Enzymes undergoes oxidation reduction. Medical search. Frequent questions

Although Phase two enzymes undergo glucuronidation, CYP enzymes, a superfamily of monooxygenases containing a heme cofactor, mostly undergo oxidation and some reduction reactions that mainly happen within the liver. (rockinhibitor.com)
Review enterocytes, polyphenolic compounds are transported by the portal vein to the liver where they undergo further coupling reactions, similarly to other xenobiotics. (docksci.com)
Ribozymes have been found in all types of organisms and are similar to protein-based enzymes, as they both increase the rate of reactions. (jove.com)
Scientists have synthesized artificial ribozymes in the lab which can perform a wide range of reactions like carbon-carbon bond formation and oxidation-reduction reactions. (jove.com)
Nonheme diiron enzymes harness the chemical potential of oxygen to catalyze challenging reactions in biology. (bvsalud.org)
Dopamine can undergo both oxidation and reduction reactions, playing a crucial role in its physiological functions and influencing various pathological conditions. (thesciencenotes.com)
It acts as coenzyme and help in catalysing many enzyme reactions by activating either the substrate or the enzyme and providing energy, It also acts as carrier of phosphate group. (biologydiscussion.com)
More recently the importance of the human microbiome as a key community that affect our health through the products of biochemical reactions catalysed by microbial enzymes (microbial biotransformation's) has been studied, and is better understood [2] . (clinicaleducation.org)
R.T. Williams , a Welsh pioneer in biotransformation studies, classified these pathways as phase I mainly catalysed by the cytochrome P450 system (oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions) and phase II (conjugation reactions). (clinicaleducation.org)
Phase I reactions are reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions carried out via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. (hindawi.com)
Further enzymatic reactions occur after the formation of formylkynurenine and it is then converted into NAD+ by means of several enzymes, once of which is 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3, 4-dioxygenase (3-HAAO). (optihealthinstitutemd.com)
Explain the common reactions found in metabolic systems such as oxidation-reduction, bond formation, bond breaking events and a knowledge of the role of water. (monash.edu)
Describe the chemistry of important biological polymers and lipids and the reactions they undergo in the cell. (monash.edu)
This vital coenzyme can be found in every cell of the human body where it aids in fuel reduction-oxidation reactions, the transportation of electrons between reactions, and acts as a cosubstrate for other enzymes such as the sirtuins and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
In some ways, the phosphorus cycle is not as complex as the nitrogen or sulfur cycles because P does not typically undergo oxidation-reduction reactions or exist in gaseous forms. (rehabsociety.org.hk)
The phosphorus cycle is the set of biogeochemical processes by which phosphorus undergoes chemical reactions, changes form, and moves through different reservoirs on Earth, including living organisms. (rehabsociety.org.hk)
Together, they form the bedrock of countless redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, where an oxidizing agent relinquishes electrons and is itself reduced. (athleticinsight.com)
These reactions demonstrate the symbiotic relationship between oxidation and reduction, underpinning countless chemical interactions and processes. (athleticinsight.com)
It catalyzes reduction-oxidation (or redox) reactions, or cellular activities that transfer electrons between chemical species, examples of which include photosynthesis, corrosion, combustion, and respiration. (medicinalherbals.net)
Several different types of dehydrogenases, which are enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and essential metabolic reactions, must utilize NAD(+/H) in a variety of activities, from the breakdown of sugars and fats via glycolysis to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (medicinalherbals.net)
Like NADH, NADPH participates in oxidation-reduction reactions. (histocutup.co.uk)
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which oxidation reactions are coupled to the synthesis of ATP. (histocutup.co.uk)

Since the mechanism of SOD mimetics involves a redox cycle, the catalytic activity of the SOD mimetic is partially dependent on the reduction potential of the metal center. (wikipedia.org)
In an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, the species that loses electrons (and thus gets oxidized) bestows these electrons upon another species, facilitating an essential exchange within the chemical process. (athleticinsight.com)

The metal (Mn-1) is then regenerated to its former oxidation state (Mn) by reducing a second superoxide molecule to hydrogen peroxide. (wikipedia.org)
molecule undergoes a rearrangement, forming succinyl coenzyme A, which is an intermediate of the TCA cycle. (britannica.com)
Chances are that a change to its molecular structure would disrupt its interaction with some enzyme molecule or other that is essential to the survival of the cell. (heresy.is)
Oxidation, in the realm of chemistry, refers to a transformative process in which a molecule, atom, or ion loses electrons or increases its oxidation state. (athleticinsight.com)
In the realm of chemistry, oxidation remains primarily characterized by the loss of electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule. (athleticinsight.com)
This is the atom, ion, or molecule that undergoes oxidation. (athleticinsight.com)

In the drug-resistant epileptic BBB: It is actually hypothesized that drug biotransformation at the diseased BBB is mostly performed by Phase 1 drug metabolizing enzymes, which include cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and/or phase 2 drug metabolizingenzymes, for example uridine PRMT4 Inhibitor review 5′-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase and glutathione S-transferases. (rockinhibitor.com)
Cytochrome P450s and drug efflux transporter technique regulated by glucocorticoid receptor: Along with the BBB disease-state and shear stress situation, it has recently been identified that glucocorticoid receptors (GR) play a pivotal role inside the regulation of CYP enzyme activity and also the drug efflux transporter [e.g. (rockinhibitor.com)
After a toxin undergoes phase I detoxification through cytochrome P450 enzymes, it is deemed an "intermediate metabolite" that must be further metabolised by phase II detoxification. (clinicaleducation.org)
This process is completely dependent upon enzymes from the Cytochrome P450 family to do its job. (marcizavala.com)
Diazinon caused an inhibition of carboxylesterase (CES) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in zebrafish larvae, diuron inhibited AChE activity in in vitro testing, and both pesticides significantly affected gene expression and activities of some of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family enzymes. (springeropen.com)

When these electrons are lost, vitamin C is oxidized, and another compound is reduced, thereby forestalling oxidation of the reduced compound. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The concept of oxidation thus serves as a testament to the intricate dance of atoms and electrons that constantly shapes the world around us. (athleticinsight.com)
Oxidation in biology pertains to the process whereby a substance loses electrons, a quintessential occurrence in the metabolization of life-giving nutrients. (athleticinsight.com)
With each successive oxidation reaction, the substance's ability to accept electrons is diminished, effectuating a remarkable transformation. (athleticinsight.com)
It effectively accepts electrons from the substance undergoing oxidation. (athleticinsight.com)
NAD+ is able to receive and transport electrons and is therefore important in many oxidation-reduction processes. (histocutup.co.uk)

A bioprecursor prodrug is transformed chemically through hydration (for example, lactones such as some statins), reduction (for example, sulindac, platinum (IV) complexes) or oxidation (for example, dexpanthenol, nabumetone) or metabolically to the active agent [ 5 , 9 - 11 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

In their resting state, these enzymes have a diferrous cofactor that is coordinated by histidine and carboxylate ligands. (bvsalud.org)
Upon exposure to oxygen, the cofactor oxidizes to its diferric state forming a peroxo- adduct, capable of catalyzing a wide range of oxidative chemistries such as desaturation and heteroatom oxidation. (bvsalud.org)
Despite their versatility and prowess, an emerging subset of nonheme diiron enzymes has inherent cofactor instability making them resistant to structural characterization. (bvsalud.org)
NAD can also be defined as a pyridine nucleotide, which functions as a highly important cofactor in the soluble phase of essential reduction-oxidation processes in all living cells. (medicinalherbals.net)
A cofactor can be defined as an agent or substance, such as a coenzyme or an ion, which is fundamental to the functionality and stability of any given enzyme. (medicinalherbals.net)
As well as being an integral cofactor for succinate dehydrogenase, FAD also assists other enzymes that require oxidation-reduction support. (histocutup.co.uk)

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics are synthetic compounds that mimic the native superoxide dismutase enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
For this purpose, plants have developed a set of antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) and ASC, as well as antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). (biomedcentral.com)
In the human cell, antioxidant molecules include both nonenzymatic compounds such as glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (Trx), ascorbate, α -tocopherol, β -carotene, and coenzyme Q10 and enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

The enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) converts nicotinamide to nicotinamide adenine mononucleotide (NMN) and is then converted into NAD+ using another enzyme known as nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (Nmnat). (optihealthinstitutemd.com)
In coenzyme A, the business end is the thiol group that becomes bound to the substrate, and in NAD + it is the nicotinamide moiety that undergoes reversible reduction and oxidation. (heresy.is)

Examples of some processes that are dependent on NAD are glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate and hydrogen), citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle (the release of stored energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats through the oxidation of acetyl CoA), the oxidation or breakdown of fatty acids, DNA repair, inflammatory responses, among many other processes. (optihealthinstitutemd.com)
Explain the role of equilibrium and kinetic processes in biology and the describe concepts of enzyme catalysis. (monash.edu)
During pregnancy, the metabolic processes in the liver undergo significant adaptations to accommodate the growing foetus. (randox.com)

In the dog, in addition to strong salivary secretion, large quantities of nitrate were excreted in the bile following i.v. administration of nitrite, thus confirming this pathway of excretion as well as oxidation of nitrite in vivo (Walker, in press). (inchem.org)
The model is defined by a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations with an on/off time-dependent input, including a parameter to simulate the fact that the photoperiod length is not constant throughout the year, and which takes into account the particular experimental kinetics of each enzyme involved in the pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
one identified pathway involves oxidation of glycerol. (bvsalud.org)
This pathway is genetically controlled using the NAT-2 enzyme (N-alpha-acetyltransferase). (marcizavala.com)
Vitamin C is not synthesized by humans and nonhuman primates because of their lack of gulonolactone oxidase, the terminal enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C from glucose. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The porphyrias are metabolic diseases caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in the heme biosynthetic pathway. (clinicaladvisor.com)

Direct" enzymes that are directly regulated by Nrf2 include catalase and SOD1, and the "indirect" enzymes include GSH- and Trx-generating enzymes and heme oxygenase- (HO-) 1 [ 28 - 30 ]. (hindawi.com)

Colorimetric assays using B12 have been developed to detect spanin proteins in bacteria, B12 transport and processing proteins, B12-dependent enzymes, and intrinsic factor - the B12 binding protein in humans. (colorwithleo.com)

estradiol will increase the level or effect of fezolinetant by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. (medscape.com)
mifepristone will increase the level or effect of norethindrone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
Our goals were twofold: 1) to characterize the gene expression, protein expression, and activity of key synthesizing and regulating enzymes of energy metabolism in the whole mouse retina, retinal compartments, and/or cells and 2) to provide an integrative analysis of the results related to function. (molvis.org)
2019). These outcomes demonstrate that BBB dysfunction may possibly upregulate the expression of CYP enzymes (for instance CYP3A4, CYP2C9) which function in the metabolism of most ASDs, thereby decreasing the bioavailability and efficacy of those drugs to the target tissue. (rockinhibitor.com)
In addition, silencing of GR resulted in decreased expression of pregnane-X receptors (a different form of nuclear receptor), CYP2C9, and CYP3A4, the enzyme accountable for the metabolism of. (rockinhibitor.com)
The enzymes involved in metabolism are present in many tissues but generally are more concentrated in the liver. (msdmanuals.com)

Certain foods may upregulate or inhibit P450 enzyme activity , working to favourably balance phase I to phase II metabolic pathways [8] . (clinicaleducation.org)
Phase 1 ( Functionalization ) of liver detoxification uses enzymes to breakdown the toxic waste of our cells into intermediate metabolites. (marcizavala.com)
Phase 1 causes oxidation, resulting in free radicals. (marcizavala.com)
Les IFN et les IL-10 étaient signi cativement élevés chez ceux qui présentaient une néphropathie diabétique (ND) et une maladie rénale en phase terminale (MRPT) par rapport aux témoins et aux patients diabétiques sans ND. (who.int)

Ураження печінки, спричинене лікарськими препаратами Many drugs (eg, statins) commonly cause asymptomatic elevation of hepatic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase). (msdmanuals.com)
A 75% reduction in the activity of hepatic UROD as compared with normal is required for clinical disease expression. (clinicaladvisor.com)

They can self-splice without the help of any proteins, whereas nuclear introns are spliced by the spliceosome, an RNA and protein-containing enzyme complex. (jove.com)
We discuss the chemistry of proteins and their physical properties in solution leading up to an examination of enzyme catalysis and kinetics. (monash.edu)
In living organisms, this reaction is catalyzed by enzymes (proteins that serve as catalysts) such as catalase . (wikipedia.org)
Recent studies have revealed numerous examples in which oxidation and reduction of cysteines in proteins are integrated into specific cascades of biological regulatory systems. (elsevierpure.com)
Simultaneous reduction of MBTS and disulfide formation with Cys34 on bovine serum albumin was observed, suggesting a potential route of protein haptenation through covalent bonding between cysteinyl residues on proteins and the MBT/MBTS thiol moiety. (cdc.gov)
Both chemical and experimental animal studies demonstrate that the thiol group is required for MBT allergenicity and also suggest that MBT first undergoes non-enzyme mediated oxidation to MBTS with subsequent haptenation via the formation of mixed disulfides with sulfhydryl groups on proteins. (cdc.gov)

Metabolic interference happens when the substance produces highly reactive and often damaging intermediates during detoxification or when the substance binds to specific enzymes, important structural groups on molecules, receptors and membranes or targets DNA or mimics key nutrients. (toxno.com.au)

SOD mimetics are a prime interest in therapeutic treatment of oxidative stress because of their smaller size, longer half-life, and similarity in function to the native enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Inflammation often exacerbates the oxidative stress, creating a self-perpetuating, vicious cycle of oxidation and inflammation [ 20 , 21 ]. (hindawi.com)

For more information on the efficiency of enzymatic catalysis, see the article on enzymes . (wikipedia.org)
The DsbB-bound quinone undergoes transition to a pink (λ max , ≈500 nm, ubiquinone) or violet (λ max , ≈550 nm, menaquinone)-colored state during the course of the DsbB enzymatic reaction. (elsevierpure.com)
These prodrugs subsequently undergo enzymatic or non-enzymatic cleavage to release the active drug moiety (figure 1) [ 12 , 13 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

The concept of catalysis was invented by chemist Elizabeth Fulhame , based on her novel work in oxidation-reduction experiments. (wikipedia.org)

Similar to the native enzyme's mechanism, the manganese complexes undergo a reversible oxidation/reduction cycle. (wikipedia.org)

GSH, ASC and APX work in the so-called ASC-GSH cycle together with other enzymes, which include glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The excess iron leads to oxidation products that inhibit UROD. (clinicaladvisor.com)
NAD may also inhibit the production of PARP1, an enzyme essential to DNA repair and transcription, which is considered a possibly effective treatment in the desensitization of tumour cells to chemotherapy-induced stress. (medicinalherbals.net)

products are carbon dioxide and succinyl coenzyme A. As was noted with reaction [37], this oxidation of α-oxoglutarate results in the reduction of lipS 2 , which must be reoxidized. (britannica.com)
It is a tripeptide (Ƴ-glutamyl cyseinly glycine) that acts as coenzyme in some oxidation-reduction reaction in cells. (biologydiscussion.com)
An enzyme and a coenzyme together form an enzymatically active conjugated protein called the holoenzyme. (biologydiscussion.com)
The coenzyme on the other hand may undergo reduction while attached to one apoenzyme, and then migrate to another apoenzyme where it can be oxidised. (biologydiscussion.com)

Specifically, glucose, the chief energy source for cells, undergoes oxidation to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency within biological systems. (athleticinsight.com)
Upregulation of MCUb limits mitochondrial matrix Ca 2+ uptake and impairs mitochondrial energy production via glucose oxidation by depressing pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity. (diabetesjournals.org)

These are usually some metallic ions, the presence of which in some way activates the enzyme reaction. (biologydiscussion.com)
This transformative journey, referred to as an oxidation reaction, is a component of cellular respiration - an indispensable process for energy production. (athleticinsight.com)

Nrf2 activates transcription of antioxidant enzymes by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter regions of its target genes [ 23 , 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
Both "direct" and "indirect" antioxidant enzymes are regulated by Nrf2. (hindawi.com)

The Affymetrix data revealed varied gene expression patterns of the ATP synthesizing and regulating enzymes found in the muscle, liver, and brain. (molvis.org)
ICP manifests in the second or third trimester and can lead to various symptoms such as pruritus (itching), abnormal liver enzyme levels, jaundice, abdominal pain, and depression. (randox.com)

The biochemical equivalent is the enzyme unit . (wikipedia.org)
In essence, oxidation is a crucial biochemical process, quietly driving the gears of life and civilization. (athleticinsight.com)

Even so, the binding of the glucocorticoid ligand triggers GR to undergo a conformational transform. (rockinhibitor.com)
Upon exposure to ROS, Keap1 undergoes a conformational change that allows Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus, bind to the ARE region, and initiate transcription of target genes [ 24 ]. (hindawi.com)

They are the site at which the Krebs cycle and beta-oxidation of fatty acids takes place. (histocutup.co.uk)

These regularly spaced hammerhead enzymes undergo self-cleavage resulting in breakage of the long RNA into individual genome segments. (jove.com)

The substrate forms a complex with the metal ions and then reacts with the enzyme. (biologydiscussion.com)
These subatomic particles are removed from the substrate during oxidation. (athleticinsight.com)

Like ribosomes, other RNA enzymes may at first have coopted peptides as structural components, and possibly as coenzymes. (heresy.is)
in other words, without coenzymes, most enzymes are far less useful. (medicinalherbals.net)

OTHER PROPERTIES Solutions of paraquat become intensely purple on reduction, due to the formation of a water soluble, relatively stable free radical, which absorbs at 400 nm. (inchem.org)
Enzymes like monoamine oxidase (MAO) can oxidize dopamine, leading to the formation of reactive intermediates such as quinones and reactive oxygen species. (thesciencenotes.com)
DsbB, an Escherichia coli plasma membrane protein, is one of the enzymes that create a new disulfide bond within itself and in DsbA, the direct catalyst of protein disulfide bond formation in the periplasmic space. (elsevierpure.com)

However, it was aware that nitrite is formed in the human body by reduction of nitrate and that N-nitroso compounds can also be formed from nitrite and N-nitrosatable compounds under certain conditions. (inchem.org)

This lays the foundation for an examination of the biological oxidation of fats and carbohydrates that provides the cell with energy. (monash.edu)
Firstly, they emulsify dietary fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets that can be efficiently digested by pancreatic enzymes. (randox.com)

In same cases enzymes may be activated by simple substance like metal ions which are then called activators. (biologydiscussion.com)
The substance, now with an increased oxidation state, may exhibit altered chemical properties. (athleticinsight.com)

However, diabetic patients have significantly higher platelet aggregation and activation than non-diabetic patients, including those undergoing dual antiplatelet therapy [ 4 - 6 ]. (aging-us.com)

A study using mouse models that was recently reported in Science (2019;363:644-9) found YAP to be responsible for metastasis in LNs through metabolic reprogramming, which causes tumors to shift from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation (FAO) for energy production when metastasized to LNs ( 10 ). (amegroups.org)

Dopamine is prone to oxidation, mainly due to its catechol structure. (thesciencenotes.com)
TACE induced a reduction in tumor size mainly due to ischemia resulting from embolization 11 which expose tumor to acute hypoxia. (nature.com)

Furthermore, phenolics undergo metabolic transformations, which signiﬁcantly change their biological activities. (docksci.com)

An air filter that uses a low-temperature oxidation catalyst to convert carbon monoxide to less toxic carbon dioxide at room temperature. (wikipedia.org)

Spatial lipidomics revealed an accumulation of highly unsaturated and shortened lipids and reduction of sphingolipids throughout the brains of cPSAP DAT mice. (nature.com)

Describe biological oxidation and the metabolic release of energy. (monash.edu)
Thus, biological oxidation illuminates the intricate alchemy of life, transmuting sustenance into vital energy. (athleticinsight.com)

Evidence-based interventions, including provider assessment and feedback, provider reminders, patient reminders, and reduction of structural barriers, improve colorectal cancer screening rates. (cdc.gov)

Coordinated ligands of SOD mimetics fine-tune the chemical properties of the complex and are designed to match the 300mV reduction potential of the native enzyme. (wikipedia.org)

The process of oxidation unfolds as a carefully orchestrated series of steps including interaction, electron removal, state increase and consequence. (athleticinsight.com)
The substance's oxidation state increases as a direct consequence of the electron loss. (athleticinsight.com)
In this study, we show that the T2D heart is metabolically inflexible and almost exclusively dependent on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation as a consequence of mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUC) inhibitory subunit MCUb overexpression. (diabetesjournals.org)

The control group experienced the usual debilitating side effects of chemotherapy, including loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, mouth ulcers and inflammation, hair loss, reduction of white blood cell count, and overall diminished ability to function in daily life. (mapi.com)

During use, the high temperatures and friction cause changes such as oxidation, nitration, and cracking of polymers in the component chemicals (Vazquez-Duhalt 1989). (cdc.gov)

What is Oxidation in Biology? (athleticinsight.com)

In vitamin B12, it is in the +3 oxidation state. (colorwithleo.com)

In addition to the saliva, secretion of nitrate occurs at other sites in the GI tract leading to reduction by the gut flora. (inchem.org)
Oxidation occurs through the fundamental principle of electron transfer, often working hand-in-hand with reduction, its complementary process. (athleticinsight.com)
By a negative induction which occurs thanks to the loss of suppressive activity, that is, the absence of growth factors or the reduction of the contacts present between the cells. (cassiopaea-cult.com)
The re-entry of the protons occurs through the enzyme ATP synthetase. (histocutup.co.uk)

PCT results from decreased activity of the enzyme uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD). (clinicaladvisor.com)

Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of ZDTPs, calcium alkyl phenates, and magnesium, sodium, and calcium sulphonates had significant effects on the reproductive organs of male rabbits (testicular atrophy and reduction or absence of spermatozoa) which appeared to be species specific. (cdc.gov)

Phenomena and Processes1

Health Care1

Reactions22

Redox2

Molecule6

Cytochrome5

Electrons6

Hydration1

Cofactor6

Superoxide dismutase3

Nicotinamide2

Processes3

Pathway6

Heme1

Binding protein1

Metabolism6

Phase4

Hepatic2

Proteins6

Detoxification1

Oxidative2

Enzymatic3

Catalysis1

Reversible1

Glutathione1

Inhibit2

Coenzyme4

Glucose2

Reaction2

Antioxidant enzymes2

Liver2

Biochemical2

Conformational2

Fatty acids1

Cleavage1

Substrate2

Coenzymes2

Formation3

Compounds1

Fats2

Substance2

Antiplatelet1

Glycolysis1

Mainly due2

Transformations1

Carbon dioxide1

Lipids1

Energy2

Structural1

Chemical Properties1

Consequence3

Inflammation1

Polymers1

Biology1

Vitamin1

Occurs4

Activity1

Calcium1