• citation needed] Though the majority of VEE outbreaks occur in Central and South America, the virus has potential to outbreak again in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are seven different variants in subtype I, and three of these variants, A, B, and C are the epizootic strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first hypothesis, suggested by sequence data, bly of epizootic strains. (cdc.gov)
  • VEEV strains of variants ID and IE, closely related anti- caused by a subtype IC virus strain to sympatric strains of genically and genetically to each other and to variants IAB enzootic subtype ID virus (3,10). (cdc.gov)
  • Of the 18 VEE virus strains isolated from humans, three were identified antigenically as IC-subtype viruses, which have been the principal cause of epizootics in northern South America. (cdc.gov)
  • Partial nucleotide sequencing of the strains indicated they were closely related to strains isolated from Venezuela earlier in 1995. (cdc.gov)
  • Major outbreaks involving humans have been associated with Venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype I, varieties AB and C. The IA and IB strains are considered genetically indistinguishable and are thus classified as IAB. (medscape.com)
  • While these epizootic strains are virulent in equines and humans, the enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus serotypes ID, IE, and IIIA can cause illness in humans but not in equines. (medscape.com)
  • Epizootic viral strains IAB and IC are virulent in humans and equines. (medscape.com)
  • the ravn isolate was indistinguishable from reference marburg virus strains by cross-neutralization testing. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the biochemical and hemostatic parameters were compared in guinea pigs after inoculation of ebola virus strains lethal and nonlethal for them and of inactivated antigen of this virus. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis serotypes ID, IE, and IIIA are avirulent in equines but can cause illness in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Between December 1992 and January 1993, the Venezuelan state of Trujillo experienced an outbreak of this virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • June 1993 saw a bigger outbreak in the Venezuelan state of Zulia, as 55 humans died as well as 66 equine deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • A much larger outbreak in Venezuela and Colombia occurred in 1995. (wikipedia.org)
  • An outbreak of this disease occurred in Colombia on September 1995. (wikipedia.org)
  • This outbreak resulted in 14,156 human cases that were attributable to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus with 26 human deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Map of Venezuela showing locations of the 1995 Venezuelan equine encephalitis outbreak and the small out- breaks of 2000 and 2003, along with sur- veillance study sites. (cdc.gov)
  • The speed with which the disease spreads depends on the subtype of the VEE virus and the density of mosquito populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The Mucambo virus (subtype III) appears to have evolved ~1807 AD (95% credible interval: 1559-1944). (wikipedia.org)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is a reemerging, by the TC-83 attenuated vaccine strain (a subtype IAB mosquitoborne viral disease of humans and equines virus) in the early 1970s also supports this hypothesis. (cdc.gov)
  • Equines serve as highly efficient amplification hosts second hypothesis, supported by genetic studies, is that for mosquitoborne transmission of 2 VEE virus (VEEV) epizootic/epidemic (henceforth called epidemic) subtype epidemic subtypes, IAB and IC. (cdc.gov)
  • this study describes the pathogenesis of the ebola-reston (ebo-r) subtype of ebola virus for experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • In the Americas, there have been 21 reported outbreaks of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • This virus was isolated in 1938, and outbreaks have been reported in many different countries since then. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a blood-feeding insect feeds on such animals, it picks up this virus and transmits it to other animals or humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Culex taenopius mosquitos, which prefer rodents, were replaced by Aedes taeniorhynchus mosquitoes, which are more likely to bite humans and large equines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another vaccine, containing the TC-83 strain, is only used on humans in military and laboratory positions that risk contracting the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epidemics of Venezuelan equine encephalitis involving tens of thousands of humans and hundreds of thousands of equines have been reported. (medscape.com)
  • In 1943, the first descriptions of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in humans were reported from laboratories where equine isolates were being characterized. (medscape.com)
  • During September 1-October 12, 1995, a total of 12,403 patient visits for Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) were reported from La Guajira state, Colombia. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1952, the first naturally acquired human case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis was reported from Colombia, whereas the first reported natural human infection in the United States was not documented until 1968. (medscape.com)
  • At each site, Syrian golden hamsters were exposed in 1995 in Trujillo, Portuguesa, Cojedes, and Guarico States coquito cages (11) for 7 days. (cdc.gov)
  • They sent me and my family to Lahore, Pakistan to do research on mosquito borne diseases like Malaria and viruses at their Pakistan Medical Research Center, (9 years as Director), and administrating other projects 1966-1979. (pelicanislandaudubon.org)
  • The virus that causes VEE is transmitted primarily by mosquitoes that bite an infected animal and then bite and feed on another animal or human. (wikipedia.org)
  • All natural transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalitis is via mosquitoes. (medscape.com)
  • The extensive transmission of the virus was probably due to a combination of unvaccinated horses and a record high level of rainfall leading to an increase in the mosquito population. (medscape.com)
  • Equines, rather than rodents, are the primary animal species that carry and spread the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although predominantly a disease found in South and Central America, Venezuelan equine encephalitis has been reported in southern border areas of the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Of the estimated 50,000 equines infected, 8% died of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Although a mosquito-transmitted disease, researchers determined that these infections can also be acquired from aerosolized virus. (medscape.com)
  • Although predominantly a disease found in South and Central America, Venezuelan equine encephalitis has spread to the United States. (medscape.com)
  • in 1987, an isolated case of fatal marburg disease was recognized during routine clinical haemorrhagic fever virus surveillance conducted in kenya. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • It is caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and has a significant presence in the tropical Americas. (medscape.com)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis may have been present for centuries as one of many undiagoised fevers common in the tropical Americas. (medscape.com)
  • These forms of the virus can cause human illness but generally do not affect equine health. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recognition of signs and symptoms of illness by those living and working in endemic areas is essential to limit the spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly infectious by the aerosol route, and numerous laboratory infections have occurred, making it a possible biowarfare agent. (medscape.com)
  • the media have brought to the public's attention many newly described infectious diseases, such as ebola virus hemorrhagic fever, that were not part of common medical parlance a decade ago. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with ebola-reston filoviruses from the 1989-1990 u.s. epizootic. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • development of the immunoenzyme test-system for detection of ebola virus antigen]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • an enzyme immunoassay system has been developed for the detection of ebola virus antigen. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • change in biochemical and hemostatic indicators in guinea pigs upon administering ebola virus preparations]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • About 500 equine cases were reported with 475 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sporadic equine deaths in Cordoba, Cesar, and Magdalena states have been confirmed serologically as cases of eastern equine encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
  • After infection, equines may suddenly die or show progressive central nervous system disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • no other clinical entity has attached more attention now-a-day than those precipitated by the infection with a hemorrhagic fever virus. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Epizootic subtypes, on the other hand, can spread rapidly through large populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serology testing performed on this virus has shown the presence of six different subtypes (classified I to VI). (wikipedia.org)
  • These forms of the virus are highly pathogenic to equines and can also affect human health. (wikipedia.org)
  • this report describes the isolation and partial characterization of the new marburg virus (strain ravn) isolated from this case. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Unconfirmed equine cases were reported near Santa Marta, but no human cases acquired in Magdalena have been confirmed. (cdc.gov)
  • On May 23, 1995, equine encephalitis-like cases were reported in the northwest portion of the country. (wikipedia.org)
  • Equine vaccination creates an immune barrier against the spread of the virus by removing the most important vertebrate amplifying host from the epizootic transmission cycle. (cdc.gov)
  • As new communications are created between countries, vector spread of the virus has been documented. (medscape.com)
  • E2 appears to be primarily responsible for attachment of the viruses to cell surfaces. (medscape.com)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis is an arthropod-borne virus, with the mosquito serving as the most common vector. (medscape.com)