Enzyme metabolism ethanol. Medical search. Frequent questions

The effects of beverage alcohol (ethanol) on the body are determined largely by the rate at which it and its main breakdown product, acetaldehyde, are metabolized after consumption. (nih.gov)
The main metabolic pathway for ethanol involves the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). (nih.gov)
Ethanol, an alcohol found in nature and in alcoholic drinks, is metabolized through a complex catabolic metabolic pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Such a function is necessary because all organisms produce alcohol in small amounts by several pathways, primarily through fatty acid synthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis pathways. (wikipedia.org)
In particular, much higher concentrations of such enzymes are found in the liver, which is the primary site for alcohol catabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Variations in genes influence alcohol metabolism and drinking behavior. (wikipedia.org)
It is also important to note that step 1 on this reaction is endothermic, requiring 47.2 kJ/mol of alcohol, or about 3 molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) per molecule of ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
The effects of gender and alcohol consumption on serum enzymes, protein and bilirubin in heavy, moderate and non-drinkers were investigated. (scialert.net)
2000). The exact mechanism by which alcohol causes growth retardation is not known, evidences indicate that ethanol interacts with nutrients (Lin, 1991). (scialert.net)
To augment ethanol production by the ET strain, an alternative ethanol production pathway comprised of pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhB) from Zymomonas mobilis (Fig. 4A) was transferred into C. phytofermentans on the replicating pQexpE plasmid (Fig. 4B). (researchgate.net)
Alcohol oxidase (AO) appears to be the first and major enzyme produced in the methanol metabolic pathway of P. pastoris . (igem.org)
The metabolism of alcohol itself is a probable contributor to the ketotic state. (medscape.com)
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a cytosolic enzyme, metabolizes alcohol to acetaldehyde in hepatocytes. (medscape.com)
Research on alcohol metabolism among Asians and its implications for understanding causes of alcoholism. (cdc.gov)
Centro de Investigación para el Estudio de la Conducta del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile. (adicciones.es)
Tras consumir etanol, el disulfiram incrementa los niveles de acetaldehído en sangre y genera una reacción aversiva que desalienta el consumo de alcohol. (adicciones.es)
Los resultados muestran que el tratamiento con fenofibrato no solo aumenta la actividad de catalasa en el hígado de ratas bebedoras de alcohol, sino que también incrementa los niveles y la actividad de ADH1, sin alterar ALDH2. (adicciones.es)
Esto contribuye a explicar el notable efecto del fenofibrato en aumentar los niveles de acetaldehído en sangre en animales bebedores de alcohol, en los que se registra una marcada reducción en la ingesta de etanol. (adicciones.es)
Cyclic expression of class I alcohol dehydrogenase in male rats treated with ethanol. (adicciones.es)
The major alcohol metabolism pathway is through oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). (springer.com)
Chronic alcoholics with healthy livers may metabolize alcohol faster due to the activation of the enzyme cytochrome P450, which is part of MEOS (Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System), which breaks down alcohol. (nutrientsreview.com)
Individuals with liver cirrhosis may metabolize alcohol slower due to lower amount of the enzyme ADH . (nutrientsreview.com)
Metabolism of ethanol in the human body is a two-step process (Equation 1), mediated by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). (justia.com)
Alcohol dehydrogenase activity was reduced by 50 to 60% in ethanol-fed SOD -/- mice compared with all other groups. (elsevierpure.com)
Conclusion: Ethanol-fed SOD -/- mice exhibited lower alcohol dehydrogenase activity and lack of CYP2E1 inducibility, thereby causing decreased ethanol metabolism compared with wild-type mice. (elsevierpure.com)
However, ethanol selected lines differed in their response to n-propanol and possibly n-butanol, suggesting a role for the alcohol group in determining the specificity of genetic variation in olfactory response. (edu.au)
Gene frequencies were monitored at 3 enzyme loci - alcohol dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase - associated with the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde. (edu.au)
Moreover, evaluation of ADH6 deletion mutant showed strong decrease in ethanol level, supporting the role of this bifuctional alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase in ethanol production. (lu.se)
RÉSUMÉ Tous les patients de sexe masculin soignés en psychiatrie et en médecine générale adressés à deux hôpitaux de Basra (Iraq) de septembre 2000 à avril 200l ont été soumis à un dépistage de l'alcoolisme par le test AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test). (who.int)

The enzymes required for the oxidation reactions are confined to certain tissues. (wikipedia.org)
However, under alcoholic conditions, the citric acid cycle has been stalled by the oversupply of NADH derived from ethanol oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
Together, these enzymes couple decarboxylation of pyruvate to ethanol with the oxidation of NADH and thus represent an alternative to the AdhE ethanol formation pathway. (researchgate.net)
Ethanol oxidation also occurs, to a limited extent, in nearby tissues. (who.int)
Lactobacillus reuteri, a heterofermentative bacterium, metabolizes glycerol via a Pdu (propanediol-utilization) pathway involving dehydration to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) followed by reduction to 1,3-propandiol (1,3-PDO) with concomitant generation of an oxidized cofactor, NAD+ that is utilized to maintain cofactor balance required for glucose metabolism and even for oxidation of 3-HPA by a Pdu oxidative branch to 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP). (lu.se)

1990). Interspecies differences in the rate of chloroform conversion were observed in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys, with species differences in metabolism being highly dose-dependant. (cdc.gov)
The effect of pretreatment of Sprague-Dawley-rats with ethanol (64175) on the metabolism of bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether (111966) (diglyme) was examined in-vivo and in isolated hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
The in-vitro metabolism of diglyme in hepatocytes isolated from rats pretreated with ethanol was increased over that in hepatocytes from untreated rats. (cdc.gov)
The changes in some of the hepatic metabolic enzymes in rats fed phytic acid extract from sweet potato are geared towards compensating for the decreased glycolytic responses. (uwi.edu)
The UGT2 family contains three enzymes of the UGT2A subfamily and seven enzymes of the UGT2B subfamily among humans, rats, and mice. (aspetjournals.org)
Which UGT enzyme in mice and rats corresponds to human UGT enzyme is controversial. (aspetjournals.org)
The effect of ethanol extract of Dennettia Tripetala on rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride was investigated. (projecttopics.com)
Sets of 30 female wistar albino rats were divided into 6 groups containing five animals each and were treated orally with increasing doses of ethanol extract of Dennettia Tripetala for two weeks. (projecttopics.com)

The mutated Cphy3925 lost NAD(H)-dependent activities, but, unlike the mutated AdhE in C. thermocellum , the G609D mutation did not result in NADPH-dependent ADH activity (Fig. 3B to E). Instead, our results support the notion that the ET strain arrested AdhE-mediated interconversion of acetyl-CoA, acetaldehyde, and ethanol, which helps explain why the C. phytofermentans ET strain had lower ethanol yield. (researchgate.net)
Drosophila melanogaster adults were successfully selected for increased and decreased olfactory response to different concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol, using a choice type olfactometer. (edu.au)

Of particular significance was the induction of hepatic enzymes by ethanol which resulted in the conversion of increased amounts of diglyme to MAA, the metabolite associated with the reproductive and developmental toxicity of diglyme. (cdc.gov)
acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of lonafarnib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
acetaminophen increases levels of axitinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of flurazepam by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
enzalutamide will decrease the level or effect of flurazepam by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
Because the absence of SOD would confer less resistance to oxidative stress, we determined whether damage to hepatic proteolytic systems was greater in SOD -/- than in SOD +/+ mice after chronic ethanol feeding. (elsevierpure.com)
Results: Ethanol-fed SOD -/- mice had 4-fold higher blood ethanol, 2.8-fold higher alanine aminotransferase levels, 20% higher liver weight, a 1.4-fold rise in hepatic protein levels, and 35 to 70% higher levels of lipid peroxides than corresponding wild-type mice. (elsevierpure.com)

Metabolism of chloroform occurs primarily by cytochrome p-450-dependent pathways, with CYP2E1 (ethanol-inducible) being the primary isozyme responsible (Wang et al. (cdc.gov)
Additionally, while ethanol administration induced cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity in wild-type mice, it caused no such induction in SOD -/- mice. (elsevierpure.com)

Nutrigenetic DNA tests examine the genes and variants of these genes involved in specific nutrients and their metabolism. (hindustantimes.com)
These genes, which come from L. lactis , B. subtilis and E. coli , produce enzymes that hijack the metabolism of the microbes - turning them into miniature reaction vessels. (chemistryworld.com)
The PharmaGen® test detects variants in genes that affect the metabolism of commonly used drugs, particularly in the fields of psychiatry, neurology and internal medicine. (ghcgenetics.cz)
Variants in certain genes cause the enzymes responsible for the body's ability to metabolise or break down these harmful substances to be less active, which facilitates the development of various diseases. (ghcgenetics.cz)

Ethanol metabolism by microsomal and mitochondrial systems generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and is associated with diminished glutathione and antioxidant enzymatic activity, all of which promote oxidative stress. (yale.edu)
Unexpectedly, ethanol feeding significantly elevated total and mitochondrial levels of glutathione in SOD knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. (elsevierpure.com)
These and other atypical responses to ethanol, including the absence of ethanol-induced steatosis and enhanced glutathione levels, appear to be linked to enhanced oxidative stress due to lack of antioxidant enzyme capacity. (elsevierpure.com)

For example, acetaldehydemia-related facial flushing after light drinking, or upon administration of ethanol-containing pharmaceutical compositions, is experienced by individuals possessing inactive or inefficient aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). (justia.com)
An aldehyde dehydrogenase expressed in the mitochondrial matrix that is essential for the metabolism of ETHANOL. (bvsalud.org)

Gene variation in these enzymes can lead to variation in catalytic efficiency between individuals. (wikipedia.org)
For example, because of genomic tendencies for fat metabolism, gene variants may indicate that your body would not benefit from a vegan diet or would not adapt well to a keto diet. (hindustantimes.com)
Consequently, the AOXI gene will not be expressed to produce the AO enzyme until the ethanol has been consumed. (igem.org)
The pckA gene, encoding the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was cloned by PCR amplification from the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris No. 7. (asm.org)
Studies of a pckA-lacZ gene fusion indicated that when cells were grown in minimal media with various carbon sources, such as succinate, malate, pyruvate, lactate, or ethanol, under both anaerobic light and aerobic dark conditions, the pckA gene was induced in log phase, irrespective of the carbon source. (asm.org)

Regardless of the route of exposure, chloroform is excreted from the body primarily as expired carbon dioxide, although at higher concentrations, where metabolism is saturated, appreciable levels of parent compound may be exhaled as well (Brown et al. (cdc.gov)

In humans, several enzymes are involved in processing ethanol first into acetaldehyde and further into acetic acid and acetyl-CoA. (wikipedia.org)
Complete reaction: C2H6O(ethanol) → C2H4O(acetaldehyde) → C2H4O2(acetic acid) → acetyl-CoA → 3H2O + 2CO2. (wikipedia.org)
The first three steps of the reaction pathways lead from ethanol to acetaldehyde to acetic acid to acetyl-CoA. (wikipedia.org)
Acetate, the ionized form of acetic acid, is a critical metabolite in fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Utilization of acetic acid, ethanol and acetaldehyde as resources by the selected lines was tested using adult longevity. (edu.au)

Blood ethanol levels are also useful in the diagnosis of alcoholism because individuals who habitually use this drug become tolerant. (medscape.com)
This diagnosis is suggested when a person can function in a relatively normal capacity (without evidence of intoxication) with a blood ethanol level greater than 150 mg/dL. (medscape.com)

The present invention is generally related to compositions and methods that diminish the negative side effects associated with the consumption of ethanol. (justia.com)
Another means by which ethanol consumption may result in acetaldehydemia is by excessively rapid metabolism of ethanol (i.e., by increasing k 1 in Equation 1). (justia.com)
The availability of animal models in which ethanol metabolism or antioxidant mechanisms are genetically modified facilitates investigation of the role these enzymes and oxidative stress play in diseases associated with ethanol consumption. (yale.edu)
Most projects have taken synthetic biological approaches or have explored naturally occurring diversity in S. cerevisiae to enhance stress tolerance, xylose consumption, or ethanol production. (biomedcentral.com)

Acetaldehyde is also an endogenous metabolite produced from ethanol. (who.int)

Catabolic degradation of ethanol is thus essential to life, not only of humans, but of all known organisms. (wikipedia.org)
The reaction from ethanol to carbon dioxide and water is a complex one that proceeds in at least 11 steps in humans. (wikipedia.org)
1974). Similarly, chloroform metabolism was calculated to be slower in humans than in rodents. (cdc.gov)

Wide distribution of D-xylose dehydrogenase in yeasts reveals a new element in the D-xylose metabolism for bioethanol production. (fems-microbiology.org)
This research article presents the previously neglected yeast enzyme, D-xylose dehydrogenase (XylDH), which is proposed to be an important factor for yeast metabolism and for improving second-generation ethanol production. (fems-microbiology.org)

ΔGf = Σ ΔGfp − ΔGfo C2H6O(ethanol) + NAD+ → C2H4O(acetaldehyde) + NADH + H+ Ethanol: −174.8 kJ/mol Acetaldehyde: −127.6 kJ/mol ΔGf1 = −127.6 kJ/mol + 174.8 kJ/mol = 47.2 kJ/mol (endergonic) ΣΔGf = 47.2 kJ/mol (endergonic, but this does not take into consideration the simultaneous reduction of NAD+. (wikipedia.org)
A previous study reported an ethanol-tolerant C. thermocellum strain with AdhE mutations (P704L and H735R) that shifted the cofactor specificity from NADH to NADPH, which was proposed to confer ethanol resistance by altering the internal redox balance (9). (researchgate.net)
To deter- mine the effect of the G609D mutation on Cphy3925 enzyme activity, we purified WT and ET versions of the enzyme (Fig. 3A) and tested their in vitro catalysis of the two-step, bidirectional reactions converting acetyl-CoA to ethanol using either NADH or NADPH cofactors. (researchgate.net)
Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)
Notably, it was demonstrated that PduQ is more active in generating NAD+ during glycerol metabolism within the microcompartment by resting cells, while ADH7 functions to balance NAD+/NADH by converting 3-HPA to 1,3-PDO outside the microcompartment in the growing cells. (lu.se)

Comparative metabolism of bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether in isolated rat hepatocytes and in the intact rat: effects of ethanol on in vitro metabolism. (cdc.gov)
The results of an in-vivo/in-vitro comparative metabolism study indicated that isolated rat hepatocytes in monolayer culture can be used to predict the urinary metabolites of diglyme. (cdc.gov)
Diacetyl was metabolized in nasal tissues in vitro, likely by is metabolized by diacetyl reductase (also known as diacetyl reductase, an enzyme known to be inhibited by butyric dicarbonyl nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductase acid. (cdc.gov)

Co-expression of additional EMP enzymes, fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) and triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi), with Pfk I did not enable EMP flux, and resulted in production of glycerol as a side product. (frontiersin.org)

Ethanol pathway engineering. (researchgate.net)
In Escherichia coli , besides the PEPCK reaction, there is another pathway to form PEP from C 4 -dicarboxylic acid which involves the NAD- and NADP-dependent malic enzymes (MAEA and MAEB) and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (PPS). (asm.org)
The Pdu pathway is operative inside Pdu microcompartment that encapsulates different enzymes and cofactors involved in metabolizing glycerol or 1,2-propanediol, and protects the cells from the toxic effect of the aldehyde intermediate. (lu.se)

Due to differences in enzyme presence and availability, human adults and fetuses process ethanol through different pathways. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolic pathways exist for the metabolism of methanol and ethanol within some species of the Pichia taxa to include the yeast of our interest, Pichia pastoris . (igem.org)

Rewiring yeast metabolism to synthesize products beyond ethanol. (research.com)

Background: Ethanol metabolism increases production of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide () in the liver, resulting in significant oxidative stress, which causes cellular damage. (elsevierpure.com)

Acetate is generated from the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and ethanol. (sigmaaldrich.com)
While wild-type mice exhibited fatty liver after ethanol administration, SOD -/- mice showed no evidence of ethanol-induced steatosis, although triglyceride levels were elevated in both groups of knockout mice. (elsevierpure.com)

acetaminophen increases toxicity of dapsone topical by altering metabolism. (medscape.com)
Thus, Huh-7 may be more vulnerable to ethanol toxicity because of the higher levels of acetaldehyde. (springer.com)
Knowledge of inhalation deposition patterns is, modulate diacetyl toxicity by inhibiting its metabolism and/or therefore, essential for evaluating inhalation risk, particularly altering its inhalation dosimetric patterns. (cdc.gov)

The average human digestive system produces approximately 3 g of ethanol per day through fermentation of its contents. (wikipedia.org)
Source: Bioconversion of Sugarcane Biomass into Ethanol: An Overview about Composition, Pretreatment Methods, Detoxification of Hydrolysates, Enzymatic Saccharification, and Ethanol Fermentation, 2012 Larissa Canilha et al. (freedissertation.com)
B molasses which is used for the subsequent fermentation of ethanol. (freedissertation.com)
High concentration syrup (blackstrap) B molasses that is used as a raw material for the following fermentation to produce ethanol after the no crystallized sugar and accompanying salts are intensified. (freedissertation.com)
In the procedure of fermentation of molasses is significant to use Heat Resistant Device, the yeast cerevisiae where they are large heat generation process in which estimates of 34-37 °C. When the temperature above 44 °C the manufacture of ethanol will reduce and increase the residual sugar content according to (Laluce et al. (freedissertation.com)

They seem to indicate that SJW interacts with a group of liver enzymes which are involved in the metabolism of a number of prescribed drugs. (positivehealth.com)

This research article investigates metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under carbon dioxide limitation. (fems-microbiology.org)

The metabolism of ethanol gives rise to the generation of excessive amount of reactive oxygen species and is also associated with immune dysfunction. (omicsonline.org)

The extract treatment however produced a higher activity for the antioxidant enzymes compared to the CCl4 treated groups. (projecttopics.com)

Modulation of the Activity of Enzymes Involved in Carbohydrate Metabolism during Flower Development of Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L. (peertechzpublications.com)
Results indicate that the main differences in carbohydrate metabolism occur during meiosis. (peertechzpublications.com)
Moreover, gametophyte development is dependent on sugar physiology, and any perturbation in carbohydrate metabolism during flower development induces the gametophyte abortion [10,11], leading to reduce the success of fertilization [12,13]. (peertechzpublications.com)

Finally, the significant increase of sucrose degrading enzyme activities, such as Starch Synthase degradation, cytoplasmic invertase, and wall-bound invertase, observed after the flower separating stage was interpreted as the first sign of the strong physiological modifications occurred in the ovaries between fertilization and the fruit formation. (peertechzpublications.com)

Without a doubt, the genetic diversity observed in yeasts is matched by diversity in metabolism and physiology. (fems-microbiology.org)

C. phytofermentans thus likely produces ethanol by the concerted action of multiple ADHs, and these other ADHs, especially Cphy1029, are responsi- ble for ethanol produced by the ET strain. (researchgate.net)
Zymomonas mobilis is a bacterium that produces ethanol from glucose at up to 97% of theoretical efficiency on a carbon basis. (frontiersin.org)

Sugarcane cultivation remains, which refer to the solid residue from ethanol manufacture and sugarcane waste. (freedissertation.com)
Saccharomyces ( S. ) cerevisiae is the workhorse of the incipient lignocellulosic biofuel industry [ 5 ] due to its robustness, stress-tolerance compared to bacteria and other fermenting microbes [ 6 ], and the established infrastructure for production by the sugarcane and starch ethanol industries. (biomedcentral.com)

In Rhizobium species, a PEPCK-deficient mutant fails to grow on minimal medium with succinate or other citric acid cycle intermediates but can grow on glucose and glycerol as a sole carbon source, suggesting that PEPCK functions here as a key gluconeogenic enzyme ( 30 ). (asm.org)
These three enzymes act synergistically on cellulose effectively hydrolyzing its crystal structure, to produce glucose. (fao.org)

Expression of pQexpE increased cellulolysis by ϳ 30% in both the WT and ET strains (Fig. 5A) and boosted ethanol production by 70% relative to the ET strain ( P Ͻ 0.01), thereby restoring ethanol yields to WT levels (Fig. 5B). (researchgate.net)
Strains deficient in all three enzymes cannot grow on C 4 -dicarboxylic acids as a sole carbon source, whereas strains retaining one of these enzymes are still able to grow ( 14 ). (asm.org)

However, if both ethanol and methanol are present, P. pastoris will utilize the ethanol before consuming the methanol. (igem.org)
In supplying the yeast cells with ethanol and methanol simultaneously, the cells will produce the fluorescent protein once the ethanol is utilized. (igem.org)

Liver and intestine are the important tissues for drug metabolism including glucuronidation. (aspetjournals.org)

Our process is around 10 times faster than hydrogen production and about 100 times faster than genetically engineered ethanol production. (chemistryworld.com)
The enzyme TPMT (thiopurine S-methyltransferase), whose production and activity is genetically influenced, is responsible for the metabolisation and inactivation of these drugs. (ghcgenetics.cz)

In order to further understand the relationships between flower development and sugar metabolism in grapevine, the fluctuations of both starch and sucrose contents were compared with the activity of their related enzymes, in the inflorescences, from the appearance of flower buds until the fruit set. (peertechzpublications.com)

For example, certain ADH1B and ADH1C variants that are commonly found in East Asian populations lead to more rapid ethanol breakdown and acetaldehyde accumulation in the body. (nih.gov)
In addition, the accumulation of ethanol-derived aldehydes and hydroxyethyl radicals serves to modify critical biological functions by forming adducts with proteins and DNA. (yale.edu)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that converts superoxide to less toxic intermediates, preventing accumulation. (elsevierpure.com)

One factor contributing to the high efficiency of ethanol production is that Z. mobilis has a low biomass yield. (frontiersin.org)

Several mechanisms are responsible for dehydration, including protracted vomiting, decreased fluid intake, and inhibition of antidiuretic hormone secretion by ethanol. (medscape.com)

variations of enzyme activities can be correlated with their differences in sugar contents. (peertechzpublications.com)
Differences in drug metabolism rates and blood levels can vary significantly from person to person based on their genetic makeup. (ghcgenetics.cz)

In the past, attempts have been made to engineer these organisms to produce hydrogen or ethanol, but making the process efficient is a challenge. (chemistryworld.com)
Toxins are chemicals that are produced by organisms as a result of cellular metabolism (e.g., marine toxins such as saxitoxin or plant toxins such as ricin). (cdc.gov)
Toxicants are synthetic (i.e., manufactured) or naturally found chemicals that are not produced by organisms as a result of cellular metabolism (e.g., nerve agents or arsenic). (cdc.gov)

Nine ADH enzymes were found in L. reuteri DSM20016, out of which 3 (PduQ, ADH6 and ADH7) belong to the group of iron-dependent enzymes that are known to transform aldehydes/ketones to alcohols. (lu.se)

Ethanol (1.6 g/kg body wt/day) exposure for 12 wks significantly increased TBARS and nitrite levels and GST activity, and significantly decreased GSH content and the activities of SOD, CAT, GR and GPx in whole blood hemolyzate of 8-10 wks- old male BALB/c mice (weighing 20-30 g). (omicsonline.org)
Methods: Female wild-type (SOD +/+ ) and Cu/Zn-SOD knockout (SOD -/- ) mice were pair-fed ethanol and control liquid diets for 24 days, after which liver injury was assessed. (elsevierpure.com)
Ethanol administration caused no significant change in proteasome activity, but caused lysosomal leakage in livers of SOD -/- mice but not in wild-type mice. (elsevierpure.com)

In many East Asians, the enzyme ALDH is less active, so it cannot efficiently produce acetate from acetaldehyde, so the later accumulates in their blood and cause facial flushing [13] . (nutrientsreview.com)
It can be seen from Equation 1 that when the rate of the ALDH-catalyzed reaction (k 2 ) is not high enough to keep pace with the rate of the ALD-catalyzed dehydrogenation of ethanol (k 2 ), acetaldehyde will accumulate. (justia.com)
Inhibition of ALDH by the drug disulfuram creates a similar sensitivity in people having an otherwise normally-acting enzyme. (justia.com)

Ethanol exposure also elevated the activities of transaminase enzymes (AST and ALT), IL-10, TNF- a , IFN- g , VEGF-A and TGF- b 1, while decreasing the albumin concentration and IL-4 activity in the serum. (omicsonline.org)
To convert serum ethanol level to BAC, move the decimal point 3 places to the left. (medscape.com)
Example, a 100 mg/dL serum ethanol level is equivalent to a 0.10 (g/dL) BAC, or 0.10% (weight/volume). (medscape.com)

Acetate concentration is determined by a coupled enzyme assay, which results in a colorimetric (450 nm) product proportional to the acetate present. (sigmaaldrich.com)

The variants in these cation transporters may increase their activities to alleviate cation leakage due to ethanol stress. (researchgate.net)

Certain amino acid sequences in the enzymes used to oxidize ethanol are conserved (unchanged) going back to the last common ancestor over 3.5 bya. (wikipedia.org)

PEPCKs have been generally classified according to their nucleotide specificities: enzymes from bacteria, yeast, and plants mainly use adenosine nucleotides, but enzymes from a variety of eukaryotes and mammals use guanosine or inosine phosphates ( 24 ). (asm.org)

One critical challenge is retaining high enzyme production in the presence of elevated product titers. (researchgate.net)
Sugar cane, sugar beet, and sweet sorghum are sugar produce used as feedstock for ethanol production. (freedissertation.com)

In Bacillus subtilis , this Na ϩ efflux system is induced by ethanol and is proposed to compensate for an influx of extracellular Na ϩ resulting from a weakened membrane barrier (38). (researchgate.net)

Anatomy17

Organisms9

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs75

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Psychiatry and Psychology9

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science3

Health Care3

Alcohol29

Oxidation5

Rats8

Acetaldehyde and ethanol2

Hepatic7

Cytochrome2

Genes4

Glutathione3

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase2

Gene5

Concentrations1

Acetic acid5

Blood ethanol2

Consumption4

Metabolite1

Humans3

Dehydrogenase2

NADH5

Vitro3

Triose phosphate1

Pathway3

Pathways2

Yeast metabolism1

Oxidative stress1

Fatty2

Toxicity3

Fermentation5

Liver enzymes1

Carbon dioxide1

Reactive1

Antioxidant enzymes1

Carbohydrate metabolism3

Degradation1

Physiology1

Produces2

Sugarcane2

Glucose2

Strains2

Methanol2

Tissues1

Genetically2

Sucrose1

Accumulation3

Biomass1

Secretion1

Differences2

Organisms3

Aldehydes1

Mice3

ALDH3

Serum3

Acetate1

Variants1

Amino1

Adenosine1

Production2

Subtilis1