Epithelial cells m phase cell cycle checkpoints. Medical search. Frequent questions

The DNA damage response is a network of signaling pathways that leads to activation of checkpoints, DNA repair and apoptosis to inhibit damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike apoptosis, senescence is a state of which cells are still alive and metabolically active. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, JIB extract induced B16/F10 cell apoptosis via the caspase cascade. (medsci.org)
The results demonstrated that JIB extract combined with cisplatin enhanced the inhibition of cell growth, proliferation, and survival through the obstruction of cell cycle progression and AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling as well as the induction of cell apoptosis. (medsci.org)
Further, cell death effect of ST was associated with induction of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer genetics, DNA damage response, apoptosis, cell cycle My current research is focused on two transcription factors that respond to DNA damage and play important roles in regulating tumor development. (mdanderson.org)
The first project focuses on E2F1, a regulator of genes important for cell cycle progression and apoptosis. (mdanderson.org)
Beginning after completion of hair morphogenesis (postnatal day 14 in the mouse), hair growth cycles commence with catagen, an involution process of the hair follicle during which the majority of its epithelial compartments undergo apoptosis [ 1 ]. (aging-us.com)
Upon treatment with Plk1 inhibitors, p53 in tumor cells is activated and induces strong apoptosis, whereas tumor cells with inactive p53 arrest in mitosis with DNA damage. (oncotarget.com)
In addition, compared to the mono-treatment, combination of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition with anti-mitotic or DNA damaging agents boosts more severe mitotic defects, effectually triggers apoptosis and strongly inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
Quercetin also improve the action of the drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) promoting increased expression of p53 and apoptosis in breast cancer T47D cells [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, no significant alteration of apoptosis in the BCa cells with downregulated LAPTM5 was noticed. (spandidos-publications.com)

Studies have reported that increasing PGC1α levels increases mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby increasing cell proliferation and metastasis. (bvsalud.org)
Conditioned medium obtained from PA-treated hepatocytes significantly increased BC cell proliferation. (bvsalud.org)
Similarly, recombinant PGC1α in E0771 and MCF7 cells promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
Cellular senescence is a multifaceted process that arrests the proliferation of cells that are at risk of neoplastic transformation. (nature.com)
In addition, AKT/mTOR signaling and MAPK signaling were inhibited by JIB extract to suppress melanoma cell growth and proliferation. (medsci.org)
Combined treatment with selumetinib and a dose of palbociclib sufficient to reinforce G1 arrest in selumetinib-sensitive cells, but not to impair proliferation of resistant cells, delays the emergence of resistant colonies, meaning that escape from G1 arrest is critical in the formation of resistant clones. (babraham.ac.uk)
We carried out mosaic analysis to elucidate the functions of dMyc in the germline and somatic cells of the ovary during oogenesis, a process that involves cell proliferation, differentiation and growth. (biologists.com)
BRAF is a protein kinase and part of the MAP kinase signalling cascade which involves transduction of a growth signal from the cell membrane to the nucleus via a chain of protein kinases and is responsible for cellular proliferation and survival. (hindawi.com)
Colonic epithelial cells proliferation of group IV (DPE 250 mg/kgBW) were significantly lower than III and V groups. (biomedcentral.com)
These findings indicate that the DPE could inhibit colonic epithelial cells proliferation through p53 pathway independently. (biomedcentral.com)
Taken together, our results suggested that decreased LAPTM5 inhibited proliferation and viability, as well as induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest possibly via deactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 in BCa cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, previous studies suggested that knockdown of LAPTM4B , another important subtype of the LAPTM family inhibited proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma ( 11 ), prostate ( 12 ) and breast cancer cells ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The oncoprotein murine double minute 2 (MDM2) promotes cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and therapeutic resistance in many types of cancer. (villajoyosacf.info)
Recent studies have revealed that AXL contributes to leukaemic phenotypes through activation of oncogenic signalling pathways that lead to increased cell migration and proliferation. (cancerindex.org)
Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Overview of Cancer Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Chk1 must inactivate in order for the cell to transition from the G2 phase into mitosis, Chk1 expression levels are mediated by regulatory proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Cell mitosis is an attractive target to effectively treat a variety of cancer forms, where microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) assist cells to maintain the stability of cell dynamics. (medicalxpress.com)
Targeted therapy drugs are used to target specific genes and proteins of cancer cells to precisely identify and attack specific types of cancer cells. (medsci.org)
The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
Each origin is initiated by a combination of regulatory proteins that prepare the chromatin for replication before synthesis (S)-phase entry. (bmj.com)
Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
This CAC is associated with the cell cycle and its regulation is affected by the tumor suppressor proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were strongly altered, which plays a central role in metastasis. (spandidos-publications.com)
This download is the types and cells led from a human assembly target content soccer methylated alongside the set of two interaction localizing enzyme proteins in New Zealand. (evakoch.com)
Cell lysates had been resolved by SDS-PAGE, and proteins had been electro transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore, USA). (rockinhibitor.com)

Here, we show that epithelial cells sense local cell density through mechanosensitive E-cadherin adhesions to control G2/M cell-cycle progression. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. (openstax.org)
In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
Interestingly, a large fraction of the genome, more than six thousand genes, exhibits changes in expression that correlates with the progression of the hair growth cycle, thus underscoring the complexity of this process [ 4 , 5 ]. (aging-us.com)
Hypoxia is considered a critical contributor to renal cell carcinoma progression, including invasion and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
The most relevant articles summarising existing knowledge on RCC genomics, including tumour cell evolution and progression, were selected for this review. (springer.com)
In recent years, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been suggested to play a key role in the process of embryonic development, differentiation of tissues and organs, chronic inflammation and fibrosis, as well as cancer progression ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The molecular biology underlying renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development and progression has been a key milestone in the management of this type of tumor. (cancerindex.org)
Genomic stability relies around the precise execution of DNA replication, chromosome segregation, DNA repair and genomic monitoring mechanisms, and their integration with cell cycle progression and also other processes. (rockinhibitor.com)

Studies on Chk1 deficient chicken lymphoma cells have shown increased levels of genomic instability and failure to arrest during the spindle checkpoint phase in mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
Many chemotherapeutic agents explore defects in the cell cycle machinery of cancer cells to halt the cycle through mitosis inhibition. (medicalxpress.com)
However, existing mitosis-targeting chemotherapeutic agents do not discriminate between healthy and malignant cell lines, resulting in severe side-effects . (medicalxpress.com)
The challenge therefore is to identify molecular targets associated with mitosis of cancer cells. (medicalxpress.com)
This heterogeneity is referred to as 'polymorphism', as tumor cells rapidly undergo mitosis, resulting in the formation of numerous subclones and uncertainty regarding the state of the genome. (spandidos-publications.com)
Plk1 is mainly expressed during the late G2 and M phase, where it regulates various stages of mitosis [ 2 , 7 ]. (oncotarget.com)
additionally, at the finish of mitosis, CyclinB1 is prompted to degrade the complex, enabling cells to complete the replication cycle [10]. (rockinhibitor.com)

As local cell density increases, tensile forces on E-cadherin adhesions are reduced, which prompts the accumulation of the G2 checkpoint kinase Wee1 and downstream inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Checkpoint kinase 1, commonly referred to as Chk1, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that, in humans, is encoded by the CHEK1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
In 1993, Beach and associates initially identified Chk1 as a serine/threonine kinase which regulates the G2/M phase transition in fission yeast. (wikipedia.org)
Two checkpoint kinase subtypes have been identified, Chk1 and Chk2. (wikipedia.org)
p53 represses the promoter of Polo-like kinase 1, whereas Polo-like kinase 1 inhibits p53 and its family members p63 and p73 in cancer cells lacking functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
Thus, inactive p53 is not associated with a susceptible cytotoxicity of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition and could rather foster the induction of polyploidy/aneuploidy in surviving cells. (oncotarget.com)
In this regard, restoration of p53 in tumor cells with loss or mutation of p53 will reinforce the cytotoxicity of combined Polo-like kinase 1 therapy and provide a proficient strategy for combating relapse and metastasis of cancer. (oncotarget.com)

Chk1 is a central component of genome surveillance pathways and is a key regulator of the cell cycle and cell survival. (wikipedia.org)
Failed T cell-based immunotherapies in the presence of genomic alterations in antigen presentations pathways may be overcome by NK cell-based immunotherapy. (elifesciences.org)
The mechanisms of radioresistance are still poorly understood, despite it has been suggested that miRNAs play an important role in cell signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Indeed, it has been shown that miRNAs play an important role in gene expression, mainly when associated with the monitoring of several cell and metabolic pathways, being also an essential component of the gene silencing machinery in most eukaryotic organisms ( 4 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
These adaptations include inducing angiogenesis to acquire nutrient supply, interfering with immune stimulation/inhibition checkpoint pathways to promote immune evasion and remodeling the extracellular matrix to promote metastasis ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
S transition in the cell cycle, upregulated expression of tumor-promoting microenvironmental factors, and profound dysregulation of metabolic pathways (e.g., increased aerobic glycolysis, downregulation of pathways that metabolize drugs and xenobiotics). (biomedcentral.com)
also, the 5' download volatility trading of the cytoplasm is involved actually by cationic end-product by the RNase proximity water cell, which has a direct RNA( RNA H1 in pathways) and at least 10 Fructose-6-phosphate nucleus( activated in Jarrous 2002, Xiao et al. (evakoch.com)

Activation of Chk1 results in the initiation of cell cycle checkpoints, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death to prevent damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Constitutive expression of Chk1 in fission yeast was shown to induce cell cycle arrest. (wikipedia.org)
Aging kidney and CKD share many common characteristic features with increased cellular senescence, a conserved program characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
Cellular senescence is characterized by an irreversible and permanent cell cycle arrest coupled with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
Proliferating cells can initiate an additional response by adopting a state of permanent cell-cycle arrest that is termed cellular senescence. (nature.com)
JIB extract induced cell cycle arrest at the G 0 /G 1 phase and decreased cyclin and cdk protein expressions. (medsci.org)
While exploring the molecular changes associated with strong ST efficacy in breast cancer cells, we observed that ST induced cell cycle arrest as well as cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
ST caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest which was accompanied by a decrease in CDK4 and cyclin D1, and an increase in p21/Cip1and p27/Kip1 protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Selumetinib causes long-term G1 arrest accompanied by reduced expression of DNA replication and repair genes, but cells stochastically re-enter the cell cycle during treatment despite continued repression of pERK1/2. (babraham.ac.uk)
Overexpression of the solute carrier family 14 member 1 gene could abolish hypoxia-induced invasion, reduce the migration of A498 cells, inhibit the hypoxia-induced release of inflammatory cytokines, and arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S checkpoint. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase was triggered by decreased LAPTM5 as well, which could lead to delayed BCa cell growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
The tumor suppressor gene p53 regulates cell cycle arrest to allow time for DNA repair. (villajoyosacf.info)
Conversely, intact damage can lead to transcription and replication arrest, leading to cell death and senescence (Hoeijmakers, 2009). (villajoyosacf.info)

Analysis of the changes of migration and invasion, showed significant reduced LAPTM5 suppressed cell metastasis. (spandidos-publications.com)
AXL significantly promotes tumour cell migration, invasion and metastasis, as well as angiogenesis. (cancerindex.org)
Its prominent properties are A lack of cell differentiation Local invasion of adjoining tissue Metastasis, which is spread to distant sites through. (msdmanuals.com)
Although most circulating cancer cells die, an occasional cell may penetrate into tissues, generating a metastasis at a distant site. (msdmanuals.com)
The TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) staging system from the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting is used for all lung carcinomas except small-cell lung cancer. (medscape.com)

References 2 and 3 describe the characteristics of cancer cells and the importance of mutations in cancer development. (nature.com)
Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an abnormal cell. (openstax.org)
DUSP4 alterations lead to hyperactivation of MAPK signaling in many cancers, including breast cancer, which often harbor mutations in cell cycle checkpoint genes, particularly in TP53. (biomedcentral.com)
This study identifies a novel mechanism for breast tumorigenesis implicating Dusp4 loss and p53 mutations in cellular acquisition of Dbf4 upregulation as a driver of cellular replication and cell cycle checkpoint escape. (biomedcentral.com)
We find that together with loss-of-function mutations in p53 and, to some degree, potentiated by cMyc overexpression, Dusp4 deletion aids in cell cycle checkpoint escape while simultaneously potentiating hallmarks of replicative stress, including multinucleation and Chk1 phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)
Melanoma in particular exhibits a high incidence of activating BRAF and NRAS mutations and such cells are addicted to the activity of these mutant oncoproteins. (babraham.ac.uk)
In addition, intrinsic differences in subclonal tumor cells that arise from random mutations can create distinct niches within limited lesions. (spandidos-publications.com)

Furthermore, Chk1 has been associated with three particular aspects of the S-phase, which includes the regulation of late origin firing, controlling the elongation process and maintenance of DNA replication fork stability. (wikipedia.org)
As main findings, 23 miRNAs were already identified as being involved in genetic regulation of PCa cell response to RT. (frontiersin.org)
In our recent study we found that circadian clock genes play a role in regulation of the hair growth cycle during synchronized hair follicle cycling, uncovering an unexpected connection between these two timing systems within skin. (aging-us.com)
Tumor cells are influenced by both genetic factors and environmental elements in the microenvironment, resulting in a complex regulation process ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Moreover, some studies demonstrated that LAPTM5 was highly expressed in malignant B lymphomas and involved in B cell malignancies ( 10 ), involving in negative regulation of cell surface T and B cell receptor by promoting lysosome degradation ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
As a structure-specific endonuclease, MUS81 is involved in cell cycle regulation and regulates the DNA damage repair approach. (rockinhibitor.com)
The regulation of DNA repair by the cell cycle is largely the result of chromatin alterations that happen through DNA replication, compression, and dissociation that permit cells to divide effectively [8]. (rockinhibitor.com)

Chk1 impacts various stages of the cell cycle including the S phase, G2/M transition and M phase. (wikipedia.org)
These checkpoints occur near the end of G 1 , at the G 2 /M transition, and during metaphase ( Figure 10.10 ). (openstax.org)
For instance, a recent study indicated that SOX4 acted as a MR of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC [ 6 ]. (aging-us.com)
One of the surprises that came from this study was the finding that genes regulated by the core circadian clock mechanism showed expression changes that correlated with the hair growth cycle, with highest expression during the telogen-anagen transition. (aging-us.com)
M transition in the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)

The commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to preadipocytes and the termination of differentiation to adipocytes are critical for maintaining systemic energy homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, we investigated the role of Sox6 in regulating the differentiation of adipocytes by monitoring the effects of its overexpression in C3H10T1/2 cells (in vitro) and C57BL/6J mouse (in vivo) models of adipogenesis. (bvsalud.org)

A lack of HGH can inhibit cell division, resulting in dwarfism, whereas too much HGH can result in gigantism. (openstax.org)
Crowding of cells can also inhibit cell division. (openstax.org)

Hypoxia was found to induce A498 cell invasion, migration, and the release of inflammatory cytokines, while repressing human solute carrier family 14 member 1 gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
This gene may be involved in several cellular functions including growth, migration, aggregation and anti-inflammation in multiple cell types. (cancerindex.org)
A novel human anti-AXL monoclonal antibody attenuates tumour cell migration. (cancerindex.org)

Treatment of syngeneic tumors resulted in CD8 and PD-L1-dependent tumor rejection or growth inhibition and a reduction in myeloid cells endogenously expressing high levels of PD-L1. (elifesciences.org)
The epithelial component of DDRD tumors releases chemokines that can account for lymphocytic infiltration. (almacgroup.com)
Effective immunotherapy of stromal-rich tumors requires simultaneous targeting of cancer cells and immunosuppressive elements of the microenvironment. (aacrjournals.org)
Furthermore, tumor heterogeneity has a significant impact on both the immune microenvironment and the infiltration of various immune cells within tumors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) ( 5 ), myeloid antigen-presenting cells ( 6 ) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This heterogeneity can vary greatly between different types of immune cells, leading to further complexity in understanding the immune response to tumors. (spandidos-publications.com)
This theory holds that tumors arise from 1 of 2 undifferentiated stem cells: the excretory duct reserve cell or the intercalated duct reserve cell. (medscape.com)
Small tumors have a greater percentage of actively dividing cells than do large tumors. (msdmanuals.com)

Cy5 is labeled as magenta, and the cell membrane is stained with rabbit anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor and goat anti rabbit488 antibody. (medicalxpress.com)
An event may be as simple as the death of a nearby cell or as sweeping as the release of growth-promoting hormones, such as human growth hormone (HGH). (openstax.org)
External influences, such as growth factors, play a large role in carrying the cell past the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Our HCC signature covered well-established liver cancer hallmarks, and network analyses revealed coordinated interaction between several MRs. One novel MR, SEC14L2 , exerted an anti-proliferative effect in HCC cells and strongly suppressed tumor growth in a mouse model. (aging-us.com)
Cell growth assay, cell cycle analysis, FACS, JC-1 staining, annexin V staining and immunoblotting were used to study the efficacy of ST on cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
ST (30-90 μM) treatments for 48 h and 72 h did not show any significant effect on cell growth and death in A431 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Whereas similar ST treatments moderately inhibited the growth of A549 cells by up to 13% (p ≤ 0.05) in 48 h and 14% (p ≤ 0.05-0.0001) in 72 h. (biomedcentral.com)
In MDA-MB-231 cells, ST caused a significant dose-dependent cell growth inhibition by 31- 63% (p ≤ 0.0001) in 48 h and 40-50% (p ≤ 0.0001) in 72 h. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell, with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
Because of its mutated aggressive genetics, this cell has a selective growth advantage over its neighbors. (medscape.com)
[ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
In contrast to its dramatic effects on growth and endoreplication,dMyc is dispensable for the mitotic division cycles of both germline and somatic components of the ovary. (biologists.com)
Furthermore, in germline cysts in which the dm mutant cells comprised only a subset of the 16-cell cluster,we observed strictly cell-autonomous growth defects. (biologists.com)
However, in cases in which the entire germline cyst or the whole follicular epithelium was mutant for dm , the growth of the entire follicle, including the wild-type cells, was delayed. (biologists.com)
Hair follicles undergo continuous cycles of growth, involution and rest. (aging-us.com)
This process, referred to as the hair growth cycle, has a periodicity of weeks to months. (aging-us.com)
this growth phase is referred to as anagen [ 2 ]. (aging-us.com)
In mice, the two initial hair growth cycles are synchronized such that the majority of hair follicles are in a similar stage of the hair growth cycle at a given time. (aging-us.com)
But as the mouse ages, the hair growth cycles become progressively less synchronized [ 3 ]. (aging-us.com)
In order to systematically discover transcriptional activity associated with the hair growth cycle, we profiled mRNA expression at a genome-wide level over multiple time points corresponding to morphogenesis and two synchronized hair growth cycles. (aging-us.com)
While these genes show a clear circadian pattern of expression in skin, as was previously demonstrated [ 9 - 11 ], their amplitude was higher during telogen and early anagen (Figure 1 ), indicating that in skin, the expression of clock controlled genes is dependent both on circadian mechanism and the hair growth cycle. (aging-us.com)
These cells are then forced to compete for growth and nutrients ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This signal transduction pathway is initiated by epidermal growth factor ligands binding to and activating receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) at the cell membrane. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, we established a BCa cell model with downregulated LAPTM5, revealing a significantly delayed growth rate in the BCa cells with knockdown of LAPTM5. (spandidos-publications.com)
Initial exponential tumor growth is followed by a plateau phase when cell death nearly equals the rate of formation of daughter cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Experiments suggest that the abilities to invade, migrate, and successfully implant and stimulate new blood vessel growth are all important properties of the cells that cause metastases, which are likely a subpopulation of the primary cancer. (msdmanuals.com)

Interestingly, replication stress in Brca2-null cells activates p53 and the expression of its target genes, including senescence-inducing Ink4/Arf. (biomedcentral.com)

NK cells express germ-line receptors that are either stimulatory or inhibitory, and the summation of these signals determines activation status ( Caligiuri, 2008 ). (elifesciences.org)
Monoclonal antibodies targeting the immune regulatory "checkpoint" receptors programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), its ligand, PD-L1, and cytotoxic T cell associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy against advanced cancers [ 1 ]. (bmj.com)
receptors and dileucine-: TLR1 photosynthesis cell in New Zealand 1945 -1960: family understood in bovine RELB of the Associations for the peptidyl of Master of Arts. (evakoch.com)

Given the previously reported role of DUSP4 as a p53 target, a potential cell cycle checkpoint, and in mediating senescence downstream of replication stress, we hypothesized that DUSP4 may be a critical oncogenic driver in breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)

Besides, 12% of patients have second- or third-degree skin reactions that are sensitive to light, and about 18% of patients develop cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma or occurred at the same time [ 6 ]. (medsci.org)
An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
Histologically, NSCLC is divided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (see the image below), and large cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
A cavitating right lower lobe squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)

During EMT, cells will undergo transformation from epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype ( 14 ) and many characteristics of cells will change including loss of cell-cell adhesion and acquisition of aggressive and metastatic ability ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Although the Myc oncogene has long been known to play a role in many human cancers, the mechanisms that mediate its effects in both normal cells and cancer cells are not fully understood. (biologists.com)
The most common non-clear cell renal cancers have also undergone genomic profiling and are characterised by distinct genomic landscapes. (springer.com)
Correlation with outcome needs to be more comprehensively furnished, particularly for small renal masses, rarer non-clear cell renal cancers, and for all tumours undergoing targeted therapy. (springer.com)
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancers. (medscape.com)

These cells are readily triggered to divide following epithelial wounding due to the consequent increase in intercellular forces and resulting degradation of Wee1. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
Through S phase of your cell cycle, WEE1 inhibits the association and function with the MUS81-SLX4 complex, and SLX4 cooperates to activate MUS81 in the course of M phase [5]. (rockinhibitor.com)

One such protein is the cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 (CKAP5), widely expressed in a variety of cells to regulate the dynamics of microtubules in human cells. (medicalxpress.com)

Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy may overcome genetic mechanisms of resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy through antigen- and MHC-independent recognition of malignant cells. (elifesciences.org)
The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell. (openstax.org)
If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)
However, rather than actively modifying the environment, multiple mechanisms guide the evolution of tumor cells through the selection of subclones with the most adaptive phenotype by environmental factors ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

T cell-based immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint blockade or adoptive T cell transfer, is limited by the ability of T cells to detect major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-presented antigen by tumor cells. (elifesciences.org)
The main goal of RT consists in delivering a precise dose of radiation in a target volume, such as tumor, promoting the tumor cells eradication with as minimal damage as possible in surrounding normal tissues ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
The heterogeneity of glioblastoma can suppress immune cell function and lead to immune evasion, which presents a challenge in developing effective molecular therapies for tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by significant genetic heterogeneity among tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Various subclonal tumor cells have the ability to modify the tumor microenvironment in order to obtain adaptations. (spandidos-publications.com)
Multiregional whole-exome or genome sequencing has revealed that there is significant variation in the genetic makeup of tumor cells across different anatomical locations and within the same tumor over time ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
It has been discovered that the genetic structure of tumor cells and the components of the immune microenvironment interact with each other. (spandidos-publications.com)
This interaction results in a more complex alteration of both the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. (spandidos-publications.com)
Consequently, the heterogeneity of tumor cells is constantly evolving. (spandidos-publications.com)
High-throughput sequencing methods are utilized to analyze the mutational spectrum and evolutionary trajectories of tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Plk1 inhibitors target all rapidly dividing cells irrespective of tumor cells or non-transformed normal but proliferating cells. (oncotarget.com)
Calebin-A induced death of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells by activation of histone acetyltransferase. (cancerindex.org)

It may represent a viable target population for immune checkpoint and DNA damaging treatment. (almacgroup.com)
This may provide a therapeutic rationale for immune-checkpoint targeted therapies in the context of DNA damage response deficiency in cancer. (almacgroup.com)
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy as cancer therapeutics, however, their use remains limited due to the development of immune related adverse events (irAEs). (bmj.com)
Our transcriptome analysis revealed in bladder cancer (BCa) tissues a significant induction of lysosomal-associated multispanning membrane protein 5 (LAPTM5), a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressing in immune cells and hematopoietic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
LAPMT5 is a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressed in immune cells ( 5 , 6 ) and hematopoietic cells ( 7 ), having a close interaction with the Nedd4 ( 8 ), a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligases family ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Cancer cells often present neoantigens on their cell surface that can be detected as "non-self" by the immune system, resulting in an attack by the immune system. (msdmanuals.com)

Checkpoint kinases (Chks) are protein kinases that are involved in cell cycle control. (wikipedia.org)
lation can be a preponderant regulatory mechanism of signal transduction cascades in eukaryotic cells that is catalyzed by kinases and reversed by protein phosphatases. (gabapathway.com)
Five members of the Plk family have been discovered in humans and these serine/threonine kinases have emerged as key players by performing crucial functions in the cell cycle, DNA damage response and neuron biology [ 2 - 6 ]. (oncotarget.com)

Clear cell, papillary cell, and chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) have now been well characterised thanks to large collaborative projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). (springer.com)

Senescent cells elicit their fibrogenic actions primarily by secreting an assortment of inflammatory and profibrotic factors known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (frontiersin.org)
Increasing evidence indicates that senescent cells could be a promising new target for therapeutic intervention known as senotherapy, which includes depleting senescent cells, modulating SASP and restoration of senescence inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
In mammalian organisms, cells that express markers of senescence have been shown to accumulate with age and at sites of certain age-related pathologies. (nature.com)
Understanding the causes and consequences of cellular senescence has provided novel insights into how cells react to stress, especially genotoxic stress, and how this cellular response can affect complex organismal processes such as the development of cancer and ageing. (nature.com)

There are three main histological subtypes of RCC, including clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary RCC, and chromophobe RCC, which jointly represent over 85% of all primary renal malignancies [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we consider what is currently known of the genetic landscape of the commonest subtypes of renal cell cancer (RCC). (springer.com)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of hypoxia-induced renal cell carcinoma and provide evidence-based medical proof for improvements to postoperative nursing of renal cell carcinoma patients. (biomedcentral.com)
A total of 64 patients with renal cell carcinoma were divided into the observation group (nursing based on oxygen administration) and the control group (conventional nursing). (biomedcentral.com)
The human renal cell carcinoma cell line A498 under hypoxia/normoxia was used as an experimental model in vitro and the biological characteristics and mitochondrial function of the cells were assessed. (biomedcentral.com)
Nursing based on oxygen administration decreased the value of renal function indexes, serum inflammatory factors, and tumor markers in renal cell carcinoma patients. (biomedcentral.com)
These data reveal that nursing based on oxygen administration can improve the clinical efficacy of renal cell carcinoma therapies, being safe and effective. (biomedcentral.com)
The results elucidate a mechanism wherein the solute carrier family 14 member 1 gene participates in the occurrence and development of hypoxia-induced renal cell carcinoma in a mitochondria-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) originates from either the cancerous renal cortex or renal tubular epithelial cells, and is the second most lethal urological malignancy, accounting for 90-95% of kidney neoplasms. (biomedcentral.com)
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the seventh most frequently diagnosed tumor in adults in Europe and represents approximately 2.5% of cancer deaths. (cancerindex.org)

Activation of Chk1 holds the cell in the G2 phase until ready to enter the mitotic phase. (wikipedia.org)
The G 2 checkpoint bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. (openstax.org)

Here, we evaluated the efficacy of ST on three different human cancer cell lines including skin epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells, lung epithelial carcinoma A549 cells and breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231. (biomedcentral.com)

The early preinvasive stage was characterized by cell-cycle checkpoint activation triggered by DNA replication stress and dramatic downregulation of basic transmembrane signaling processes that maintain epithelial/stromal homeostasis in the normal mucosa. (biomedcentral.com)

Epithelial cell divisions are coordinated with cell loss to preserve epithelial integrity. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
The integrity of the DNA is assessed at the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)

Chk1 is required for the initiation of DNA damage checkpoints and has recently been shown to play a role in the normal (unperturbed) cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
DNA damage induces the activation of Chk1 which facilitates the initiation of the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoints. (wikipedia.org)
Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
Moving forward from this initiation point, every parameter required during each cell cycle phase must be met or the cycle cannot progress. (openstax.org)

These ssDNA structures attract ATR and eventually activates the checkpoint pathway. (wikipedia.org)

Using a genetically engineered mouse model, we generated mammary-specific Dusp4 -deleted primary epithelial cells to investigate the necessary conditions in which DUSP4 loss may drive breast cancer oncogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
This study provides valuable insight into the chemopreventive efficacy and associated molecular alterations of ST in breast cancer cells whereas it had only moderate efficacy on lung cancer cells and did not show any considerable effect on skin cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the most important role of the G 2 checkpoint is to ensure that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged. (openstax.org)

Chemokine release is dependent on activation of the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway which is constitutively activated in DNA repair deficient cells, or by exogenous DNA damaging agents. (almacgroup.com)
Activation of the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway is cell cycle specific and is associated with an accumulation of cytosolic DNA in the S-phase of the cell cycle. (almacgroup.com)

Here, we demonstrate that NK cells (haNKs) engineered to express a PD-L1 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) haNKs killed a panel of human and murine head and neck cancer cells at low effector-to-target ratios in a PD-L1-dependent fashion. (elifesciences.org)
Cancer cells, particularly those arising from the bone marrow or lymphatic system, may have a short generation time, and there usually are a smaller percentage of cells in G0 (resting phase). (msdmanuals.com)
Circulating cancer cells are present in many patients with advanced cancer and even in some with localized disease. (msdmanuals.com)

In addition to mediating cell cycle checkpoints, Chk1 also contributes to DNA repair processes, gene transcription, egg production, embryo development, cellular responses to HIV infection and somatic cell viability. (wikipedia.org)
We found that Dusp4 loss alone is insufficient in mediating tumorigenesis, but alternatively converges with loss in Trp53 and MYC amplification to induce tumorigenesis primarily through chromosome 5 amplification, which specifically upregulates Dbf4 , a cell cycle gene that promotes cellular replication by mediating cell cycle checkpoint escape. (biomedcentral.com)
This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
Plk3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle and involved in cellular response to DNA damage [ 9 ]. (oncotarget.com)

The process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events is called signal transduction. (screeninglibraries.com)

Chk1 has a regulatory role in the spindle checkpoint however the relationship is less clear as compared to checkpoints in other cell cycle stages. (wikipedia.org)
These studies suggest Chk1 depletion can lead to defects in the spindle checkpoint resulting in mitotic abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers screened 20 solid cancer cell lines relative to gene silencing to identify a highly responsive chemo-resistant ovarian cancer cell line that underwent significant depletion in mitotic spindle-dynamics for effective experimental cancer treatment. (medicalxpress.com)
Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint. (openstax.org)

Excretory stem cells give rise to squamous cell and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, while intercalated stem cells give rise to pleomorphic adenomas, oncocytomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and acinic cell carcinomas. (medscape.com)
Squamous cell carcinomas arise from excretory duct cells, pleomorphic adenomas arise from the intercalated duct cells, oncocytomas arise from the striated duct cells, and acinic cell carcinomas arise from acinar cells. (medscape.com)

One of the treatments applied in cancer is radiotherapy (RT), a therapeutic modality that uses ionizing radiation to induce damage in unwanted cells. (frontiersin.org)

Here, we investigate amplification events that underlie resistance to the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244/ARRY-142886) in COLO205 cells, a well-characterized model for reproducible emergence of drug resistance, and show that amplifications acquired are the primary cause of resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)
Our findings demonstrate that acquisition of MEK inhibitor resistance often occurs through gene amplification and can be suppressed by impeding cell cycle entry in drug. (babraham.ac.uk)

ZO-1 may be involved in signal transduction at cell-cell junctions. (thermofisher.com)

Maintenance of genomic stability is crucial for standard development, cell homeostasis and tumor suppression [7]. (rockinhibitor.com)

We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the effects of vitamin D on ovarian cancer cell. (mdpi.com)

P53 deficiency results in reduced repair activity and decreased cell survival after UV-induced DNA damage, suggesting the involvement of p53 in nucleotide excision repair (NER) (Smith et al. (villajoyosacf.info)

We also highlight potential options of targeting senescent cells for the treatment of CKD. (frontiersin.org)
We also highlight potential options for targeting senescent cells in developing therapeutics for CKD patients. (frontiersin.org)
Figure 5: Potential deleterious effects of senescent cells. (nature.com)

Chk1 monitors DNA replication in unperturbed cell cycles and responds to genotoxic stress if present. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy26

Organisms5

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs105

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes80

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

Apoptosis12

Proliferation17

Proteins10

Progression9

Mitosis7

Kinase7

Pathways9

Arrest13

Metastasis5

Mutations7

Regulation7

Transition5

Differentiation2

Inhibit2

Migration3

Tumors7

Growth26

Genes1

Receptors3

Downstream1

Squamous-cell carc5

Undergo1

Cancers4

Wee13

Microtubules1

Mechanisms4

Tumor cells12

Immune6

Kinases3

Genome1

Senescence4

Subtypes2

Renal cell carc8

Mitotic phase2

Adenocarcinoma1

Replication stress1

Integrity2

Initiation4

Activates1

Breast2

Chromosomes1

Pathway2

Cancer cells3

Cellular4

Molecular1

Spindle4

Carcinomas2

Ionizing radiation1

Inhibitor2

Signal transduction1

Homeostasis1

Ovarian cancer cell1

Survival1

Senescent cells3

Genotoxic stress1