Enzyme ligases. Medical search. Frequent questions

one successful approach, for example, tested T4 DNA ligase fused to several alternative DNA binding proteins and found that the constructs with either p50 or NF-kB as fusion partners were over 160% more active in blunt-end ligations for cloning purposes than wild type T4 DNA ligase. (wikipedia.org)
The majority of enzymes are proteins, though some are Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. (medicalnewstoday.com)
N-Terminally extended human ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) mediate the ubiquitination of RING-finger proteins, ARA54 and RNF8. (nih.gov)
Ubiquitin ligase enzymes mediate the selection of target proteins. (nature.com)
They are usually proteins, though some RNA molecules act as enzymes too. (khanacademy.org)
Most enzymes are proteins , though certain nucleic acids , called ribozymes , are also capable of catalytic activity. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Enzymes (and other proteins) are composed of amino acid chains called polypeptide chains. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This enzyme ensures normal neurological development by regulating the accumulation of potentially harmful proteins in the nervous system. (medicinenet.com)
Proteins that catalyze both functions are referred to as glycogen debranching enzymes (GDEs). (wikidoc.org)
Kornberg became an authority on the biochemistry of enzymes, including the production of coenzymes-the proteins that assist enzymes by transferring chemicals from one group of enzymes to another. (encyclopedia.com)
Ubiquitin ligases refers to a family of proteins that are widely distributed in animals and plants and act as key regulators of cell metabolism and cell signaling. (brookes.ac.uk)
Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)

A substrate entering the active site of the enzyme. (khanacademy.org)
This region, where the binding of the substrate(s) and the reaction occur, is known as the active site of the enzyme. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
These acids and bases are amino acid side chains in the active site of the enzyme. (wikidoc.org)

This inhibitor molecule blocks the active site so that the substrate has to compete with the inhibitor to attach to the enzyme. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This inhibitor binds to the enzyme and substrate. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Such cases exist: for example, a mutase such as phosphoglucomutase catalyses the transfer of a phospho group from one position to another, and isomerase is a more general term for an enzyme that catalyses any one-substrate one-product reaction, such as triosephosphate isomerase . (wikipedia.org)
An example of enzymes that bind a single substrate and release multiple products are proteases , which cleave one protein substrate into two polypeptide products. (wikipedia.org)
in such cases, it is helpful to determine the enzyme structure with and without bound substrate analogues that do not undergo the enzymatic reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Beyond this limit the enzyme is saturated with substrate and the reaction rate ceases to increase. (wikipedia.org)
Indisulam promotes an interaction between RBM39 and the DCAF15 E3 ligase substrate receptor, leading to RBM39 ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. (nature.com)
Single-stranded exonuclease is determined in a 50 µL reaction containing a radiolabeled single-stranded DNA substrate and 10 µL of enzyme solution incubated for 4 hours at 37°C. (qiagen.com)
Here, the enzyme changes shape slightly, fitting tightly with the substrate and forming the enzyme/substrate complex . (khanacademy.org)
Enzymes work best within specific temperature and pH ranges, and sub-optimal conditions can cause an enzyme to lose its ability to bind to a substrate. (khanacademy.org)
Increasing enzyme concentration will speed up the reaction, as long as there is substrate available to bind to. (khanacademy.org)
Once all of the substrate is bound, the reaction will no longer speed up, since there will be nothing for additional enzymes to bind to. (khanacademy.org)
Once all of the enzymes have bound, any substrate increase will have no effect on the rate of reaction, as the available enzymes will be saturated and working at their maximum rate. (khanacademy.org)
Some enzymes are more specific than others and will only accept one particular substrate. (khanacademy.org)
Once an enzyme binds to a substrate and catalyzes the reaction, the enzyme is released, unchanged, and can be used for another reaction. (khanacademy.org)
This means that for each reaction, there does not need to be a 1:1 ratio between enzyme and substrate molecules. (khanacademy.org)
Heat cannot be added to a living system, so enzymes provide an alternate pathway: they bond with a substrate (the substance involved in the chemical reaction) to form a "transition state," an unstable intermediate complex that requires less energy for the reaction to proceed. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Only a very small portion of the enzyme, approximately ten amino acids, comes into direct contact with the substrate(s). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
An enzyme combines with its substrate(s) to form a short-lived enzyme-substrate complex. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
There are two models to explain how the binding of enzyme and substrate occurs: the "lock and key" model and induced fit. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
To account for the specificity of enzymes, Emil Fischer proposed that the enzyme had a particular shape into which the substrate(s) fit exactly. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This model of exact fit, introduced in the 1890s, is often referred to as the "lock and key" model, because the enzyme binding to a substrate is analogous to the specific fit of a lock into a key. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The active site of an enzyme can be modified as the substrate interacts with the enzyme, creating an "induced fit" between enzyme and substrate. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Her main research interests have been the study of Mur ligases from different bacterial species and the search for inhibitors of these enzymes. (degruyter.com)
His main research interests are the structure-based design, synthesis and evaluation of small-molecule enzyme inhibitors and receptor ligands. (degruyter.com)
For more than 30 years, his main research interests have been the functional and structural study of the enzymes of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, the determination of the structure of peptidoglycan from certain bacterial species, and the search for peptidoglycan biosynthesis inhibitors that could act as antibacterial agents. (degruyter.com)
Enzymes can be affected by molecules that increase their activity (activators) or decrease their activity (inhibitors). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

An enzyme is a biological catalyst that regulates the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
At least one firm is designing molecular diagnostics around a thermostable enzyme discovered in an extremophile organism. (genomeweb.com)

The activity of E. coli DNA ligase can be enhanced by DNA polymerase at the right concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
They discovered the enzyme in the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli , and Kornberg called it DNA polymerase. (encyclopedia.com)
The OmniAmp enzyme used by Lucigen is a polymerase with innate reverse transcriptase activity that was discovered in a virus inhabiting a Yellowstone National Park hot spring. (genomeweb.com)
Learn the basic functions of the following DNA replication enzymes: helicase, primase, ligase, polymerase I and III. (ti.com)

When enzymes bind multiple substrates, such as dihydrofolate reductase (shown right), enzyme kinetics can also show the sequence in which these substrates bind and the sequence in which products are released. (wikipedia.org)
This rate-determining step may be a chemical reaction or a conformational change of the enzyme or substrates, such as those involved in the release of product(s) from the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Each type of enzyme typically only reacts with one, or a couple, of substrates. (khanacademy.org)
In vitro selection of ribozyme ligases that use prebiotically plausible 2-aminoimidazole-activated substrates. (harvard.edu)
Like any catalyst, the enzyme remains unaltered by the completed reaction and can therefore continue to interact with substrates. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Most enzymes are larger than the substrates on which they act. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Enzymes are usually specific, or unique, to the reactions they catalyze and the substrates that are involved in these reactions. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Ubiquitylation is regulated by enzymes that add (E3 ubiquitin ligases) or subtract (deubiquitylating enzymes) ubiquitin from substrates. (upenn.edu)
We are now poised to define how cullin ligases form distinct ubiquitin complexes in T cells or other immune cells, and the unique set of substrates targeted by these complexes. (upenn.edu)

By contrast, coenzymes are organic molecules that also loosely bond with and allow an enzyme to do its job. (medicalnewstoday.com)
While at NIH, he perfected techniques for synthesizing the coenzymes diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide -two enzymes involved in the production of the energy-rich molecules used by the body. (encyclopedia.com)
To synthesize coenzymes, Kornberg used a chemical reaction called a condensation reaction, in which phosphate is eliminated from the molecule used to form the enzymes. (encyclopedia.com)

When the concentrations of Pol I DNA polymerases are higher, it has an adverse effect on E. coli DNA ligase The DNA ligase from bacteriophage T4 (a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria). (wikipedia.org)
Escherichia coli MurD has been the first Mur ligase for which the tridimensional (3D) structure was solved. (degruyter.com)

The main difference between ribozymes and enzymes is that RNA catalysts are composed of nucleotides, whereas enzymes are composed of amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes are catalysts . (khanacademy.org)
Like all catalysts, enzymes work to lower the activation energy of a reaction, or the initial energy input necessary for most chemical reactions to occur. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
It was here that his interest in medical research blossomed and he became intrigued with the study of enzymes-the protein catalysts of chemical reactions. (encyclopedia.com)

Like most enzymes of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, MurD constitutes an attractive target for the design and synthesis of new antibacterial agents. (degruyter.com)
The topic of DNA synthesis was of intense interest among researchers at the time, and it closely paralleled his work with enzymes, since DNA controls the biosynthesis of enzymes in cells. (encyclopedia.com)

The SUCLA2 and SUCLG1 genes each provide instructions for making one part (subunit) of an enzyme called succinate-CoA ligase. (medlineplus.gov)
When complexed with heterotrimeric PCNA, the DNA ligase binds to the PCNA3 subunit and ligase retains an open, extended conformation. (rcsb.org)

This molecule binds to an enzyme somewhere other than the active site and reduces how effectively it works. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This is an irreversible inhibitor, which binds to an enzyme and permanently inactivates it. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Some enzymes cannot function unless they attach to a specific non-protein molecule, known as cofactors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A debranching enzyme is a molecule that helps facilitate the breakdown of glycogen , which serves as a store of glucose in the body, through glucosyltransferase and glucosidase activity. (wikidoc.org)

DNA ligase is a type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. (wikipedia.org)

Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together to form recombinant DNA. (wikipedia.org)
The E. coli DNA ligase is encoded by the lig gene. (wikipedia.org)
Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency results from mutations in the SUCLA2 or SUCLG1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in either the SUCLA2 or SUCLG1 gene disrupt the normal function of succinate-CoA ligase. (medlineplus.gov)
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 is a protein encoded by the MDM2 gene. (researchandmarkets.com)
The enzyme is produced by a recombinant E. coli strain carrying the T4 RNA Ligase gene from bacteriophage T4. (qiagen.com)
This gene helps produce an enzyme called ubiquitin protein ligase E3A. (medicinenet.com)
This enzyme has a molecular mass of 73.6 kDa, and is coded for by the gene glgX. (wikidoc.org)

Its half-life is 48 hours at 65 °C and greater than 1 hour at 95 °C. Ampligase DNA Ligase has been shown to be active for at least 500 thermal cycles (94 °C/80 °C) or 16 hours of cycling.10 This exceptional thermostability permits extremely high hybridization stringency and ligation specificity. (wikipedia.org)
We tested four combinations of mutations on the Ebola transcripts, and the ligase demonstrated exceptional specificity in reporting them," Tripathi said, adding that the specificity varied from 10 -2 to 10 -4 . (genomeweb.com)

His main research interests concern the identification of genes and enzymes involved in this pathway, the regulation of this metabolism, the mode of action of antibiotics and bacteriocins interfering with this pathway and the corresponding resistance mechanisms, as well as the molecular bases for the recognition of bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan by host innate immunity mechanisms. (degruyter.com)
Studying an enzyme's kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism , how its activity is controlled, and how a drug or a modifier ( inhibitor or activator ) might affect the rate. (wikipedia.org)
He then served as chief of the division's enzymes and metabolism section from 1947 to 1952. (encyclopedia.com)
In the cell, RNF213 was shown to be involved in fatty acid metabolism ( 11 ), and to associate with intracellular lipid droplets in a manner dependent on its E3 ligase and ATPase activities ( 12 ). (biorxiv.org)

Enzymes help the body break down larger complex molecules into smaller molecules, such as glucose, so that the body can use them as fuel. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ions are inorganic molecules that loosely bond to the enzyme to ensure it can function. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Other enzymes can act on a range of molecules, as long as they contain the type of bond or chemical group that the enzyme targets. (khanacademy.org)
In 1957, Kornberg's group used this enzyme to synthesize DNA molecules. (encyclopedia.com)

Enables ISG15 transferase activity and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity. (nih.gov)
Thus the debranching enzymes, transferase and α-1,6- glucosidase converts the branched glycogen structure into a linear one, paving the way for further cleavage by phosphorylase. (wikidoc.org)

Enzymes provide help with facilitating chemical reactions within each cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Enzymes help with the chemical reactions that keep a person alive and well. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Enzymes speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions . (wikipedia.org)
Dilutions of the enzyme were made in 1X T4 RNA Ligase reaction buffer and added to 20 µL reactions containing 0.4 µg of an equimolar mix of two single-stranded 23 base RNA oligonucleotides (one 5′-phosphorylated) and 1X T4 RNA Ligase Buffer. (qiagen.com)
Enzymes are essential to sustain life because most chemical reactions in biological cells , such as the digestion of food, would occur too slowly or would lead to different products without the activity of enzymes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Enzymes may speed up reactions by a factor of many millions. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
According to the study, the addition of single-stranded DNA ligase to the reactions increased template-dependent ligation efficiency. (genomeweb.com)

Of the all known mammalian DNA ligases, only Lig III has been found to be present in mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, DNA ligase has extensive use in molecular biology laboratories for recombinant DNA experiments (see Research applications). (wikipedia.org)
DNA ligase III: complexes with DNA repair protein XRCC1 to aid in sealing DNA during the process of nucleotide excision repair and recombinant fragments. (wikipedia.org)

[1] When glycogen breakdown is compromised by mutations in the glycogen debranching enzyme, metabolic diseases such as Glycogen storage disease type III can result. (wikidoc.org)
NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - Brown University researchers have discovered an RNA ligase that has the ability to function at high temperatures, potentially enabling detection of RNA mutations and improving RNA sequencing. (genomeweb.com)
The ligase was then used to detect Ebola RNA transcripts as well as to detect the presence of point mutations. (genomeweb.com)

DNA ligase is used in both DNA repair and DNA replication (see Mammalian ligases). (wikipedia.org)
In this lesson, students will use simulations to interact with DNA replication in order to explore semi-conservative replication and identify specific enzymes and their roles in replication. (ti.com)

Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the early development of the brain and other body systems. (medlineplus.gov)
Most children with succinate-CoA ligase deficiency also experience a failure to thrive, which means that they gain weight and grow more slowly than expected. (medlineplus.gov)
Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency causes breathing difficulties that often lead to recurrent infections of the respiratory tract. (medlineplus.gov)
These infections can be life-threatening, and most people with succinate-CoA ligase deficiency live only into childhood or adolescence. (medlineplus.gov)
A few individuals with succinate-CoA ligase deficiency have had an even more severe form of the disorder known as fatal infantile lactic acidosis. (medlineplus.gov)
Although the exact prevalence of succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is unknown, it appears to be very rare. (medlineplus.gov)
A shortage (deficiency) of this enzyme leads to problems with the production and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
These problems lead to hypotonia, muscle weakness, and the other characteristic features of succinate-CoA ligase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
Most inherited human diseases result from a genetic mutation , overproduction, or deficiency of a single critical enzyme. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

T4 RNA Ligase catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of single-stranded nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) by joining a 5' phosphoryl-terminated nucleic acid donor to a 3' hydroxyl-terminated nucleic acid acceptor through the formation of a 3'→5' phosphodiester bond (1). (qiagen.com)
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. (harvard.edu)
Archaeal RNA ligase is a homodimeric protein that catalyzes intramolecular ligation of single-stranded RNA and DNA. (harvard.edu)
A closed, ring-shaped conformation of ligase catalyzes a DNA end-joining reaction that is strongly stimulated by PCNA. (rcsb.org)

At a 1X concentration this reaction buffer assures optimal activity of the enzyme. (neb.com)
New England Biolabs supplies a 10X reaction buffer with all of its enzymes. (neb.com)

DNA ligase in E. coli, as well as most prokaryotes, uses energy gained by cleaving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to create the phosphodiester bond. (wikipedia.org)
It can also ligate blunt-ended DNA with much greater efficiency than E. coli DNA ligase. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike E. coli DNA ligase, T4 DNA ligase cannot utilize NAD and it has an absolute requirement for ATP as a cofactor. (wikipedia.org)
E. coli 16S rDNA Contamination is evaluated using 5 µL replicate samples of enzyme solution denatured and screened in a TaqMan qPCR assay for the presence of contaminating E. coli genomic DNA using oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the 16S rRNA locus. (qiagen.com)
Glucosyltransferase and glucosidase are performed by a single enzyme in mammals, yeast, and some bacteria, but by two distinct enzymes in E. coli and other bacteria, complicating nomenclature. (wikidoc.org)
In E. coli and other bacteria, glucosyltransferase and glucosidase functions are performed by two distinct enzymes. (wikidoc.org)

Predicted to be part of ubiquitin ligase complex. (nih.gov)
The amino-terminal domain of A20, which is a de-ubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme of the OTU (ovarian tumour) family, removes lysine-63 (K63)-linked ubiquitin chains from receptor interacting protein (RIP), an essential mediator of the proximal TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) signalling complex. (nih.gov)
One of the most complex ubiquitin ligases is the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) - a 1.5-megadalton assemblage of 1-2 copies of each of 13 different subunits, as well as two diffusible activators. (nature.com)
We have determined structures of Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA ligase and heterotrimeric PCNA separately by X-ray diffraction and in complex by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). (rcsb.org)

All ENZYME / UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries corresponding to 6.3.2. (expasy.org)

The optimal incubation temperature for T4 DNA ligase is 16 °C. Bacteriophage T4 ligase mutants have increased sensitivity to both UV irradiation and the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate indicating that DNA ligase is employed in the repair of the DNA damages caused by these agents. (wikipedia.org)

When glucosyltransferase and glucosidase are catalyzed by distinct enzymes, "glycogen debranching enzyme" usually refers to the glucosidase enzyme . (wikidoc.org)

Unlike keys, enzymes are rather flexible structures. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

For instance, enzymes in the intestines work best at around 8 pH , whereas enzymes in the stomach work best at about pH 1.5 because the stomach is much more acidic. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The T4 RNA Ligase 1 (10,000 U) is intended for molecular biology applications. (qiagen.com)
Characterization of the KOD1Rnl represents the first achievement in "a continued effort to discover and develop more efficient, cost effective, and unique enzymes for NGS and molecular diagnostics," Tripathi added. (genomeweb.com)

Derived from a thermophilic bacterium, the enzyme is stable and active at much higher temperatures than conventional DNA ligases. (wikipedia.org)

Initially, it has been recognized as another DNA ligase and it is the reason for the unusual nomenclature of DNA ligases. (wikipedia.org)

AMP is required for the ligase reaction, which proceeds in four steps: Reorganization of activity site such as nicks in DNA segments or Okazaki fragments etc. (wikipedia.org)
and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. (nih.gov)
Enzyme activity can be affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, pH, and concentration. (khanacademy.org)
Changing the pH outside of this range will slow enzyme activity. (khanacademy.org)
By inhibiting the activity of these enzymes, aspirin suppresses our experience of pain and inflammation. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
[10] Activity of the two enzymes is not always necessarily coupled. (wikidoc.org)
We recently described the structure of M. musculus RNF213 (PDB: 6TAX) and characterized its enzymatic activity, revealing it as a large monomeric protein with a functional dynein-like AAA (ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities) core that exists alongside a novel E3 ligase module ( 16 ). (biorxiv.org)
We combined this information on biologic function with biochemical data in which we defined precisely how these adaptors activate the enzymatic activity of Nedd4-family ligases, and are now using this information in the rational design of therapeutics. (upenn.edu)

The synthesis of the peptide stem of bacterial peptidoglycan involves four enzymes, the Mur ligases (MurC, D, E and F). Among them, MurD is responsible for the ATP-dependent addition of d -glutamic acid to UDP-MurNAc- l -Ala, a reaction which involves acyl-phosphate and tetrahedral intermediates. (degruyter.com)

DNA ligase I: ligates the nascent DNA of the lagging strand after the Ribonuclease H has removed the RNA primer from the Okazaki fragments. (wikipedia.org)

One unit is defined as the amount of enzyme required to ligate 50% of 0.4 μg of an equimolar mix of two single-stranded 23 base RNA oligonucleotides (one 5′-phosphorylated) in 20 μL 1X T4 RNA Ligase Buffer following a 30-minute incubation at 37°C. (qiagen.com)
In a study published in RNA Biology the researchers note this is only the third RNA ligase from a thermophile to be studied, and the others are single-stranded ligases that are inefficient at strand joining. (genomeweb.com)

Boost assay sensitivity and improve the number of successfully processed samples with a ligase engineered to address sequencing challenges. (codexis.com)
Testing and optimising the use of that enzyme to maximise assay performance. (biosearchtech.com)

role of ubiquitin ligases in autophagy and of ubiquitin-modifying enzymes in the regulation of the immune response. (brookes.ac.uk)

For example, lactose intolerance, the inability to digest significant amounts of lactose, which is the major sugar found in milk , is caused by a shortage of the enzyme lactase. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

The reaction catalysed by an enzyme uses exactly the same reactants and produces exactly the same products as the uncatalysed reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes are not reactants and are not used up during the reaction. (khanacademy.org)

Enzymes help with specific functions that are vital to the operation and overall health of the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Thousands of enzymes in the human body exist to perform around 5,000 different functions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The carboxy-terminal domain of A20, composed of seven C2/C2 zinc fingers, then functions as a ubiquitin ligase by polyubiquitinating RIP with K48-linked ubiquitin chains, thereby targeting RIP for proteasomal degradation. (nih.gov)

In mammals, there are four specific types of ligase. (wikipedia.org)
Each cell contains thousands of enzymes, providing specific help throughout the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Enzymes are 'specific. (khanacademy.org)
Each enzyme has a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its function. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
An enzyme that activates arginine with its specific transfer RNA . (online-medical-dictionary.org)
Recent reviews nicely describe our current understanding of the function of specific classes of ubiquitin ligases. (brookes.ac.uk)

DNA ligase from eukaryotes and some microbes uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rather than NAD. (wikipedia.org)

A small chain of 150 amino acids making up an enzyme has an extraordinary number of possible folding configurations: if it tested 10 12 different configurations every second, it would take about 10 26 years to find the right one (Lewis 2005). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
An enzyme might contain only one polypeptide chain, typically linking one hundred or more amino acids, or it might consist of several polypeptide chains that act together as a unit. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The amino acids side chains that make up the active site are molded into a precise shape, which enables the enzyme to perform its catalytic function. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Enzyme structure is important because it determines the enzyme's particular function in the body. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

We use systems biology approaches to define changes in ubiquitylation as activation states change, and to identify ubiquitin ligases that regulate immune cell fate. (upenn.edu)
We combine this information with genetic, cellular and biochemical approaches to define how ubiquitin enzymes regulate immune cell biology. (upenn.edu)
We are now generating genetic models in which to test the the biologic relevance of these ligases in protective immune responses. (upenn.edu)

Do enzymes in the human body have the same optimal peak rate? (khanacademy.org)
No, the optimal peak varies across enzymes and is dependent on the enzyme in question. (khanacademy.org)
Hands-on technical support if challenges arise - whether that's compatibility issues or sub-optimal enzyme concentrations, volumes or quantities. (biosearchtech.com)

From initial R&D development to larger-scale production, we manufacture critical raw materials in-house and provide your team with a reliable supply of enzymes and reagents, in the right concentrations and at the right time. (biosearchtech.com)

While all enzymes have a biological role, some enzymes are also used commercially. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Anatomy15

Organisms24

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs113

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes71

Information Science4

Health Care3

Proteins12

Active site of the enzyme3

Substrate23

Inhibitors4

Organism2

Polymerase4

Substrates9

Coenzymes3

Escherichia2

Catalysts4

Biosynthesis2

Subunit2

Binds2

Molecule2

Type of enzyme1

Gene8

Specificity2

Metabolism4

Molecules4

Transferase2

Reactions8

Mitochondria1

Recombinant2

Mutations3

Replication2

Deficiency9

Catalyzes4

Reaction buffer2

Coli6

Complex4

Swiss-Prot1

Bacteriophage1

Catalyzed by disti1

Structures1

Whereas enzymes1

Molecular2

Bacterium1

Nomenclature1

Activity8

Peptide1

Okazaki1

Single-stranded2

Assay2

Regulation1

Shortage1

Reactants2

Functions3

Specific6

Adenosine1

Amino acids3

Enzyme's1

Immune3

Optimal3

Right concentrations1

Biological1