Glucose-6-phosphate dNADPHAscorbate-glutathioneMitochondriaReductase activityRedoxMetabolismGenePeroxidasesSubstrateGenesNitriteAntioxidant enzymesCloningRegulatesMetabolitesPlant PhysiolReactive oxygenOxidoreductaseStarchOrganismsMutationSubunitAminoReactionsActivityMetabolicAcidYieldRiceSubstancesPlantsMutantFormFamilyConversionTarget
Glucose-6-phosphate d3
- Key enzyme in the pentose-phosphate pathway is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (microbenotes.com)
- A genetic aberration in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a pivotal enzyme in the PPP, can disrupt this biochemical harmony, underscoring the pathway's indispensability in cellular metabolism and defense mechanisms. (microbiologynote.com)
- Keeping in view the clinical significance of the enzyme and less studied from plant sources the present study has been aimed with purification and characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from pigeon pea seeds. (scirp.org)
NADPH7
- The cycle involves the antioxidant metabolites: ascorbate, glutathione and NADPH and the enzymes linking these metabolites. (wikipedia.org)
- Finally GSSG is reduced by glutathione reductase (GR) using NADPH as the electron donor. (wikipedia.org)
- Since glutathione, ascorbate and NADPH are present in high concentrations in plant cells it is assumed that the glutathione-ascorbate cycle plays a key role for H2O2 detoxification. (wikipedia.org)
- Generates two NADPH, which can then be used in fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis and for maintaining reduced glutathione inside RBCs. (microbenotes.com)
- NADPH is also used to reduce glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine). (microbenotes.com)
- A meticulous exploration of its function in these cells unravels its imperative role in generating a substantial amount of NADPH, which is instrumental in maintaining the reduced form of glutathione. (microbiologynote.com)
- In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. (lookformedical.com)
Ascorbate-glutathione2
- The ascorbate-glutathione cycle, sometimes Foyer-Halliwell-Asada pathway, is a metabolic pathway that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species that is produced as a waste product in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- Walker M A, McKersie B D , . Role of the ascorbate glutathione antioxidant system in chilling resistance of tomato[J]. Plant Physiology, 1993,141:234-239. (rdzwxb.com)
Mitochondria2
- In plants, the glutathione-ascorbate cycle operates in the cytosol, mitochondria, plastids and peroxisomes. (wikipedia.org)
- Identification and characterization of a novel chloroplast/mitochondria co-localized glutathione reductase 3 involved in salt stress response in rice , 2013, Plant Mol Biol. (github.io)
Reductase activity1
- The reduction of dehydroascorbate may be non-enzymatic or catalysed by proteins with dehydroascorbate reductase activity, such as glutathione S-transferase omega 1 or glutaredoxins. (wikipedia.org)
Redox4
- AtSAL1 phosphatase activity is suppressed by dimerization, intramolecular disulfide formation, and glutathionylation, allowing accumulation of its substrate, PAP, a chloroplast stress retrograde signal that regulates expression of plastid redox associated nuclear genes (PRANGs). (nih.gov)
- Fd acts simultaneously as a bottleneck and as a hub which distributes high-energy electrons to a multitude of enzymes, which include nitrite reductase, sulphite reductase, fatty acid desaturase, glutamine-2-oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT), redox complexes such as cytochrome b 6 /f for cyclic electron transport (CET) and thioredoxins 2 . (nature.com)
- This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (lookformedical.com)
- Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). (lookformedical.com)
Metabolism4
- The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
- Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. (wikipedia.org)
- Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- Due to the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD + metabolism are targets for drug discovery . (wikidoc.org)
Gene6
- Gene knockout of glutathione reductase 3 results in increased sensitivity to salt stress in rice. (github.io)
- An enzyme encoding valencene synthase gene ( Cstps1 ) was more abundant in Temple than in Murcott. (biomedcentral.com)
- The glutathione peroxidase gene has positive function to damage induced by ROS. (springeropen.com)
- To understand the mechanism of tolerance to deferent stresses in tea plant, a new glutathione peroxidase gene of tea plant was cloned and its expression pattern was analyzed under abiotic and biotic stresses. (springeropen.com)
- In the present study, Oryza sativa Disproportionating Enzyme 2 ( OsDPE2 ) gene in Oryza sativa L. subsp. (springeropen.com)
- Histone deacetylase 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HDAC7 gene. (hdacassay.com)
Peroxidases2
- Nevertheless, other enzymes (peroxidases) including peroxiredoxins and glutathione peroxidases, which use thioredoxins or glutaredoxins as reducing substrates, also contribute to H2O2 removal in plants. (wikipedia.org)
- The deduced amino acid sequence showed high homology with glutathione peroxidases of angiosperms and contained the characteristic conserved motifs of ILAFPCNQF and FTVKD, the highest level of similarity was 85% to a glutathione peroxidase from Ricinus communis (Accession NO. XP_002509790.1). (springeropen.com)
Substrate1
- However, it is also used in other cellular processes, notably as a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications . (wikidoc.org)
Genes1
- It provides a very informative, albeit preliminary, glimpse into the expression of genes encoding functionally relevant proteins as potential targets for chemotherapy, and evidence for the presence of a relict plastid. (biomedcentral.com)
Nitrite4
- In addition to the effect on the respiratory parameters, neutrophil infiltration and chemoattractant expression, we examined the effect of VT30 and iPSC CM government on the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 2, nitrate/nitrite, malondialdehyde and whole glutathione from lung cells in wild type recipients and Akt heterozygous knockout recipients. (pimpathway.com)
- A group of enzymes that oxidize diverse nitrogenous substances to yield nitrite. (lookformedical.com)
- An enzyme found primarily in BACTERIA and FUNGI that catalyzes the oxidation of ammonium hydroxide to nitrite. (lookformedical.com)
- An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. (lookformedical.com)
Antioxidant enzymes2
- Some sequences are similar to those proven to be targets for effective intervention in other protozoan parasites, and include not only proteases, antioxidant enzymes, and heat shock proteins, but also those associated with relict plastids, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase and methyl erythrithol phosphate pathway components, and those involved in glycan assembly, protein folding/secretion, and parasite-host interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mn deficiency induced the oxidative stress for increase the H 2 O 2 and MDA content in leaves of plants and reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes and total phenols causing damage to quantum efficiency of photosystem II and pigment content. (biomedcentral.com)
Cloning2
- Cloning of Glutathione Reductase 1 in Eucalyptus grandis × E. ophylla and the Expression Pattern in Chilling Resistance[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2019, 40(3): 499-503. (rdzwxb.com)
- Glutathione reductase in leaves of cowpea: cloning of two cDNAs expression and enzymaticactivity underprogressive drought stress, desiccation and abscisic acid treatmet[J]. Annals of Botany, 2006,98(6):1279-1287. (rdzwxb.com)
Regulates1
- Tapryal N, Mukhopadhyay C, Mishra MK, Das D, Biswas S, and Mukhopadhyay C. K. Glutathione synthesis inhibitor butathione sulfoximine regulates ceruloplasmin by dual but opposite mechanism: Implication in hepatic iron overload. (jnu.ac.in)
Metabolites1
- For this purpose, a literature review was carried out with scientific articles with this proposal where it was possible to observe that different classes of primary and, mainly, secondary metabolites were evaluated against different molecular targets, mostly being enzymes and spike, using computational techniques, with emphasis on the use of molecular docking. (bvsalud.org)
Plant Physiol2
- Na+ but not Cl- or osmotic stress is involved in NaCl-induced expression of Glutathione reductase in roots of rice seedlings , 2009, J Plant Physiol. (github.io)
- Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in heat shock- and cadmium-induced expression of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in leaves of rice seedlings , 2012, J Plant Physiol. (github.io)
Reactive oxygen1
- Regulation of reactive oxygen species-mediated abscisic acid signaling in guard cells and drought tolerance by glutathione[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2013,4:472. (rdzwxb.com)
Oxidoreductase1
- In photosynthesis, final electron transfer from ferredoxin to NADP + is accomplished by the flavo enzyme ferredoxin:NADP + oxidoreductase (FNR). (nature.com)
Starch2
- Disproportionating Enzyme 2 (DPE2) is a 4-α-glycosyltransferase involved in starch degradation in plants at night. (springeropen.com)
- OsDPE2 encoded a cytoplasmic Disproportionating Enzyme 2 involved in starch breakdown at the vegetative and reproductive growth stages of rice. (springeropen.com)
Organisms2
- The role of glutathione in photosynthetic organisms: emerging functions for glutaredoxins and glutathionylation" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
- These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. (wikipedia.org)
Mutation1
Subunit1
- The catalytically active enzyme is a dimer of 113 KDa with a subunit molecular weight of 55 KDa. (scirp.org)
Amino1
- Glutathione is also used to transport amino acids across the membranes of certain cells by the γ-glutamyl cycle. (microbenotes.com)
Reactions1
- The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. (lookformedical.com)
Activity5
- Fig. 4 The GR enzyme activity in E. coil BL21 with pET-EuGR1 BL21: E. coil BL2, PET: E. coil BL21 containing pET-32a, GR: E. coil BL21 containing pET-EuGR1. (rdzwxb.com)
- The enzyme exhibited maximum catalytic activity at pH 8.2. (scirp.org)
- The enzyme was found to be highly thermosensitive with gradual loss of activity above 30˚C temperature. (scirp.org)
- Changes in CO2 assimilation per unit leaf area were closely related to the amount and activity of Rubisco, but not to the maximum activities of other Calvin cycle enzymes. (rothamsted.ac.uk)
- Furthermore, haplotype OsDPE2(AQ) with higher DPE2 enzyme activity increased the panicle yield of rice. (springeropen.com)
Metabolic1
- Enzymes act as catalysts - they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly - and they also allow the regulation of the rate of a metabolic reaction, for example in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells. (wikipedia.org)
Acid1
- NaCl-induced expression of glutathione reductase in roots of rice Oryza sativa L. seedlings is mediated through hydrogen peroxide but not abscisic acid , 2009, Plant and Soil. (github.io)
Yield2
- The enzyme was purified 123.69 fold with a yield of 21.37% by ammonium sulphate fractionation, PEG-4000 precipitation, CM cellulose column chromatography and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. (scirp.org)
- Furthermore, results show that OsDPE2 enzyme may be associated with rice panicle yield. (springeropen.com)
Rice1
- In this study, OsDPE2 affected the vegetative plant development of rice via DPE2 enzyme. (springeropen.com)
Substances1
- Plastids assist in storing and harvesting needed substances for energy production. (dubplatemusicpublishers.com)
Plants1
- In plants, most steps take place in plastids. (microbenotes.com)
Mutant1
- Herein, results showed that Oryza sativa Disproportionating Enzyme 2 ( OsDPE 2) could rescue the mutant phenotype of lax1-6 , LAX1 mutant. (springeropen.com)
Form1
- Upon decomposition, they form products that are enzyme inhibitors . (wikidoc.org)
Family1
- Photosynthetically active FNR (sometimes classified as autotrophic) is a member of the family of soluble monomeric enzymes that contain non-covalently bound FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) as the prosthetic group 3 . (nature.com)
Conversion2
- [6] This difference in the ultraviolet absorption spectra between the oxidized and reduced forms of the coenzymes at higher wavelengths makes it simple to measure the conversion of one to another in enzyme assays - by measuring the amount of UV absorption at 340 nm using a spectrophotometer . (wikidoc.org)
- Glutathione reductase (GR) catalyzes the conversion of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione (GSH). (rdzwxb.com)
Target1
- These structural changes rendered it difficult for target antibodies and digestive enzymes to interact with related epitopes and cleavage sites buried inside the molecule. (bvsalud.org)