Enzymes arachidonic acid metabolites arachidonic acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

Through its website, www.dhaomega3.org , The DHA/EPA Omega-3 Institute located within the University of Guelph Research Park, (Guelph, ON, Canada) has focused its efforts for many years on the provision of evidence-based information on the relationship between the dietary consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids throughout the human lifecycle and health outcomes. (dhaomega3.org)
Cod liver oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins A and D. It is also a major supplement in the GAPS protocol and an especially effective supplement for healing the gut and the skin. (progressivehealth.com)
How can omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins A and D help eczema? (progressivehealth.com)
There are 2 major types of essential fatty acids: omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. (progressivehealth.com)
However, a higher level of omega-3 fatty acids compared to omega-6 fatty acids is important for general health. (progressivehealth.com)
For example, high levels of omega-6 fatty acids (relative to omega-3 fatty acids) can raise the risks of chronic diseases with an inflammatory component. (progressivehealth.com)
In contrast, the metabolites produced from omega-3 fatty acids are less inflammatory and more anti-inflammatory. (progressivehealth.com)

It was discovered and structurally defined in 1973 by P. Wlodawer, Bengt I. Samuelsson, and M. Hamberg, as a product of arachidonic acid metabolism made by microsomes (i.e. endoplasmic reticulum) isolated from sheep seminal vesicle glands and by intact human platelets. (wikipedia.org)
it did not, however, alter arachidonic acid metabolism in human platelets. (wikipedia.org)
Our aims in this study were to characterize AA metabolism by different recombinant rat P450 enzymes and to identify new targets for modulating P450-AA metabolism in vivo. (aspetjournals.org)
The role of fatty acid structure, metabolism, and possible second messenger systems. (jci.org)
Here, the potency of these three disruptors administered to rats individually and in combination to induce expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in their own metabolism (CYP1A1, 2C and 3A) in vivo was investigated. (nel.edu)
The FADS1 gene codes for the fatty acid delta-5 desaturase, a key enzyme in the metabolism of long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. (metabolomix.com)
Similarly, the negative association of the lyso-phosphatidylethanolamin PE a C10:0 can be considered a consequence of the overall changed balance in glycerophospholipid metabolism, since this metabolite can be produced from different phosphatidylethanolamines by abstraction of an arachidonic acid moiety. (metabolomix.com)
Metabolism of the released arachidonic acid by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (cP450) generates biologically active compounds, including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. (elsevierpure.com)
Metabolism of adrenic acid to vasodilatory 1alpha,1beta-dihomo-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids by bovine coronary arteries. (healthmatters.io)
In total, 7,191 metabolites were used to construct a chicken serum metabolomics dataset and to comprehensively characterize the serum metabolism of the chicken AIL population. (biomedcentral.com)
Many functional genes affect metabolite synthesis, metabolism, and regulation. (biomedcentral.com)

CYP2C11 produced epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) as 61.3%, and CYP2C6 produced midchain HETEs and EETs as 48.3 and 29.4%, respectively, of the total metabolites formed. (aspetjournals.org)
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) generated from arachidonic acid through cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases have many biological functions. (frontiersin.org)
In the CYP pathway, AA is converted to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and 20-HETE by CYP epoxygenases and CYP ω-hydroxylases, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
It is metabolized to biologically active prostaglandins and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) which activate smooth muscle channels causing relaxation and vasodilation. (healthmatters.io)

Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes mediate arachidonic acid (AA) oxidation to several biologically active metabolites. (aspetjournals.org)

The metabolite was for many years thought to be merely a biologically inactive byproduct of prostaglandin synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids have to be produced from the essential fatty acid linoleic acids (C18:2) in the omega-6 fatty acid synthesis pathway (top figure) and from alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) in the omega-3 fatty acid synthesis pathway (not shown). (metabolomix.com)
In addition to the endocannabinoids and their receptors, this endocannabinoid system (thereafter called ECS) comprises synthesis and degradation enzymes and transporters [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Further investigations by Smith concluded that aspirin and indomethacin inhibited synthesis by specifically blocking oxygenation of arachidonic acid. (medscape.com)
At the same time, the metabolic phenotype was used for genome-wide association analysis to analyze its genetic model and identify genes related to metabolite synthesis and metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)

Both OT/IT and AVP/AVT are nonapeptide hormones produced from a common precursor ( 21 ) and share seven out of nine amino acids in their primary structure ( 22 ). (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, using sequence analysis of human genomic DNA, researchers concluded that the amino acids important for catalysis by COX-1 are conserved and are equally important for catalysis by COX-2. (medscape.com)
We highlight the key roles of TDH and AASS in amino acids, and ABCB1 and CD36 in lipids. (biomedcentral.com)

Various cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g. (wikipedia.org)

12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (also termed 12-HHT, 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid, or 12(S)-HHTrE) is a 17 carbon metabolite of the 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Here evidence implicating omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid deficiency in the pathoaetiology of CHD and MDD is reviewed, and the hypothesis that n-3 fatty acid deficiency is a preventable risk factor for CHD comorbidity in MDD patients is evaluated. (hindawi.com)
This body of evidence provides strong support for future studies to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary n-3 fatty acid status on CHD comorbidity and mortality in MDD patients. (hindawi.com)
A rapidly emerging body of evidence suggests that membrane omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid deficiency is a preventable risk factor for both CHD [ 18 ] and MDD [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although this evidence was obtained from studies conducted largely in parallel in the fields of cardiology and psychiatry, the potential contribution of n-3 fatty acid deficiency to increased CHD morbidity and mortality in MDD has been postulated previously [ 22 , 23 ]. (hindawi.com)
To evaluate the hypothesis that n-3 fatty acid deficiency is a risk factor for CHD morbidity and mortality in MDD, it is important to consider that the age at onset for unipolar and bipolar depression peaks in young adulthood (15-19 years) [ 24 , 25 ], whereas CHD mortality peaks substantially later (75-84 years) [ 26 ]. (hindawi.com)
Accordingly, this hypothesis predicts that optimization of n-3 fatty acid status and associated cardiovascular and cerebrovascular integrity prior to onset will be an efficacious preventive strategy for both MDD and CHD. (hindawi.com)
The PUFA concentration required to inhibit migration was dependent on cell number, suggesting that the fatty acid effects on leukocyte migration in vivo may be governed by the stage of the inflammatory response. (jci.org)
The present report (key Q and A's) is provided so as to briefly summarize current knowledge on LCPUFA (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) with an emphasis on DHA omega-3 fatty acid (docosahexaenoic acid ) as an important nutrient for enhancing the health and well-being of infants in both the short-term and well into childhood. (dhaomega3.org)
Additional commentary is provided on the important role of ARA omega-6 fatty acid (arachidonic acid). (dhaomega3.org)
DHA' is the acronym for 'docosahexaenoic acid' - the unique long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid within the omega-3 family having 22 carbons in chain length and 6 unsaturation sites (6 double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms) within the molecular structure (also designated as 22:6 n-3 in scientific papers). (dhaomega3.org)
The 'omega-3' or 'n-3' designation indicates that the first of the 6 double bonds begins at the 3rd carbon down when counting from the methyl end of the fatty acid. (dhaomega3.org)
DHA is found in all tissues and cells throughout the human body and is by far the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in cellular membranes. (dhaomega3.org)
It is interesting to note that only very minute amounts of the short-chain omega-3 fatty acid known as LNA (alpha-linolenic acid, 18:3 n-3) are found in these neural tissues. (dhaomega3.org)
Based on determinations of fetal fatty acid contents of various body organs during gestational stages, the brain alone represented 23 % of the infant's DHA at 35-40 weeks. (dhaomega3.org)
DHA omega-3 fatty acid has numerous unique properties which other unsaturated fatty acids cannot duplicate. (dhaomega3.org)
Qu: What are the dietary fatty acid types that can contribute to the availability of DHA in the body for physiological and cellular functioning to support human health? (dhaomega3.org)
One of these is the dietary intake of the short-chain fatty acid as LNA (a precursor of DHA) and DHA itself. (dhaomega3.org)
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid which is released from the sn2 position of membrane phospholipids by the activity of phospholipases (PLs) and among them it is noteworthy the role of cytosolic(c)PLA 2 . (frontiersin.org)
AA is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid which is released from the sn2 position of membrane phospholipids by the activity of cPLA 2 . (frontiersin.org)
In the Kennedy pathway, glycerol-phosphatidylcholins (PC) with different fatty acid side chains are then produced from two fatty acid moieties (bottom figure). (metabolomix.com)
In summary, we can conclude that the direction of all those associations can be explained by a modification in the efficiency of the fatty acid delta-5 desaturase reaction. (metabolomix.com)
Docosatetraenoic acid (DTA) is a very long chain omega-6 fatty acid with 22 carbons and 4 double bonds (22:4n6). (healthmatters.io)
Therefore, COX - also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), fatty acid COX, prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase, and EC 1.14.99.1 - is implicated in the production of fever, inflammation, and pain. (medscape.com)
Twenty-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with cyclopentane ring. (medscape.com)
Their distinct biosynthetic activity includes an endoperoxidase synthase reaction that oxygenates and cyclizes polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors (eg, arachidonic acid) to form prostaglandin G 2 (PGG2), and a peroxidase reaction that converts PGG2 to prostaglandin H 2 (PGH2), as shown below. (medscape.com)
Arachidonic acid, an important omega-6 fatty acid, is used to synthesize pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. (progressivehealth.com)
A review of fatty acid 2-hydroxylation in sphingolipid biology in connection with the nervous system and various cell types may be consulted ( Hama H , Biochim Biophys Acta 2010, 1801, 405 ). (gerli.com)
The prostanoids are a family of lipid mediators generated by the action of cyclooxygenase on a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid. (fapesp.br)

Two decades later, the prostaglandins were deduced to be a family of related compounds that contain 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids with a cyclopentane ring, as depicted below. (medscape.com)
By 1964, after recognition of this basic structure, Bergstrom and colleagues successfully synthesized series 2 prostaglandins from arachidonic acid using sheep seminal fluid. (medscape.com)
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. (lookformedical.com)

Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 metabolize arachidonic acid to the 15-hydroperoxy, 20 carbon prostaglandin (PG) intermediate, PGG2, and then to the 15-hydroxy, 20 carbon intermediate, prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). (wikipedia.org)
0.05) of cyclooxygenase 2 ( cox2 ), which is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in PG biosynthesis, and itr1 by AVT and IT. (frontiersin.org)
It was concluded that the PUFA rather than their metabolites were responsible for the inhibition since: (a) antioxidants did not prevent the PUFA-induced migration inhibition and the hydroxylated intermediates were less active, and (b) inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways were without effect. (jci.org)
Regardless of the etiology, a deficiency of cyclooxygenase (COX), a key regulatory enzyme in the synthetic pathway of eicosanoid production, results in beneficial and detrimental physiologic conditions relative to imbalances of the eicosanoids. (medscape.com)
Cyclooxygenase conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). (medscape.com)

Other pro-inflammatory compounds produced from omega-6 fatty acids include leukotrienes and thromboxanes. (progressivehealth.com)

All EETs are metabolized to the less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). (frontiersin.org)
Among the members of the CYP2C and CYP2J families of CYP enzymes, CYP2J2, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9 are the predominant epoxygenase isoforms that convert AA into EETs. (frontiersin.org)
All EETs are then further metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) forming the less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). (frontiersin.org)

Genetics Meets Metabolomics: A Genome-Wide Association Study of Metabolite Profiles in Human Serum , PLoS Genetics, 2008. (metabolomix.com)
Regulatory loci affecting metabolites were identified in a metabolome genome-wide association study (mGWAS). (biomedcentral.com)

Our recent work demonstrated that CB-PLA2 induces prostacyclin (PGI2) release by endothelial cells monolayers (in vitro) through activation of COX-1 and -2 enzyme systems. (fapesp.br)
Prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation, is the predominant metabolite synthesized by vascular endothelial cells (ECs). (fapesp.br)

CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 produced ω -1→4 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) as 88.7 and 62.7%, respectively, of the total metabolites formed. (aspetjournals.org)

In the current study, the potential of two omega-6 fatty acids (i.e. arachidonic acid and linoleic acid) in alleviating 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + )-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells was examined. (biomedcentral.com)
Linoleic acid (50 and 100 μM) significantly reduced MPP + -induced cell death back to ~85-90% of the control value. (biomedcentral.com)
Both linoleic acid and arachidonic acid are able to inhibit MPP + -induced toxicity in PC12 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
There are several types of omega-6 fatty acids, and the key ones are linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. (biomedcentral.com)
Linoleic acid cannot be synthesized by the body, and thus it is necessary to obtain linoleic acid from diet sources [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, linoleic acid is classified as one of the essential fatty acids. (biomedcentral.com)
On the other hand, arachidonic acid is not considered as one of the essential fatty acids since the body can synthesize arachidonic acid from linoleic acid [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This is the first study to examine the protective role of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and their potential interaction in a Parkinson's disease model simulated by exposing PC12 cells to MPP + neurotoxin. (biomedcentral.com)
Arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), ciglitazone and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Malaysia). (biomedcentral.com)

AEA and 2-AG, which both derive from membrane phospholipid precursors and arachidonic acid, are synthesized and metabolized by different pathways from the ECS. (biomedcentral.com)

The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) appear to have antiinflammatory properties that can be partly explained by their biological activity on leukocytes. (jci.org)
Since leukocyte emigration is an essential component of the inflammatory response, we have examined the effects of the n-3 PUFA (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) on neutrophil random and chemotactic movement. (jci.org)
Inhibitors of protein kinases and calmodulin-dependent enzyme system did not prevent the PUFA-induced migration inhibition, which was also independent of phospholipase D-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids. (jci.org)
Its oils are rich sources of unsaturated fatty acids, such as monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, which are previously associated with the prevention of health disorders because of their anti-inflammatory effects and cell membrane properties and structure 2 . (nature.com)
Essential FA, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), may modulate gene expression in diverse biological processes thought regulating transcription factors (TF), including peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPAR) , liver X receptors (LXR) , and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins ( SREBP ) 3 . (nature.com)

Dietary fatty acids (FA) are components of the lipids, which contribute to membrane structure, energy input, and biological functions related to cellular signaling and transcriptome regulation. (nature.com)
Fatty acids are the main compound of lipids, which are a class of molecules present in animals and vegetal cell types. (nature.com)
a -Hydroxy acids or 2-hydroxy acids are found in plants (chain from 12 up to 24 carbon atoms) and in animal wool waxes, skin lipids and specialized tissues, mainly in brain. (gerli.com)

Un- and monosaturated fatty acids with chain lengths of up to 18 carbons, i.e. palmic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) can be synthesized de novo in the human body. (metabolomix.com)

The formation of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C6, and CYP2C11 major metabolites followed an atypical kinetic profile of substrate inhibition. (aspetjournals.org)
Whereas exposure to BaP induces expression of CYP1A1 protein and its marker activity (Sudan I oxidation) in liver, kidney and lung of rats, no significant induction of this CYP and its enzyme activity was produced by EE2 and estradiol. (nel.edu)

Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids were the most active fatty acids. (jci.org)

The effects of heavy metal ions, phthalates and ochratoxin A on oxidation of carcinogenic aristolochic acid I causing Balkan endemic nephropathy. (nel.edu)
Oxidation of AAI to 8-hydroxyaristolochic acid I (AAIa) in the presence of Cd, Pb, Se, As ions, dibutylphthalate (DBP), butylbenzylphthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and OTA by rat liver microsomes was determined by HPLC. (nel.edu)

We constructed a chicken serum metabolite dataset containing 7,191 metabolites to provide a reference for future chicken metabolome characterization work. (biomedcentral.com)

He localized the biologic activity to a fraction of lipid soluble acids that he termed "prostaglandin," hypothesizing that these substances originate in the prostate gland. (medscape.com)

PGH2, particularly in the presence of ferrous iron (FeII), ferric iron (FeIII), or hemin, rearranges non-enzymatically to a mixture of 12-HHT and 12-HHT's 8-cis isomer, i.e., 12-(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid. (wikipedia.org)

The association of the FADS1 locus with arachidonic acid and metabolites on its pathway is one of the loci with the strongest association signal and it is a prototype for a genetically influence metabotype (GIM). (metabolomix.com)

This effect is mediated by activation of tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme (ADAM17), which cleaves membrane-bound transforming growth factor α (proTGF-α) and releases soluble TGF-α as a ligand that binds and activates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). (elsevierpure.com)
PLA2 enzymes hydrolyze membrane phospholipids at the sn-2 position, releasing lysophospholipids and fatty acids. (fapesp.br)

Compounds belonging to the class of 1H-benzo[d]imidazole hydroxamic acids have been identified as novel HDAC6 inhibitors, with the benzimidazole group serving as a specific linker for these inhibitors. (bvsalud.org)
In contrast, no effect or even a decrease in CYP3A expression and its enzyme activity was produced by EE2 and estradiol in rats exposed to these compounds. (nel.edu)

Excessive Ca 2 + entry through glutamate receptors activates a large array of potential neurotoxic mechanisms, which include activation of enzymes such as phospholipases, calpains and other proteases, protein kinases, nitric oxide synthetase, endonucleases, as well as reactive oxygen species (for review, see Sattler and Tymianski, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
Moreover, this toxin also up-regulated protein expression of COX-2 isoform, whereas an inhibitor of phospholipases A2 enzyme activity, abrogated this effect. (fapesp.br)

Much like AA (its precursor) DTA/adrenic acid is an important component of infant development. (healthmatters.io)

The enzyme activity of another enzyme of the 2C subfamily, CYP2C6, diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation, is even decreased by BaP. (nel.edu)

However, the serum metabolite profile and genetic architecture of the metabolome in chickens have not been well studied. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we aim to examine serum metabolome of chickens using a non-targeted metabolomics approach and construct a metabolite dataset for chickens. (biomedcentral.com)

As background, mammals are incapable of synthesizing n-3 fatty acids de novo and are therefore entirely dependent on dietary sources to procure and maintain adequate concentrations in peripheral and central phospholipid membranes. (hindawi.com)

It is synthesized by adding 2 carbons atoms to the backbone of arachidonic acid using the elongase enzyme. (healthmatters.io)

Venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes share similarity in structure and catalytic function with mammalian enzymes. (fapesp.br)

12-HHT is less ambiguously termed 12-(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid to indicate the S stereoisomerism of its 12-hydroxyl residue and the Z, E, and E cis-trans isomerism of its three double bonds. (wikipedia.org)

Elevations of DTA/adrenic acid are seen in diets rich in omega-6s and arachidonic acid (animal meat/fats and eggs). (healthmatters.io)

The chemical composition of lipid inclusions in Bacillus megaterium was identifed in 1926 as poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) ( Lemoigne M, Bull Soc Chim Biol 1926, 8, 770 ). (gerli.com)

It is now believed to be a pro-resolving mediator in inflammation by blocking neutrophilic metabolites and dampening the inflammation response. (healthmatters.io)
Nababan SHH, Nishiumi S, Kawano Y, Kobayashi T, Yoshida M, Azuma T. Adrenic acid as an inflammation enhancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (healthmatters.io)
Maintaining a healthy ratio of both fatty acids is important for relieving inflammation and improving cardiovascular health and the nervous system. (progressivehealth.com)
Specifically, increased production of derivatives of omega-6 fatty acids promotes inflammation in the body. (progressivehealth.com)

12-HHT is a particularly abundant product of these pro-clotting responses, accounting for about one third of the total amount of arachidonic acid metabolites formed by physiologically stimulated human platelets. (wikipedia.org)
It is sometimes referred to by its common name adrenic acid and is one of the most abundant fatty acids in the early human brain and the adrenal gland. (healthmatters.io)

Adrenic acid as a novel anti-inflammatory player in osteoarthritis. (healthmatters.io)

BaP also induces CYP2C11 protein in rat liver and kidney, but does not increase its enzyme activity measured as testosterone 16α-hydroxylation. (nel.edu)
Whereas only a slight increase in CYP3A protein expression was found by BaP in rat liver, its enzyme activity, testosterone 6β-hydroxyalation, increased significantly in this organ. (nel.edu)
The transcription of COX-1 yields a 2.7-kilobase (kb) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that encodes a 576-residue, 65-kd protein. (medscape.com)

Previous studies already demonstrated that some fatty acids are linked with inflammatory response, preventing metabolic diseases. (nature.com)
Meanwhile, we used mGWAS to analyze the genetic basis of chicken metabolic traits and metabolites and to improve chicken breeding. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolite GWAS has found effective therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases, such as human kidney disease and type 2 diabetes [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Arachidonic acid is an essential constituent of cell membranes that is esterified to the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids and is released from selected phospholipid pools by tightly regulated phospholipase cleavage. (elsevierpure.com)

these metabolites act as autocrines by feeding back to promote further aggregation of their cells of origin and as paracrines by recruiting nearby platelets into the response as well as exerting effects on other nearby tissues such as contracting blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)

There were 10,061 significant SNPs associated with 253 metabolites that were widely distributed across the entire chicken genome. (biomedcentral.com)

This non-enzymatic pathway may explain findings that cells can make 12-HHT in excess of TXA2 and also in the absence of active cycloxygenase and/or thromboxane synthase enzymes. (wikipedia.org)

Several studies have uncovered potent biological activities of 2-hydroxyoleic acid (Minerval). (gerli.com)

Most of the nutritional supplements (essential fatty acids, vitamins A and D) recommended in the GAPs protocol can be sourced from cod liver oil, fish oil , and nut oil. (progressivehealth.com)
Essential fatty acids make an important component of the GAPS protocol. (progressivehealth.com)
Studies have also confirmed that essential fatty acids play important roles in the development and treatment of eczema. (progressivehealth.com)
Therefore, good sources of essential fatty acids are included in the GAPS diet. (progressivehealth.com)
Excellent sources of essential fatty acids included in GAPS supplementation include certain seed and nut oils, fish oil and cod liver oil. (progressivehealth.com)
Both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are essential, unsaturated fatty acids. (progressivehealth.com)

Bellien and Joannides, 2013 ), which acts by opening epoxides to diols by the addition of water, forming the less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). (frontiersin.org)

Pig kidney tissue also converted 12-HHT to 12-keto-5Z,8E-heptadecadienoic acid (12-oxo-5Z,8E-heptadecadienoic acid) and 12-hydroxy-heptadecadienoic acid. (wikipedia.org)

We demonstrate the presence in the human fetal testis of two key endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) and to a lower level anandamide (AEA), as well as a range of enzymes and receptors for the ECS. (biomedcentral.com)

Influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, metabolites are the ultimate expression of physiological processes and can provide key insights into livestock economic traits. (biomedcentral.com)

12-HHT is further metabolized by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) in a wide variety of human and other vertebrate cells to its 12-oxo (also termed 12-keto) derivative, 12-oxo-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid (12-oxo-HHT or 12-keto-HHT). (wikipedia.org)
In particular, the concentrations of the direct product of FADS1, arachidonic acid as well as those of its lyso-phosphatidylcholine derivative (PC a C20:4) are found to be significantly reduced with increasing copy number of the minor allele. (metabolomix.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms8

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs175

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes24

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Omega-3 fat7

Metabolism11

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids4

Biologically active1

Synthesis5

Amino acids3

Cytochrome P450 enzymes1

Fatty acid29

Prostaglandins3

Cyclooxygenase5

Leukotrienes1

EETs3

Genome-Wide2

Endothelial cells2

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic1

Linoleic acid9

Precursors1

PUFA5

Lipids3

Oleic acid1

CYP1A12

Docosahexaenoic1

Oxidation2

Characterization1

Prostaglandin1

PGH21

Loci1

Membrane2

Compounds2

Phospholipases2

Precursor1

CYP2C61

Serum2

Dietary1

Carbons1

Mammalian1

Double bonds1

Meat1

Lipid1

Inflammation4

Abundant2

Anti-inflammatory1

Protein3

Metabolic3

Cell membranes1

Tissues1

Widely1

Pathway1

Potent1

Essential6

Active1

Kidney1

Receptors1

Genetic1

Derivative2