Envelope virus attachment. Medical search. Frequent questions

Electron micrograph studies of B virus show a typical herpesvirus structure ( 6 ), including an electron dense core with viral DNA inside an icosapentahedral capsid surrounded by an amorphous tegument protein layer and a lipid envelope studded with viral glycoproteins. (cdc.gov)
This capsid is, for some viruses, enclosed within a lipid envelope usually derived from the host cell membrane. (genetex.com)
outer lipid envelope with the surface antigen (HBsAg). (slideserve.com)
[ 1 ] The lipid envelope is covered with dense projections that consist of a membrane and envelope glycoproteins. (medscape.com)

The virus takes advantage of the single promoter model by having its genes arranged in relative order of protein needed for successful infection. (wikipedia.org)
For example, nucleocapsid protein, N, is needed in greater amounts than RNA polymerase, L. Viruses in the Paramyxoviridae family are also antigenically stable, meaning that the glycoproteins on the viruses are consistent between different strains of the same type. (wikipedia.org)
The main hypothesis behind why the viruses are antigenically stable is that each protein and amino acid has an important function. (wikipedia.org)
The gene sequence is: Nucleocapsid - phosphoprotein - matrix - fusion - attachment - large (polymerase) N - the nucleocapsid protein associates with genomic RNA (one molecule per hexamer) and protects the RNA from nuclease digestion P - the phosphoprotein binds to the N and L proteins and forms part of the RNA polymerase complex. (wikipedia.org)
In the new study, the researchers used a chemically-activated form of the HIV envelope protein gp120 to stimulate the production of mouse monoclonal antibodies that block infection of cultured human cells by genetically-diverse HIV strains from around the world. (medindia.net)
CoVs are enveloped by a protein membrane that consists of a minimum of three structural proteins, namely, Spike (S), Membrane (M), and Envelope (E). They also contain accessory factors such as Orf3a. (news-medical.net)
E and M proteins are essential for viral assembly, whereas, S protein mediates the attachment of the virus to the host cell receptors, and also takes part in the transfer of the viral genome to the host. (news-medical.net)
The genome of the virus is housed inside a protective envelope that includes a lipid membrane, an envelope protein, a precursor membrane protein and a capsid protein. (purdue.edu)
The Purdue researchers are the first to learn the position of the capsid protein in the immature virus, which plays the critical role of recognizing the virus's genetic material and acts as a chaperone to guide these RNA strands into the virus for assembly. (purdue.edu)
The envelope protein is essential for the virus's binding, attachment and fusion to host cells during the infection process. (purdue.edu)
The membrane protein cleaves from the mature virus as it is released from the host to infect other cells. (purdue.edu)
A map of the immature virus's structure revealed details about the proteins, showing that the envelope and precursor membrane proteins are arranged in 60 spike-like features on the virus's surface, whereas the capsid protein is located on the internal side of the lipid membrane. (purdue.edu)
The structure differs from the mature Zika virus in that the membrane protein in the mature virus is covered by the envelope protein. (purdue.edu)
In studies investigating the impacts of retaining the E3 glycoprotein on mature virus outside of a host cell, we found this retention of E3 decreases receptor-mediated entry of cell targets that can be rescued on cells containing heparan sulfate suggesting viruses containing E3 on mature envelopes can utilize the E3 protein as an attachment factor. (purdue.edu)
This association potentially serves a role as an attachment factor on virus and presents new binding sites for protein interactions and potential inhibition. (purdue.edu)
The spike (S) protein found on the surface of the causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been the prime target for current vaccine research since antibodies directed against the S protein were found to neutralize the virus. (mdpi.com)
The CoV S protein is an envelope glycoprotein that plays a very important role in viral attachment, fusion, and entry into host cells, and serves as a major target for the development of neutralizing antibodies, inhibitors of viral entry, and vaccines. (nih.gov)
It is synthesized as a precursor protein that is cleaved into an N-terminal S1 subunit (~700 amino acids) and a C-terminal S2 subunit (~600 amino acids) that mediates attachment and membrane fusion, respectively. (nih.gov)
The viral envelope (Env) protein is a vital driver of the infectious binding and fusion to the target cells and comprises two primary non-covalently linked glycoproteins, surface component gp120 and transmembrane gp41. (articlemarketingnews.com)
The large envelope protein exists in two topological conformations, one which is termed 'external' or Le-HBsAg and the other 'internal' or Li-HBsAg. (arigobio.com)
In its external conformation the protein attaches the virus to cell receptors and thereby initiating infection. (arigobio.com)
The large envelope protein also assumes fusion between virion membrane and endosomal membrane (Probable). (arigobio.com)
The middle envelope protein plays an important role in the budding of the virion. (arigobio.com)
Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Induces SATB1 Expression Through Activation of ERK and p38MAPK Pathways to Suppress Anoikis. (arigobio.com)
Belongs to the asfivirus attachment protein p12 family. (popgenetics.net)
Interaction between hTIM-1 and Envelope Protein Is Important for JEV Infection. (bvsalud.org)
However, the task of predicting protein-protein interactions between a new virus and human cells is extremely challenging due to scarce data on virus-human interactions and fast mutation rates of most viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
This additional task objective acts as a regularizer and also allows to incorporate domain knowledge to inform the virus-human protein-protein interaction prediction model. (biomedcentral.com)
Experimental results show that our proposed model works effectively for both virus-human and bacteria-human protein-protein interaction prediction tasks. (biomedcentral.com)
Virus infection involves several types of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between the virus and its host. (biomedcentral.com)
In this work, we cast the problem of predicting virus-human protein interactions as a binary classification problem and focus specifically on emerging viruses that has limited experimentally verified interaction data. (biomedcentral.com)
Much earlier, a report stated that a 74 kDa protein on Vero cells was found to be capable of binding JEV and might be involved in virus uptake process [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The vaccinia virus A56 protein was one of the earliest-described poxvirus proteins with an identifiable activity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In addition, since the gene encoding the A56 protein is non-essential, it can be used as an insertion point for foreign genes and has been deleted in some viruses that are in clinical development as oncolytic agents. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF1 protein (pORF1) contains methyltransferase (MetT), papain-like cysteine protease (PCP), RNA helicase (Hel) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Glycoproteins on the viral envelope mediate attachment to and entry into the host cell. (cdc.gov)
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins are produced as a 160 kDa polyprotein that is subsequently processed to yield virion-associated, trimeric complexes of non-covalently associated gp120-gp41 heterodimers [ 1 , 2 ]. (plos.org)
To develop CMV vaccine obstructing virus access, these glycoproteins are main target antigens. (accessibletech4all.org)
The virus resembles other known flavivirus structures with the exception of approximately 10 amino acids surrounding the Asn154 glycosylation site in each of the 180 envelope glycoproteins comprising the icosahedral shell, the carbohydrate moiety of which may be the attachment site of the virus to host cells. (medscape.com)
The lipid-containing envelope of the Alphavirus contains glycoproteins for the mediate attachment, fusion, and penetration. (pediaa.com)

However, zoonotic infection with B virus in humans usually results in fatal encephalomyelitis or severe neurologic impairment. (cdc.gov)
Approximately 40 cases of zoonotic B-virus infection have been reported. (cdc.gov)
The first documented case of human B-virus infection occurred in 1932 when a researcher (patient W.B.) was bitten on the hand by an apparently healthy rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) and died of progressive encephalomyelitis 15 days later. (cdc.gov)
But, these vaccine candidates did not stimulate the production of antibodies to the regions essential for virus attachment to host T cells, the process that initiates infection. (medindia.net)
The CBAs act at an early step of DENV infection as they bind to the viral envelope of DENV and subsequently prevent virus attachment. (unboundmedicine.com)
Laboratory exposures that have led to infection with vaccinia and tanapox viruses, which are commonly used as vectors for experimental vaccines, have recently been documented. (medscape.com)
The rapid spread of Zika virus through the Americas, together with the association of infection with microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome, have propelled this previously ignored virus into the limelight. (virology.ws)
The envelope (E) glycoprotein, embedded in the membrane, allows attachment of the virus particle to the host cell receptor to initiate infection. (virology.ws)
Two conditions associated with Zika virus infection have made the outbreak potentially more serious. (virology.ws)
Congenital microcephaly has been associated with Zika virus infection in Brazil. (virology.ws)
Whether or not Zika virus infection is responsible for this birth defect is not known. (virology.ws)
Current epidemiological data are insufficient to prove a link of microcephaly with Zika virus infection. (virology.ws)
Needed are studies in which pregnant women are monitored to see if Zika virus infection leads to microcephaly. (virology.ws)
Given the serious nature of Guillain-Barre and microcephaly, it is prudent for pregnant women to either avoid travel to areas that are endemic for Zika virus infection, or to take measures to reduce exposure to mosquitoes. (virology.ws)
There are currently no antiviral drugs or vaccines that can be used to treat or prevent infection with Zika virus. (virology.ws)
Mosquito control is the only option for restricting Zika virus infection. (virology.ws)
Objective: To investigate the effect of sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in vitro. (molvis.org)
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is extremely common in humans, and approximately 50% and 75% of the adult populations in the United States [ 1 ] and Germany [ 2 ], respectively, have been infected with this virus. (molvis.org)
Typically, these viruses infect the respiratory tract, and the infection varies from mild to severe with flu-like symptoms. (news-medical.net)
Even though extensive research is being carried out across the globe to study different aspects of the virus and find out means to contain the infection, there is a gap in research regarding the accurate molecular understanding of the biogenesis of the virus and the factors responsible for the infectivity. (news-medical.net)
It is, therefore, probable that the immature form of Zika also plays a role in virus infection and spread," said Michael Rossmann, Purdue's Hanley Distinguished Professor of Biological Sciences. (purdue.edu)
Even while existing medications have been demonstrated to reduce viral infection-related morbidity and death, the high genetic variation in the viral genome allows viruses to swiftly adapt and acquire treatment sensitivity. (articlemarketingnews.com)
In most cases, Zika virus infection causes a mild, self-limited illness. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Owing to the mild nature of the disease, more than 80% of Zika virus infection cases likely go unnoticed. (medscape.com)
In April 2016, a deputy director at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warned that the risk of Zika virus infection in the United States may have been previously underestimated, citing the increased range of the mosquito vectors (now in 30 US states, up from 12 as previously thought) and the travel risks associated with the 2016 Olympics in Brazil. (medscape.com)
Zika virus infection is among the nationally notifiable diseases in the United States. (medscape.com)
State and local health departments should be informed by healthcare professionals of suspected cases of Zika virus infection to facilitate diagnosis and to reduce the risk of local transmission. (medscape.com)
The global prevalence of Zika virus infection has not been widely reported owing to asymptomatic clinical course, clinical resemblance to other infection with other flaviviruses (dengue, chikungunya), and difficulty in confirming diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Among these co-factors, hTIM-1 has been identified as an attachment factor to promote JEV infection through interacting with phosphatidylserine (PS) on the viral envelope . (bvsalud.org)
Swine Flu or H1N1 flu usually results in breathing difficulty and depends on the virus involved for the severity of infection. (drdangslab.com)
Many viruses, including Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV), have evolved sophisticated countermeasures to extend the life of an infected host cell to support establishment of infection and virus proliferation. (mdpi.com)
Understanding the interaction patterns between a particular virus and human proteins plays a crucial role in unveiling the underlying mechanism of viral infection and pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
The pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is not definitely elucidated as the initial interaction between virus and host cell receptors required for JEV infection is not clearly defined yet. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, in order to discover those membrane proteins that may be involved in JEV attachment to or entry into virus permissive BHK-21 cells, a chemically mutated cell line (designated 3A10-3F) that became less susceptible to JEV infection was preliminarily established and selected by repeated low moi JEV challenges and RT-PCR detection for viral RNA E gene fragment. (biomedcentral.com)
The first step of virus infection requires the interaction between virus attachment proteins (VAPs) and cellular receptors, which is known to contribute to host range, tissue tropism and viral pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Several clinical observations point to an intricate crosstalk between iron (Fe) metabolism and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Moreover, one surface glycoprotein on the envelope is responsible for mediating the virion's attachment, fusion, and penetration during infection. (pediaa.com)
Treatment Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain. (msdmanuals.com)
in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection. (msdmanuals.com)
Recent infection with yellow fever virus was confirmed in all four organ recipients by identification of yellow fever virus RNA consistent with the 17D vaccine strain in brain tissue from one recipient and seroconversion after transplantation in three recipients. (cdc.gov)

Fusion proteins and attachment proteins appear as spikes on the virion surface. (wikipedia.org)
Matrix proteins inside the envelope stabilise virus structure. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists have reported that in viruses such as SARS-CoV-1 and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), both S and E proteins undergo S-acylation. (news-medical.net)
S-acylation is regarded as a hallmark of viral envelope proteins. (news-medical.net)
Both proteins exist on the surface of the immature version of the virus. (purdue.edu)
In this process the majority of envelope proteins bud to form subviral lipoprotein particles of 22 nm of diameter that do not contain a nucleocapsid. (arigobio.com)
The "H" (hemagglutinin) and the "N" (neuraminidases) are both proteins that are found on the outer shell or envelope of the virus. (drdangslab.com)
However, experimental approaches to unravel PPIs are limited by several factors, including the cost and time required, the generation, cultivation and purification of appropriate virus strains, the availability of recombinantly expressed proteins, generation of knock in or overexpression cell lines, availability of antibodies and cellular model systems. (biomedcentral.com)
The noted discrepancy of membrane proteins included calcium binding proteins (annexin A1, annexin A2), and voltage-dependent anion channels proteins (VDAC 1, VDAC 2), suggesting that these molecules may affect JEV attachment to and/or entry into BHK-21 cells and worthy of further investigation. (biomedcentral.com)

Dendritic cells (DC), present in the skin, are the first target cells of dengue virus (DENV). (unboundmedicine.com)
Zika virus is a member of the flavivirus family, which also includes yellow fever virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus. (virology.ws)
Rossmann and Kuhn have studied flaviviruses for about 15 years and were the first to map the structure of any flavivirus, starting with the dengue virus in 2002 and West Nile in 2003. (purdue.edu)
Included in this viral pathogen list are the influenza viruses, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), hepatitis viruses (e.g. (genetex.com)
Also, it can cause febrile illness with rash by dengue virus. (pediaa.com)
Other forms of Flavivirus include Kyasanur Forest disease virus and sometimes dengue virus, which causes hemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever virus, which causes hemorrhagic fever with hepatitis. (pediaa.com)
St.Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, Powassan, tick-borne encephalitis viruses, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus are examples of the Flavivirus . (pediaa.com)

Fostemsavir is a prodrug that is metabolized to the active compound, temsavir, a first-in-class attachment inhibitor that binds to glycoprotein 120 (gp120) on the envelope of the HIV, locking gp120 in a conformational state that inhibits initial interaction between the virus and host immune cells, preventing viral attachment and entry into the host CD4+ T-cell. (viivhealthcare.com)
The attachment of viral gp120 to the CD4 receptor reveals its attachment site to the chemokine coreceptor. (articlemarketingnews.com)
Attachment inhibitors bind directly to the viral envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120), close to the CD4+ binding site, which prohibits the conformational change necessary for initial interaction between the virus and the surface receptors on CD4 cells, thereby preventing attachment and subsequent entry into host T cells and other immune cells. (msdmanuals.com)

APOE associated to the LVP allows the initial virus attachment to cell surface receptors such as the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), syndecan-1 (SDC1), syndecan-1 (SDC2), the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) (PubMed:12970454, PubMed:12356718, PubMed:12913001, PubMed:28404852, PubMed:22767607). (proteopedia.org)
While the RBD of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is located at the NTD, most CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV use the C-domain to bind their receptors. (nih.gov)
Viral attachment to unidentified cellular receptors is mediated by the E (envelope) glycoprotein. (medscape.com)

In contrast to most bacteria, fungi, or parasites, viruses are completely dependent on the host cell for their replication, hijacking the cell's biochemical machinery through the actions of viral genome-encoded factors. (genetex.com)
Attachment of a virus to a specific receptor on a host cell leads to internalization and frequently the initiation of a new round of viral replication. (genetex.com)
Binds RNA and may function as a RNA chaperone to induce the RNA structural rearrangements taking place during virus replication (PubMed:18033802). (proteopedia.org)
As a post-doctoral fellow with Paul Berg, I developed a subcellular system that allowed simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA to continue replication in vitro. (nih.gov)
My laboratory has developed new technologies and applied them towards understanding the molecular biology and enzymology of DNA replication in animal cells and viruses (SV40, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus), and at the beginning of animal development (mouse preimplantation embryos and frog eggs). (nih.gov)
Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
The designation "H1N1" indicates unique traits, which exhibit characteristics that identify the virus to the immune system and allows for attachment and replication of the virus. (drdangslab.com)
Viruses infect all life forms and require host cells to complete their replication cycle by utilizing the host cell machinery. (biomedcentral.com)
Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-stranded RNA analysis of the consequences of virus replication in Vero viruses associated with enteric and respiratory diseases in cells. (cdc.gov)

70% before the availability of antiviral therapy makes this virus a serious zoonotic threat. (cdc.gov)
The other viruses cause rare zoonotic infections in humans. (medscape.com)
Betacoronavirus (β-CoVs) are positive-stranded RNA viruses having zoonotic potential. (news-medical.net)
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito -borne zoonotic virus , is one of the most important causes of human viral encephalitis . (bvsalud.org)

The B-virus genome is only partially sequenced, but thus far, is colinear with that of HSV ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). (frontiersin.org)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepadnavirus which has a circular genome composed of partially double-stranded DNA. (arigobio.com)
Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two viruses with a positive-strand RNA genome . (pediaa.com)
Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two RNA viruses that contain a positive-stranded RNA genome. (pediaa.com)
The patient tested negative for hantavirus RNA, but next-generation sequencing of a serum sample yielded a complete genome for Rio Negro virus. (cdc.gov)

Vaccinia virus, which has been used for vaccination, can also infect humans. (medscape.com)
There are more than 200 virus species that can infect humans, not including many others that affect humanity by targeting plants and animals used by people. (genetex.com)

These glycoprotein complexes L-741626 play the crucial part in viral attachment, binding, fusion and access into the sponsor cell. (accessibletech4all.org)

Depending on the virus, either the NTD or the C-domain can serve as the receptor-binding domain (RBD). (nih.gov)
HIV attaches to the CD4 receptor and binds to coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, which facilitates entry of the virus into the cell. (uspharmacist.com)
Attachment to the cell surface receptor, fusion and releasing the core into the cytoplasm. (slideserve.com)
Our approach achieved competitive results on 13 benchmark datasets and the case study for the SARS-CoV-2 virus receptor. (biomedcentral.com)
Such broad tropism of JEV rationally suggests that most possibly there exists more than one cellular receptor responsible for virus binding and entry into susceptible cells above mentioned. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the most convincing methods to verify a putative virus receptor is to transfer the receptor gene into a cell line that cannot bind virus and later demonstrate that the receptor-negative cell acquires the ability to bind virus and permit virus to replicate within it after the receptor gene is regained [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For this reason, the availability of a specific virus receptor-negative/-defective cell line is usually a prerequisite for virus receptor confirmation. (biomedcentral.com)
Post-attachment inhibitors bind to the CD4 receptor and prevent HIV (that also binds to the CD4 receptor) from entering the cell. (msdmanuals.com)

Zika virus was first identified in 1947 in a sentinel monkey that was being used to monitor for the presence of yellow fever virus in the Zika Forest of Uganda. (virology.ws)
All the mice became sick, and the virus isolated from their brains was called Zika virus. (virology.ws)
The same virus was subsequently isolated from Aedes africanus mosquitoes in the Zika forest. (virology.ws)
Serological studies done in the 1950s showed that humans carried antibodies against Zika virus, and the virus was isolated from humans in Nigeria in 1968. (virology.ws)
Zika virus moved outside of Africa and Asia in 2007 and 2013 with outbreaks in Yap Island and French Polynesia, respectively. (virology.ws)
As of this writing Zika virus has spread to 23 countries in the Americas. (virology.ws)
Zika virus is transmitted among humans by mosquito bites. (virology.ws)
Aedes albopictus was identified as the primary vector for Zika virus transmission in the Gabon outbreak of 2007. (virology.ws)
Whether there are non-human reservoirs for Zika virus has not been established. (virology.ws)
Most individuals infected with Zika virus experience mild or no symptoms. (virology.ws)
While there are other causes of microcephaly, there has been a surge in the number of cases during the Zika virus outbreak in that country. (virology.ws)
Substituting the gene encoding the yellow fever E glycoprotein with that from Zika virus might be a good approach to quickly making a Zika vaccine. (virology.ws)
Researchers at Purdue University have determined the high-resolution structure of immature Zika virus, a step toward better understanding how the virus infects host cells and spreads. (purdue.edu)
Zika belongs to a family of viruses called flaviviruses, which includes dengue, West Nile, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitic viruses. (purdue.edu)
Rossmann and Kuhn also led a team that last year determined the structure of the mature Zika virus. (purdue.edu)
Findings also show differences between the immature Zika virus and immature versions of other flaviviruses. (purdue.edu)
The Zika virus, a mosquito-borne disease, has been associated with a birth defect called microcephaly that causes brain damage and an abnormally small head in babies born to mothers infected during pregnancy. (purdue.edu)
[ 2 ] The spectrum of Zika virus disease overlaps with other that of arboviral infections, but rash (maculopapular and likely immune-mediated) typically predominates. (medscape.com)
Zika virus was first described in a febrile rhesus monkey in the Zika forest of Entebbe, Uganda, and was reported in a human field worker shortly thereafter. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Currently, Zika virus is known to be widely distributed outside of Africa. (medscape.com)
The CDC has released a map of potential Zika virus spread in the United States based on the estimated range of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. (medscape.com)
For the latest information concerning Zika virus, see also Medscape's Zika Virus Resource Center. (medscape.com)
Zika virus is well-adapted to grow in various hosts, ranging from arthropods to vertebrates. (medscape.com)
Sirohi et al described the structure of mature Zika virus based on cryoelectron microscopy. (medscape.com)

During the second step in the HIV life cycle, the HIV envelope fuses with the CD4 cell membrane, allowing the viral genetic material to enter the host cell. (uspharmacist.com)

These immune assays will be advanced by the development of standardized viral stocks, such as HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMC), that i) express a reporter gene, ii) are representative of globally diverse subtypes and iii) are engineered to easily exchange envelope (env) genes for expression of sequences of interest. (plos.org)
When stimulation occurs, such as weakened immunity, corneal injuries, or ultraviolet exposure, latent viruses are activated, producing many infectious virus particles that result in recurrent keratitis. (molvis.org)
Although only the mature forms of flaviviruses are considered infectious, the virus population secreted from host cells is a mixture of mature, partially mature and immature virus particles. (purdue.edu)
Viruses are small infectious agents that exist in the gray area between "living" and "nonliving" entities. (genetex.com)

We do have a safe and effective vaccine against another flavivirus, yellow fever virus. (virology.ws)
Flavivirus is also a disease-causing virus that causes encephalitis. (pediaa.com)
In contrast, Flavivirus refers to any group of RNA viruses, mostly having arthropod vectors, which cause several serious human diseases. (pediaa.com)
In brief, Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two genera of viruses that contain positive-sense RNA genomes. (pediaa.com)

This attachment induces virion internalization predominantly through caveolin-mediated endocytosis. (arigobio.com)

Download the latest version of GeneTex's Selected Antibodies for Influenza Virus flyer. (genetex.com)
The influenza virus, chronic hepatitis B, AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus illness are all included in this article, which gives a worldwide perspective. (articlemarketingnews.com)
Swine flu, also known as the H1N1 virus, is a relatively new strain of an influenza virus that causes symptoms similar to the regular flu. (drdangslab.com)

This interaction is probably promoted via the up-regulation of cellular autophagy by the virus (PubMed:29695434). (proteopedia.org)

It interferes with HIV capsid assembly, virus assembly and release, and nuclear transport. (uspharmacist.com)

Primary ocular infections tend to appear in youths, and after primary infections are cleared, the virus hides in the trigeminal ganglia or cornea, where it maintains a state of latency. (molvis.org)
Metazoans often trigger premature cell death in response to infections by larger DNA viruses as part of an immediate response to counter the viral threat. (mdpi.com)
Virus infections cause an enormous and ever increasing burden on healthcare systems worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)

Of the 35 herpesviruses identified in nonhuman primates, only Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (B virus) is known to be pathogenic for humans. (cdc.gov)
This enveloped virus infects a wide range of hosts that includes humans. (news-medical.net)
This paper was prepared in response to the need for clear communication regarding the risk of transmission of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 in humans and the general societal concern of potential contamination of aquatic animals used as food or their products with the virus. (who.int)

The life cycle of HIV involves multiple steps through which the virus enters and infects CD4 cells and uses the enzymes within the CD4 cell to replicate (see FIGURE 1 ). (uspharmacist.com)

Using non-replicating expression systems that avoid virus-culturing artifacts, we discovered that Moloney murine leukemia virus or baculovirus pseudotyped with the alphavirus envelope spike complex of VEEV demonstrates a pH-dependent retention of E3 on mature virus for both mammalian cells and insect cells through indirect-immunofluorescence assays and neutralization studies using polyclonal antibodies against VEEV E3. (purdue.edu)
Alphavirus is a disease-causing virus that occurs in two forms. (pediaa.com)
Alphavirus refers to a genus of single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Togaviridae that are transmitted by arthropods and especially mosquitoes. (pediaa.com)

The viruses that cause encephalitis include St.Louis, Japanese, Powassan, and tick-borne encephalitis. (pediaa.com)

Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can block virus entry by binding Env and inhibiting attachment or conformational changes required for fusion [ 4 - 7 ]. (plos.org)

Large numbers of virus particles are detectable in feces during the incubation period, beginning as early as 10-14 days after exposure. (slideserve.com)

The practice of vaccination with vaccinia virus began in the early 20th century. (medscape.com)
The origins of vaccinia virus remain unknown, but this virus is distinct from both variola and cowpox. (medscape.com)
Vaccinia virus has recently been shown to be closely related to the New World orthopoxviruses, cantagalo, and aracatuba viruses. (medscape.com)
Deletion of the A56R gene results in varying effects on vaccinia virus virulence. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in the number of neuroinvasive cases and deaths similar to what was seen in the 2002-2003 season, according to the West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to the CDC by year and clinical presentation, 1999-2012, by ArboNET (Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (mdpi.com)
Three S1/S2 heterodimers assemble to form a trimer spike protruding from the viral envelope. (nih.gov)

This chapter describes basic principles of ecology and evolution for waterborne viruses, bacteria, and protozoa (and yeasts and molds to a lesser extent) of public health concern as an aid to better understand how selective forces may alter one's ability to assess the microbial quality of water. (nationalacademies.org)

Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (B virus), an alphaherpesvirus endemic in Asian macaques, is closely related to herpes simplex virus (HSV). (cdc.gov)

These viruses would not be able to survive as long compared to the more virulent strains, and so would die out. (wikipedia.org)
A research team from The University of Texas, including an Indian origin scientist, has come closer to creating a vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by creating an antigen that induces protective antibodies capable of neutralizing genetically diverse HIV strains. (medindia.net)
In addition, the establishment and recent spread of lineage II WNV virus strains into Western Europe and the presence of neurovirulent and neuroinvasive strains among them is a cause of major concern. (mdpi.com)

Knowledge of the clinical signs and risk factors for human B-virus disease allows early initiation of antiviral therapy and prevents severe disease or death. (cdc.gov)
Treatment with antiviral medication may decrease the death rate, but rapid diagnosis and initiation of therapy are essential in controlling the spread of the virus in the central nervous system and limiting neurologic sequelae. (cdc.gov)
Only weak antiviral activity of the CBAs was detected when administered after the virus attachment step. (unboundmedicine.com)
The CBAs exerted broad spectrum antiviral activity against the four DENV serotypes, laboratory-adapted viruses and low passage clinical isolates, evaluated in Raji/DC-SIGN(+) cells and in primary MDDC. (unboundmedicine.com)

Our earlier study has demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated cholesterol plays a key role in virus infectivity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
they are currently classified into polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) TaqMan assay for three antigenic groups: group 1 and 2 include mammalian quantifying the number of viral genomes and a plaque coronaviruses, and group 3 encompasses avian coron- assay for performing titration of the virus infectivity. (cdc.gov)

Previously-tested HIV vaccine candidates stimulated vigorous production of antibodies to the mutable segments of the virus envelope. (medindia.net)
Immunization with monoclonal antibodies against VEEV E3 provided protection for mice challenged by lethal doses of VEEV and suggests potential new targets for antibody neutralization, but it is currently unclear if E3 is retained on mature VEEV virus. (purdue.edu)

Arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) populations exist as mutant swarms that are maintained between arthropods and vertebrates. (cdc.gov)

If RNA is left exposed, the virus does not replicate efficiently. (wikipedia.org)
Interestingly, the lowest-risk species is the opossum, in which the virus does not replicate because of its low body temperature. (medscape.com)

Monkeys of the genus Macaca , which are widely used as animal models for biomedical research, naturally carry B virus. (cdc.gov)
The virus has been found in various mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, including Aedes africanus , Aedes apicoargenteus , Aedes leuteocephalus , Aedes aegypti , Aedes vitattus , and Aedes furcifer . (virology.ws)
The other genus is Rubivirus (rubella virus). (pediaa.com)
Rabies is caused by a neurotropic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus, subgroup rabies virus. (medscape.com)

Swine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza viruses and is found in almost all the countries around the world. (drdangslab.com)
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a virus (more specifically, a coronavirus) identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. (audioholics.com)

This review integrates most experimental studies and clinical trials of various oncolytic viruses (OVs) in the diagnosis and treatment of GC. (frontiersin.org)

A virus' life cycle includes five phases: adhesion to the target cell, fusion/cell entrance, multiplication within the host cell, assembly, and exit from the host cell. (articlemarketingnews.com)
This way is how viruses spread: attaching to and replicating inside the host cell. (articlemarketingnews.com)

Furthermore, the viral fluorescence intensities were inhibited by SPS in a dose-dependent manner when the viruses or cells were preincubated with SPS. (molvis.org)
Download the latest version of GeneTex's Virus entry into host cells flyer. (genetex.com)
These inhibitory effects are observed when the cells are treated with the drug either before or after exposure to the virus, suggesting both prophylactic and therapeutic advantage. (waccobb.net)
JEV relies on various attachment or entry co-factors to enter host cells . (bvsalud.org)
The susceptibility to JEV of 3A10-3F cells was significantly weakened compared with parental BHK-21 cells, verified by indirect immunofluorescence assay, virus plague formation assay, and flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)

We observed a significant decrease in entry of VEEV versus control Ross River (RRV) virus that does not utilize NRAMP2. (purdue.edu)
The first step in the HIV life cycle is attachment and entry. (uspharmacist.com)

At this time cell lines were not available for studying viruses, so serum from the febrile monkey was inoculated intracerebrally into mice. (virology.ws)

Anatomy16

Organisms97

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs51

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes56

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Lipid envelope4

Protein36

Glycoproteins5

Infection40

Proteins9

Dengue virus7

Gp1203

Receptors3

Replication10

Zoonotic4

Genome6

Infect2

Viral attachment1

Receptor8

Zika24

Cell membrane1

Infectious4

Flavivirus4

Internalization1

Influenza Virus3

Interaction1

Capsid1

Infections3

Humans3

Infects1

Alphavirus3

Cause encephalitis1

Conformational1

Particles1

Vaccinia virus4

Spike2

Bacteria1

Herpesvirus1

Strains3

Antiviral4

Infectivity2

Antibodies2

Arthropods1

Replicate2

Genus4

Respiratory2

Oncolytic1

Host cell2

Cells5

Entry2

Febrile1