It is the main cause of equine influenza and is also known as equine influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission of the equine influenza virus (EIV) to humans has not occurred during outbreaks of the disease in horses. (wikipedia.org)
Equine influenza virus (H3N8) can be spread by a few different routes. (wikipedia.org)
Viremia is rare, but is possible if the virus crosses the basement membrane and enters the circulation, potentially causing inflammation of skeletal and cardiac muscle (myositis and myocarditis), encephalitic signs, and limb edema Fever of 102.5-105.0 °F (39.2-40.6 °C), frequent dry cough for several weeks, 'drippy' nose with discharge and secondary bacterial infection are some of the clinical signs of Equine influenza virus infection. (wikipedia.org)
Since their discovery in the United States in 1963, outbreaks of infection with equine influenza virus (H3N8) have been associated with serious respiratory disease in horses worldwide. (cdc.gov)
We isolated 6 distinct H3 viruses from wild birds in Chile that have hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, nonstructural protein 1, and polymerase acidic genes with high nucleotide homology to the 1963 H3N8 equine influenza virus lineage. (cdc.gov)
Occasionally, spillover into domestic poultry or domesticated mammals can result in human infections ( 2 , 4 , 5 ) and sustained transmission within a new mammalian host, as shown by equine influenza virus (H3N8) (EIV) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, FL, USA, after emerging among horses in South America. (cdc.gov)
Outbreaks7
In 1963, the H3N8 (A/equine/2/Miami/63) subtype created an epidemic of equine influenza in Miami and subsequently spread throughout North and South America and Europe, creating massive outbreaks during 1964 and 1965. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to reveal their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. (cdc.gov)
The most recent global analysis of official reports of animal outbreaks and human infections with all reportable AI viruses was published almost a decade ago. (cdc.gov)
A multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between variables of interest and reported AI virus animal outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
RESULTS: From 2013 to 2022, 52.2% (95/182) of World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Member Countries identified 34 AI virus subtypes during 21,249 outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
Seasonality patterns of animal outbreaks and human infections with AI viruses were very similar, occurred year-round, and peaked during November through May. (cdc.gov)
Influenza outbreaks are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and economic burden. (bvsalud.org)
Avian influenza viruses3
Equine-like internal genes have been identified in avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in the Southern Cone of South America. (cdc.gov)
Although viruses from Chile had nucleotide similarity with H3 EIVs, they were antigenically like avian influenza viruses and could be transmitted into chickens, suggesting adaptations to the avian host. (cdc.gov)
Next generation antivirals are needed to treat seasonal infections and prepare against zoonotic spillover of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential. (bvsalud.org)
Pandemic5
H3N8 has been suggested as a possible cause of the 1889-1890 pandemic in humans, and also another epidemic in 1898-1900. (wikipedia.org)
Before the identification of H3N8 as a possible cause of the 1889 pandemic, the H2N2 subtype was suggested. (wikipedia.org)
This emergence resulted in a pandemic that led to international cocirculation of H7N7 and H3N8 EIVs during the 1960s and 1970s, causing heterosubtypic reassortment that might have contributed to the extinction of H7N7 EIV ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Increased or renewed reports of AI viruses, especially high pathogenicity H5N8 and H5N1 in birds and H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 in humans globally, have established the need for a comprehensive review of current global AI virus surveillance data to assess the pandemic risk of AI viruses. (cdc.gov)
This study defines the mechanistic foundation for high sensitivity of influenza viruses to 4'-FlU and supports 4'-FlU as developmental candidate for the treatment of seasonal and pandemic influenza. (bvsalud.org)
Infection6
Cats have been experimentally infected with the virus, leading to clinical signs, shedding of the virus and infection of other cats. (wikipedia.org)
Spread of the disease has been associated with the movement of people, pets, horse equipment and tack where proper biosecurity procedures have not been followed Subclinical infection with virus shedding can occur in vaccinated horses, particularly where there is a mismatch between the vaccine strains and the virus strains circulating in the field. (wikipedia.org)
METHODS: We analyzed AI virus infection reports among animals and humans submitted to animal and public health authorities from January 2013 to June 2022 and compared them with reports from January 2005 to December 2012. (cdc.gov)
2001. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in peninsular Malaysia. (nationalacademies.org)
Once-daily oral treatment of ferrets with 2 mg/kg 4'-FlU initiated 12 hours after infection rapidly stopped virus shedding and prevented transmission to untreated sentinels. (bvsalud.org)
With a global decline in the COVID-19 control, the infection rate of influenza virus is gradually increasing. (bvsalud.org)
20232
In 2022 and 2023, three people in China were infected with H3N8, with one fatality, marking the first time a human has died from this strain of flu. (wikipedia.org)
A lineage of H3N8 has been found to infect humans, with the first two cases in China in April and May 2022, and a third case in March 2023, which was the first death. (wikipedia.org)
Respiratory disease3
Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses and related animals such as donkeys, mules and zebras (collectively known as equines). (wikipedia.org)
Today, H3N8 EIVs represent a single genetic lineage capable of inducing serious respiratory disease in susceptible horses. (cdc.gov)
AIM OF THE STUDY: Influenza is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, which has high annual morbidity and mortality worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
Outbreak2
At this point, it is not possible to identify the virus for either the 1889 or 1900 outbreak with certainty. (wikipedia.org)
The H3N8 EIVs were reported in the southern United States in 1963 during an outbreak in horses imported from Argentina ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
Polymerase1
Phylogenetic analyses of the RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) showed that brine shrimp viruses were often grouped with viruses isolated from other invertebrates and fungi. (bvsalud.org)
Lineage4
Since 1963, the H3N8 virus has drifted along a single lineage at a rate of 0.8 amino acid substitutions per year. (wikipedia.org)
Since the late 1980s, evolution of the H3N8 virus has diverged into two families: an "American-like" lineage and a "European-like" lineage. (wikipedia.org)
Genomic analysis suggests that equine H3 viruses are of an avian lineage, likely originating in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
In the early 21st century, the American lineage of EIV diverged into two 'Florida' clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. (cdc.gov)
H5N12
H7N9 (1568/2000, 78.40%) and H5N1 (254/2000, 12.70%) viruses accounted for the most human infections. (cdc.gov)
400 million poultry have been culled since 2003 as a result of efforts to control highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza ( http://www.fao.org/avianflu/en/index.html ), and there are increasing biological and ecological consequences. (nationalacademies.org)
The AIVs were isolated from resident waterfowl belonging to the families Anatidae and Rallidae , suggesting that circulation of these viruses might be restricted to nonmigratory species found only in the Southern Cone of South America. (cdc.gov)
Cross-species virus transmission events can lead to dire public health emergencies in the form of epidemics and pandemics. (cdc.gov)
This highlights the incredible species diversity of viruses in these ancient species and provides essential data for the prevalence of RNA viruses in the global aquaculture industry. (bvsalud.org)
Although Australian marsupials are characterised by unique biology and geographic isolation, little is known about the viruses present in these iconic wildlife species. (bvsalud.org)
Of particular note was the identification of a marsupial-specific clade of delta-like viruses that may indicate an association of deltaviruses with marsupial species. (bvsalud.org)
As many of these Dasyuromorphia species are currently being used in translocation efforts to reseed populations across Australia, understanding their virome is of key importance to prevent the spread of viruses to naive populations. (bvsalud.org)
Zoonotic1
Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. (cdc.gov)
Phylogenetic2
however, phylogenetic studies and uracil content analysis suggest that these viruses originated in wild birds ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
In addition, both virome composition and phylogenetic analyses revealed global connectedness in certain brine shrimp viruses, particularly among Asia and Northern America. (bvsalud.org)
Birds2
Aquatic birds are the reservoir of influenza A viruses and responsible for the evolution and long-distance spread of the virus ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
We performed active surveillance of wild birds in Chile and isolated 6 distinct AIVs with HA, NP, NS, and PA genes having high nucleotide homology with the 1963 H3 EIV. (cdc.gov)
Mammalian1
We also detect what may be the first Jingchuvirales virus in a mammalian host-a chu-like virus in Tasmanian devils-thereby expanding the host range beyond invertebrates and ectothermic vertebrates. (bvsalud.org)
Clades2
Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV. (cdc.gov)
In total, 55 novel RNA viruses were identified, which could be assigned to 18 different viral families and related clades. (bvsalud.org)
Genus4
Equine influenza is caused by a type A influenza virus in the family Orthomyxoviridae (genus Influenzavirus). (wikipedia.org)
Accordingly, we identified fifteen novel virus sequences from five DNA virus families (Adenoviridae, Anelloviridae, Gammaherpesvirinae, Papillomaviridae, and Polyomaviridae) and three RNA virus taxa: the order Jingchuvirales, the genus Hepacivirus, and the delta-like virus group. (bvsalud.org)
This review will focus on current and future efforts in developing universal vaccines targeting different viruses at the genus and/or family levels, with a special focus on henipaviruses, influenza viruses, and coronaviruses. (bvsalud.org)
It is evident that strategies for developing broad-spectrum vaccines will be virus-genus or family specific, and it is almost impossible to adopt a universal approach for different viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Clinical2
Although FF possesses a prominent clinical therapeutic effect, seldom pharmacological studies have been reported on its anti-influenza B virus (IBV) activity. (bvsalud.org)
Apart from conventional antiviral drugs, TCM has been widely used in the clinical treatment of influenza in China. (bvsalud.org)
Horses1
Coughing horses can release the virus into the air, where it can spread up to 30-50 metres. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission1
Having previously identified oral efficacy of the nucleoside analog 4'-Fluorouridine (4'-FlU, EIDD-2749) against SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we explored activity of the compound against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in cell culture, human airway epithelium (HAE) models, and/or two animal models, ferrets and mice, that assess IAV transmission and lethal viral pneumonia, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
Infections2
A 1997 study found H3N8 was responsible for over one quarter of the influenza infections in wild ducks. (wikipedia.org)
Between January 2013 and June 2022, 17/194 (8.8%) World Health Organization (WHO) Member States reported 2000 human AI virus infections of 10 virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
High2
If the infecting dose of virus is high, abundant viral neuraminidase breaks down the mucosal layer, allowing access of the virus to the underlying epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
A total of 10 high pathogenicity AI and 6 low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes were reported to the WOAH for the first time during 2013-2022. (cdc.gov)
20221
BACKGROUND: Avian influenza (AI) virus detections occurred frequently in 2022 and continue to pose a health, economic, and food security risk. (cdc.gov)
Host1
Despite the nucleotide similarity, viruses from Chile were antigenically more closely related to avian viruses and transmitted effectively in chickens, suggesting adaptation to the avian host. (cdc.gov)
Cell2
The virus then attaches to epithelial cells through binding of the hemagglutinin spike to the N-acetylneuraminic acid receptor on the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The virus then enters the cell by endocytosis into the cell cytoplasm where it replicates to produce new virions that are released back into the respiratory tract by budding from the infected cell. (wikipedia.org)
Review1
the black-footed ferret from canine distemper and sylvatic plague (for a review see Abbott et al. (nationalacademies.org)