• Diagram shows the RNA viruses/Togaviridae family viruses/Alphaviruses [Modified from 41]. (actascientific.com)
  • In the present study, we have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using as antigen the recombinant envelope protein 2 of MAYV produced in an Escherichia coli system (rE2-MAYV ELISAs). (bvsalud.org)
  • Using the mutational analysis of recombinant subviral particles of tick-borne encephalitis virus, we provide direct experimental evidence that the initiation of fusion is crucially dependent on the protonation of one of the conserved histidines (His323) at the interface between domains I and III of E, leading to the dissolution of domain interactions and to the exposure of the fusion peptide. (rupress.org)
  • The alphaviral glycoprotein E1 is a class II viral fusion protein, which is structurally different from the class I fusion proteins found in influenza virus and HIV. (wikipedia.org)
  • The structure of the Semliki Forest virus revealed a structure that is similar to that of flaviviral glycoprotein E, with three structural domains in the same primary sequence arrangement. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dissociation of progeny vaccinia virus from the cell membrane is regulated by a viral envelope glycoprotein: effect of a point mutation in the lectin homology domain of the A34R gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Glycoprotein (GP) is the major protective antigen of EBOV, and can generate virus-like particles (VLPs) by co-expression with matrix protein (VP40). (frontiersin.org)
  • Viral attachment to unidentified cellular receptors is mediated by the E (envelope) glycoprotein. (medscape.com)
  • Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses - or arthropod-borne viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sialokinin is unique within the insect world as having a vertebrate-like tachykinin sequence and is absent from Anopheles mosquitoes, which are incompetent for most arthropod-borne viruses, whose saliva was not proviral and did not induce similar vascular permeability. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rubella Virus Replication and Links to TeratogenicityJIA-YEE LEE* ANDD. (vdocuments.net)
  • Four nonstructural proteins (nsP1-4) which are produced as a single polyprotein constitute the virus' replication machinery. (wikipedia.org)
  • The production of several different virus particles in the VV replication cycle represents a coordinated strategy to exploit cell biology to promote virus spread and to aid virus evasion of antibody and complement. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • By artificially expressing Sindbis virus (SINV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP2 in mosquito cells and transgenic mosquitoes, we demonstrated a reduction in both SINV and CHIKV viral replication rates in cells following viral infection as well as reduced infection prevalence, viral titers, and transmission potential in mosquitoes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Exogenously provided, e.g. transgene encoded, small RNAs could be used to inhibit virus replication, breaking the transmission cycle. (bvsalud.org)
  • The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid is highly acid labile and tends to dissociate into pentameric subunits at acidic condition to release viral RNA for initiating virus replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The second encodes three structural proteins: the core nucleocapsid protein C, and the envelope proteins P62 and E1, which associate as a heterodimer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The E1 and E2 proteins mediate contact between the virus and the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. (lookformedical.com)
  • Seven virus-encoded proteins have been identified that are components of IEV, and five of them are present in CEV or EEV. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The roles of these proteins in virus morphogenesis and dissemination, and as targets for neutralizing antibody are reviewed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The virus capsid is assembled by 60 copies of each of four structure proteins (VP1-4) in a stepwise process [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most alphaviruses lose the peripheral protein E3, but in Semliki viruses it remains associated with the viral surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lipase activities of p37, the major envelope protein of vaccinia virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Extracellular vaccinia virus formation and cell-to-cell virus transmission are prevented by deletion of the gene encoding the 37,000-Dalton outer envelope protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Sequence analysis, expression, and deletion of a vaccinia virus gene encoding a homolog of profilin, a eukaryotic actin-binding protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • It has been hypothesized that conserved histidines in the class II fusion protein E of these viruses function as molecular switches and, by their protonation, control the fusion process. (rupress.org)
  • We screened eluates by using a real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for a range of pathogens known to cause febrile illnesses, including BFV, chikungunya virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, RRV, West Nile (Kunjin) virus, Zika virus, Orientia tsutsugamushi , Leptospira sp. (cdc.gov)
  • Chikungunya fever, a re-emerging viral disease affecting both old and new world countries is caused by Chikungunya virus, an RNA virus belonging to Alphaviridae. (actascientific.com)
  • Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) was first detected in 1952, during a febrile outbreak on the Makonde Plateau, a border area between Mozambique and Tanzania [1]. (actascientific.com)
  • albopictus cell lines, reporter-based strategies for assessing the ability of two types of small RNAs to inhibit a chikungunya virus (CHIKV) derived target. (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 1 ] The lipid envelope is covered with dense projections that consist of a membrane and envelope glycoproteins. (medscape.com)
  • BFV was first isolated in 1974 from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes collected in the Barmah Forest within the state of Victoria and simultaneously from mosquitoes collected in southwest Queensland, Australia ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes are an increasingly important global cause of disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • The CDC has released a map of potential Zika virus spread in the United States based on the estimated range of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Human infections by Mayaro virus (MAYV) occur by insect bites upon exposure to rural or sylvatic areas. (bvsalud.org)
  • Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alphaviruses that could infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. (wikipedia.org)
  • The alphaviruses are small, spherical, enveloped viruses with a genome of a single strand of positive-sense RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is an arbovirus that is pathogenic to humans and is traditionally considered to be endemic only to Australia ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Alpha viruses are not found in the Antarctica, and they are also sensitive to temperature above 58°C. Ecological pattern and vector transmission of Alpha viruses is similar to many Flaviviruses like dengue fever virus and yellow fever virus. (actascientific.com)
  • Z ported human infections indicated that clinical characteris- ika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus in the tics of infection with ZIKV included fever, headache, mal- family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus . (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The flavivirus membrane fusion machinery, like that of many other enveloped viruses, is triggered by the acidic pH in endosomes after virus uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. (rupress.org)
  • The virus resembles other known flavivirus structures with the exception of approximately 10 amino acids surrounding the Asn154 glycosylation site in each of the 180 envelope glycoproteins comprising the icosahedral shell, the carbohydrate moiety of which may be the attachment site of the virus to host cells. (medscape.com)
  • Our study revealed the presence of viruses that had not been previously described in the region, including lihan tick virus (Phenuiviridae family) and wuhan tick virus 2 (Chuviridae family), as well as expands the biogeography of jingmen tick virus (Flaviviridae family) in Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
  • The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
  • Multiple viruses, including pathogenic viruses, bacteriophages, and even plant viruses, cause a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion whereby a currently infected cell is resistant to secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne fl avivirus fi rst studies in the absence of epidemics ( 6 - 8 ). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • in all cases infection appeared relatively mild, self- sus monkey during a yellow fever study in the Zika forest limiting, and nonlethal ( 6 , 8 - 10 ). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • In most cases, Zika virus infection causes a mild, self-limited illness. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Owing to the mild nature of the disease, more than 80% of Zika virus infection cases likely go unnoticed. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] The spectrum of Zika virus disease overlaps with other that of arboviral infections, but rash (maculopapular and likely immune-mediated) typically predominates. (medscape.com)
  • In April 2016, a deputy director at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warned that the risk of Zika virus infection in the United States may have been previously underestimated, citing the increased range of the mosquito vectors (now in 30 US states, up from 12 as previously thought) and the travel risks associated with the 2016 Olympics in Brazil. (medscape.com)
  • Zika virus was first described in a febrile rhesus monkey in the Zika forest of Entebbe, Uganda, and was reported in a human field worker shortly thereafter. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Currently, Zika virus is known to be widely distributed outside of Africa. (medscape.com)
  • Zika virus infection is among the nationally notifiable diseases in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • State and local health departments should be informed by healthcare professionals of suspected cases of Zika virus infection to facilitate diagnosis and to reduce the risk of local transmission. (medscape.com)
  • For the latest information concerning Zika virus, see also Medscape's Zika Virus Resource Center. (medscape.com)
  • Zika virus is well-adapted to grow in various hosts, ranging from arthropods to vertebrates. (medscape.com)
  • Sirohi et al described the structure of mature Zika virus based on cryoelectron microscopy. (medscape.com)
  • The global prevalence of Zika virus infection has not been widely reported owing to asymptomatic clinical course, clinical resemblance to other infection with other flaviviruses (dengue, chikungunya), and difficulty in confirming diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • METHODS: A serological survey of MAYV and Chikunguya virus (CHIKV) antibodies was performed by ELISA. (bvsalud.org)
  • CHIKV is now included in the re-emerging virus group, particularly due to its recent expansion in the Americas. (actascientific.com)
  • A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting sialokinin have the potential to limit disease severity following infection with Aedes-mosquito-borne viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • albopictus are the main vectors of mosquito-borne viruses of medical and veterinary significance. (bvsalud.org)
  • We report a case of Barmah Forest virus infection in a child from Central Province, Papua New Guinea, who had no previous travel history. (cdc.gov)
  • Subsequently, BFV has been detected in humans in most parts of mainland Australia, and serologic surveys have shown that this virus causes widespread infection ( 6 - 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Infection of the vertebrate host with these viruses is enhanced by mosquito saliva, a complex mixture of salivary-gland-derived factors and microbiota. (bvsalud.org)
  • Instead, the Aedes gene product sialokinin mediated the enhancement of virus infection through a rapid reduction in endothelial barrier integrity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an important agent of viral hepatitis worldwide, can cause severe courses of infection in pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. (mdpi.com)
  • We described the genomic and phylogenetic characterization of these viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genomic characterization of the virus showed divergent origin compared with viruses previously detected, supporting the hypothesis that the range of Barmah Forest virus extends beyond Australia. (cdc.gov)
  • Ticks are ectoparasites spread worldwide and are well known as vectors of many viruses of great importance to human and animal health. (bvsalud.org)
  • The entry of enveloped viruses into host cells involves a fusion step between the viral and a cellular membrane. (rupress.org)
  • Mutations in nsP2 that produce noncytopathic viruses or a temperature sensitive phenotypes cluster at the P2/P3 interface region. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the acid stability of virus capsid is greatly required for the maintenance of intact virion during the process of virus culture and vaccine production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IEV is formed by wrapping of IMV with intracellular membranes, and is an intermediate between IMV and CEV/EEV that enables efficient virus dissemination to the cell surface on microtubules. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • The study of pH stability of FMDV not only contributes to the exploration of molecule and mechanism information for FMDV uncoating, but also enlightens the development of FMDV vaccines, including the traditionally inactivated vaccines and the new VLP (virus-like particle) vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Major drawbacks of this therapy are that RBV is not approved for administration to pregnant women and that the virus can acquire mutations, which render the intra-host population less sensitive or even resistant to RBV. (mdpi.com)
  • Along with the treatment part a review of the biology and epidemiology of the virus is also included. (actascientific.com)
  • Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
  • Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response. (lookformedical.com)
  • These virions have different abundance, structure, location and roles in the virus life-cycle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • There are five species of EBOV, including Zaire virus (ZEBOV), Sudan virus (SEBOV), Taï Forest virus (TEBOV), Bundibugyo virus (BEBOV), and Reston virus (REBOV). (frontiersin.org)
  • Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans, and no approved therapeutics or vaccine is currently available. (frontiersin.org)
  • Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Upon exposure of the virus to the acidity of the endosome, E1 dissociates from E2 to form an E1 homotrimer, which is necessary for the fusion step to drive the cellular and viral membranes together. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our study sheds light on the viral diversity of Rhipicephalus microplus in South America, and also expands the biogeography of tick viruses that were previously described only in Asia. (bvsalud.org)