air chambers, he must maintain internal equilibrium within his body for his cellular transmembrane proteins to function. (southernfriedscience.com)
  • This crucial function ensures the organism's survival and maintenance of internal equilibrium. (glb.org.il)
  • Though single particles are not observed with this technique, the osmotic suppression of ejection allows to effectively take a snapshot of a single moment in the ejection process. (harvard.edu)
  • Applying this RO principle to treating seawater is challenging as high pressures (60-70 bar) are required to overcome the osmotic pressure. (worldpumps.com)
  • Waste energy from RO systems can currently be recovered from the concentrate flow, and can account for 25-30% of the energy required to overcome the osmotic pressure of seawater (Figure 2). (worldpumps.com)
  • Within the framework of a cell model, the nonlinear PB equation is exactly solved and used to compute counterion distributions and osmotic pressures. (ndsu.edu)
  • In addition, results demonstrate that the microion distributions and osmotic pressure determine equilibrium swelling of microgels. (ndsu.edu)
  • Sodium is also associated with chloride and bicarbonate in the regulation of the acid-base equilibrium of body fluid. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • Addition of inert macromolecules to a protein solution quantitatively the self-association of bovine pancreatic shifts equilibria toward the more compact state because this trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) (Gottschalk et al. (lu.se)
  • However, the accepted view that proteins are in equilibrium between preexisting functional and non-functional conformers, and that binding of a ligand to the functional form shifts equilibrium towards the functional conformation, suggests that slow equilibrium between two conformational states of these enzymes may have a regulatory function in damping out the response to certain ligands and irreversible inhibitors. (msu.ru)
  • Serous choroidal effusions more commonly result from atraumatic conditions, and are primarily a result of an imbalance in the pressure gradient between the choroidal capillary plexus and interstitial suprachoroidal space. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, a reduction in IOP - a common occurrence in many intraocular surgeries - would increase the pressure gradient and provide a favorable environment for driving serum out of the choroidal vasculature and into the suprachoroidal space. (medscape.com)
  • The model is based on the balance between a thermodynamic force, due to the osmotic pressure gradient, and a frictional force, due to the fluid flow around each particle. (lu.se)
  • Equilibrium , hence maximum entropy, is achieved when the entropy gradient becomes zero. (wikidoc.org)
  • Kinetic theory of gases-postulates-pressure of a gas-specific heat capacity-relation between Cp and Cv first law of thermodynamics thermodynamical processes-isothermal and adiabatic-reversible and irreversible process-second law of thermodynamics-Carnot's engine heat transfer-conduction-convection radiation-thermal conductivity of solids-black body radiations-Kirchoff's law-Wien's displacement law- Stefan's law-Newton's law of cooling. (soaneemrana.org)
  • Pressure in a fluid and its variation with depth. (cbseguess.com)
  • This occurs because the protein content of the fluid accumulating in the normally virtual suprachoroidal space is similar to plasma, with nearly equal oncotic pressures. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms of hypernatremia in the presence of excess fluid loss may include dizziness or fainting, low blood pressure, and diminished urine production. (subcalc.com)
  • The Pfeffer cell was developed for the measurement of osmotic pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Villanueva Valencia J. R., Li D., Casjens S. R., Evilevitch A., "'SAXS-osmometer' method provides measurement of DNA pressure in viral capsids and delivers an empirical equation of state. (lu.se)
  • Application of an external pressure to the salt solution side equal to the osmotic pressure will also cause equilibrium. (worldpumps.com)
  • We investigate the osmotic equilibrium between a bulk polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution and DNA tightly packed in a spherical capsid. (epj.org)
  • Brain herniation occurs when increased intracranial pressure causes the abnormal protrusion of brain tissue through openings in rigid intracranial barriers (eg, tentorial notch). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Because the skull is rigid after infancy, intracranial masses or swelling may increase intracranial pressure, sometimes causing protrusion (herniation) of brain tissue through one of the rigid intracranial barriers (tentorial notch, falx cerebri, foramen magnum). (msdmanuals.com)
  • When intracranial pressure is increased sufficiently, regardless of the cause, Cushing reflex and other autonomic abnormalities can occur. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Increased intracranial pressure sometimes causes protrusion (herniation) of brain tissue through one of the rigid intracranial barriers (tentorial notch, falx cerebri, foramen magnum). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Regional anesthesia is contraindicated in the presence of actual or anticipated serious maternal hemorrhage , refractory maternal hypotension, coagulopathy, untreated bacteremia , raised intracranial pressure, skin or soft tissue infection at the site of the epidural or spinal placement, and anticoagulant therapy. (medscape.com)
  • In the second method, within a one-component model framework, based on a linear-response approximation for effective electro- static interactions, we develop Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to compute the equilibrium swelling ratio, bulk osmotic pressure, radial distribution function, and static structure factor. (ndsu.edu)
  • Cell model predictions for bulk osmotic pressure agree well with data from MC simulations of the one-component model. (ndsu.edu)
  • In this way we directly connect the wealth of existing osmotic pressure data for DNA in the bulk with the DNA encapsidation curves within small viral capsids. (epj.org)
  • Enzyme analysis in blood pressure generated during ven-tricular contraction. (elastizell.com)
  • Biphasic pseudo-first-order progressive inhibition of ChEs by certain carbamates and organophosphates also fits with a slow equilibrium between two reactive enzyme forms. (msu.ru)
  • If the border is impermeable to investment, but permeable to people, people will flow across toward where there is investment (and jobs) until an equilibrium point is reached. (chicagoboyz.net)
  • To reduce this osmotic pressure, and reach an equilibrium point involving less movement across the border, it is necessary to increase investment in Mexico. (chicagoboyz.net)
  • Consider the system at the point when it has reached equilibrium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The compartment containing the pure solvent has a chemical potential of μ 0 ( p ) {\displaystyle \mu ^{0}(p)} , where p {\displaystyle p} is the pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • A spherical lesion found in a rib of a dead sperm whale that beached on Nantucket was likely caused by nitrogen bubbles that formed when the whale rose too rapidly from high-pressure depths. (southernfriedscience.com)
  • The ion exchange resin shall be virgin, high capacity, "standard mesh" of sulfonated polystyrene type stable over the entire pH range with good resistance to bead fracture from attrition or osmotic shock. (osegroup.in)