• In 1914, Gosset and Masson demonstrated that carcinoid tumors might arise from enterochromaffin cells (Kulchitsky cell) within glands of Lieberkühn using silver impregnation techniques. (medscape.com)
  • They are located below the intestinal stem cells in the intestinal glands (also called crypts of Lieberkühn) and the large eosinophilic refractile granules that occupy most of their cytoplasm . (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. (handwiki.org)
  • The detailed study of neuroendocrine cells by Pearse ( 3 , 4 ) led to the development of the concept of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • [ 16 ] The term carcinoid was also used interchangeably with APUDoma, so named by Pearse in the 1960s, who developed the concept of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system after observing the ability of the secretory granules to take up and decarboxylate amino acid precursors of biogenic amines, such as serotonin and catecholamines. (medscape.com)
  • however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)
  • Amine storage and function in peptide hormone-producing cells. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • Trk-like (A-B-C) proteins which are secreted by the cells making up the sub-population of the endocrine cells carry out the neurotrophin synthesis, amine and/or peptide storage as well as the regulation of the blood circulation of the gastrointestinal tract. (fusabil.org)
  • They are thought to arise from a different precursor than other epithelial prostatic cells, possibly through a neurogenic lineage of their own, which is therefore distinct from the secretory and basal cells that derive from urogenital sinus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prostatic neuroendocrine cells, also known as endocrine-paracrine cells, are part of a larger regulatory cell population scattered throughout the whole organism, collectively known as diffuse neuroendocrine system or APUD cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulatory cues might come through endocrine, paracrine (from neighboring neuroendocrine cells), autocrine or neurocrine routes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paracrine regulation refers to the production of amines and hormones by cells that exert a local effect on the target cells by diffusion through the extracellular space. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The production of somatostatin by the pancreatic islets, which regulates insulin and glucagon production in neighboring islet cells, is an example of paracrine regulation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The cells and neoplasms of the neuroendocrine and paracrine systems make up the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Feyrter ( 2 ) considered the clear cells of the gastrointestinal tract to be peripheral endocrine or paracrine cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Cells found throughout the lining of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that contain and secrete regulatory PEPTIDE HORMONES and/or BIOGENIC AMINES . (nih.gov)
  • The gastrointestinal tract is composed of numerous cell types that are important for immune activation and barrier surface defenses. (handwiki.org)
  • Gastrointestinal endocrine cells are distributed in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and they synthesize various kinds of gastrointestinal hormones. (fusabil.org)
  • The existence of endocrine cells has been immunohistochemically demonstrated in the gastrointestinal tract mucosa of different fish species 8 - 18 . (fusabil.org)
  • Dopamine and the regulation of cell proliferation in gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) pyloric mucosa. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Neurotensin regulates several biological processes, such as intestinal motility, secretion, vascular smooth muscle activity, and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, but recent evidence indicates that in neurotensin there is also a potent neuroimmunomodulator 24 . (fusabil.org)
  • Chromogranin A, which is the most abundant product of prostatic neuroendocrine cells and neuroendocrine tumor cells, is widely recognized as a reliable marker for neuroendocrine differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most frequently encountered products in neuroendocrine tumor cells across prostate cancer samples appear to be calcitonin (in more than one third of cases), neurotensin, serotonin, human chorionic gonadotropin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroendocrine tumor cells express cytokeratins that are typically expressed by luminal secretory type cells, but lack basal cell markers such as high molecular weight cytokeratin and p63. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, adjacent non-neuroendocrine tumor cells appear to display an increased expression of Ki-67. (wikipedia.org)
  • As opposed to their normal neuroendocrine counterparts, tumor neuroendocrine cells express the beta-oxidative enzyme alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, which is a recently described marker for prostate cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • As opposed to the focal type of neuroendocrine differentiation seen in prostatic adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma of the prostate, in turn, exhibit a universal type in that virtually all the constituent tumor cells display neuroendocrine features. (wikipedia.org)
  • Between 1952 and 1953, serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] was identified as the secretory product of enterochromaffin cells (ECs) and isolated from a carcinoid tumor of the small bowel. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] On the basis of the histologic characteristics of the tumor, he named it trabecular cell carcinoma of the skin. (medscape.com)
  • Neuroendocrine differentiation is a term primarily used in relation to prostate cancers that display a significant neuroendocrine cell population on histopathological examination. (wikipedia.org)
  • These types of prostate cancer comprise true neuroendocrine cancers, such as small cell carcinoma, carcinoid and carcinoid-like tumors, as well as prostatic adenocarcinoma exhibiting focal neuroendocrine phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • The current neuroendocrine classification of cells and tumors uses immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural, and molecular biologic features to define members of the DNS ( 6 , 7 and 8 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • and (b) those of epithelial type, which include neuroendocrine neoplasms from many sites. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • They are conventionally considered to originate from the serotonin-secreting enterochromaffin cells (ECs) of the intestine (also known as Kulchistky cells), but technically, intestinal carcinoid tumors include any collection of well-differentiated neuroendocrine cells within the digestive tract that are capable of secreting bioactive hormones and/or amines. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is the eponym for primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, a dermal neoplasm with cytoplasmic, dense-core neuroendocrine granules and keratin filaments. (medscape.com)
  • Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium , alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. (handwiki.org)
  • Leydig Cells" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • Immunohistochemically, prostatic small cell carcinoma are positive for thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), CD56, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, calcitonin and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide, while lacking, or rarely and weakly expressing, androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endocrine function of bombesin regulates the secretion of gastric acid and its motility. (fusabil.org)
  • More than half of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) occur in the head and neck of elderly people in areas of actinically damaged skin. (medscape.com)
  • Common distribution of Merkel cell carcinoma in the head and neck is shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
  • The DNS consists of a wide variety of cells that are present in the central and peripheral nervous system and in many classic endocrine organs ( Table 11.1 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Subsequent studies involving immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed that these tumors originate from the Merkel cell. (medscape.com)
  • [10] For example, research showed that in the secretory granules, murine and human Paneth cells express high levels of TLR9 . (handwiki.org)
  • These cells produce SECRETIN and are found in the MUCOSA of upper SMALL INTESTINE and PYLORIC ANTRUM in mammals. (nih.gov)
  • [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. (handwiki.org)
  • [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. (handwiki.org)
  • Steroid-producing cells in the interstitial tissue of the TESTIS. (umassmed.edu)
  • The steroid-producing endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland, do not form part of the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • About 3% of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) have tumors at several sites. (medscape.com)
  • In 1928, Masson established characterization of carcinoids as argentaffin cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • They are often found near other lesions of actinically damaged skin, including skin involved with Bowen disease, squamous cell carcinoma , basal cell carcinoma , solar keratoses, or lentigo maligna . (medscape.com)
  • The nonspecific characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) lead to a lengthy differential diagnosis that includes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, keratoacanthoma, amelanotic melanoma, epidermal cysts, lymphoma, and metastatic carcinoma of the skin. (medscape.com)
  • Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying bright red cytoplasmic granules. (handwiki.org)
  • Secretin also has been found in cells in the BRAIN and other tissues. (nih.gov)
  • C. Wegner, G. Teuchert-Noodt, and R.R. Dawirs, "Demonstration of dopamine immunoreactivity in open and closed type endocrine cells of gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) stomach", LIFE SCIENCES , vol. 59, 1996, pp. 1407-1413. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • [2] Furthermore, among the four aforementioned intestinal cell lineages, Paneth cells live the longest (approximately 57 days). (handwiki.org)
  • Therefore, Paneth cells play a role in the innate immune system. (handwiki.org)
  • The large luteal cells derive from the GRANULOSA CELLS . (nih.gov)
  • The small luteal cells derive from the THECA CELLS . (nih.gov)
  • Wu X, Wan S, Lee MM. Key factors in the regulation of fetal and postnatal Leydig cell development. (umassmed.edu)
  • Intestinal L cells are located in the MUCOSA of distal ILEUM and COLON . (nih.gov)
  • En ellos hay pliegues de variada longitud, grosor y número que comprometen la mucosa y submucosa, con glándulas de secreción mucosa y serosa a excepción de la vagina. (bvsalud.org)
  • When their protective barriers are missing, hormones and cells that are present during inflammatory processes induce activation of clasts which, when unbalanced, no longer perform physiological bone remodeling and begin to provoke an immunopathological response that causes dental resorption. (bvsalud.org)
  • Two morphologic types have been described: the open type, extending slender apical processes to the ductal or acinar lumen, and the closed type cells, which lack lumenal protrusions but display dendrite-like processes that extend between adjacent epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • [4] This close relationship to the stem cell region suggests that Paneth cells are important in defending the gland stem cells from microbial damage, [4] although their function is not entirely known. (handwiki.org)
  • Small intestinal crypts house stem cells that serve to constantly replenish epithelial cells that die and are lost from the villi . (handwiki.org)
  • [7] Paneth cells support the physical barrier of the epithelium by providing essential niche signals to their neighboring intestinal stem cells. (handwiki.org)
  • Protection and stimulation of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium , in which Paneth cells play a critical role. (handwiki.org)
  • Wu X, Arumugam R, Zhang N, Lee MM. Androgen profiles during pubertal Leydig cell development in mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • Wu X, Zhang N, Lee MM. Mullerian inhibiting substance recruits ALK3 to regulate Leydig cell differentiation. (umassmed.edu)
  • Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which are "key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens. (handwiki.org)
  • Unlike the other epithelial cell types, Paneth cells migrate downward from the stem cell region and settle just adjacent to it. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram-negative types), or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide , lipoteichoic acid , muramyl dipeptide and lipid A . [9] They are also stimulated by cholinergic signaling normally preceding the arrival of food which potentially may contain a new bacterial load. (handwiki.org)
  • Although the APUD concept provided a unifying theory for explaining some endocrine diseases and ectopic hormone productions, the hypothesis that the cells were all of neural crest origin, as postulated by Pearse, was later disproved by the experiments of LeDouarin ( 5 ) and others. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon and aggressive cutaneous neoplasm that lacks distinguishing clinical features. (medscape.com)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) has a propensity to recur and to cause local and distant metastases. (medscape.com)
  • Cyril Toker first described Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) in 1972. (medscape.com)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a deadly disease with a poor likelihood for survival. (medscape.com)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) has also been linked to previous radiation exposure and B-cell lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • As a result, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is rarely diagnosed until biopsy is performed. (medscape.com)
  • Wu X, Arumugam R, Baker SP, Lee MM. Pubertal and adult Leydig cell function in Mullerian inhibiting substance-deficient mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. (handwiki.org)
  • The open type cells may in addition receive regulatory signals from luminal molecules The developmental origin of these cells is as yet unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • The principal defense molecules secreted by Paneth cells are alpha-defensins, which are known as cryptdins in mice. (handwiki.org)
  • An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
  • They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation. (centralx.com)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Leydig Cells" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
  • [4] There are on average 5-12 Paneth cells in each small intestinal crypt. (handwiki.org)
  • Absence of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in some catecholamine-containing sympathetic ganglion cells of the dog: evidence for dopaminergic autonomic neurones. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • These cells share the ability to produce many biologically active amines, peptides, and other substances. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Balasinor NH, D'Souza R, Nanaware P, Idicula-Thomas S, Kedia-Mokashi N, He Z, Dym M. Effect of high intratesticular estrogen on global gene expression and testicular cell number in rats. (umassmed.edu)
  • High risk of acute pulmonary toxicity with both myeloablative and non-myeloablative total body irradiation-based conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • Anterior pituitary cells that produce GROWTH HORMONE. (wakehealth.edu)