Enhances virus replication. Medical search. Frequent questions

Briefly, A549 and DF-1 cells were infected with the indicated viruses at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001. (cdc.gov)
Cell culture supernatants were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h post-infection and subjected to virus titration by use of plaque assays in MDCK cells. (cdc.gov)
Previous results indicate that the HHV-8 viral transactivator ORF50 interacts synergistically with Tat protein in the transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR), leading to increased cell susceptibility to HIV infection. (ashpublications.org)
Here, we analyze the effect of HHV-8 infection on HIV replication in monocyte-macrophage and endothelial cells, as potential targets of coinfection. (ashpublications.org)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an important agent of viral hepatitis worldwide, can cause severe courses of infection in pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. (mdpi.com)
My group apply the techniques of elecrton-cryomicroscopy and image analysis to the study of viruses, providing an exciting opportunity to visualise the process of virus infection at cellular scale and at macromoleculr resolution. (gla.ac.uk)
Many human viruses utilise or suppress ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like pathways during infection, enhancing their replication. (gla.ac.uk)
We explore the intricate structural interactions between viruses and host complexes during virus infection and immune response, which is crucial for exploiting them and uncovering new avenues for the development of therapeutics. (gla.ac.uk)
This study aimed to characterise the identified virus and investigate possible sources of infection. (eurosurveillance.org)
Viruses from cats were very similar to each other, indicating one common source of infection. (eurosurveillance.org)
The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
This schematic depicts the findings of McKimmie and colleagues, who show that inflammation at bite sites aids viral replication and dissemination in vivo , resulting in more severe infection. (genengnews.com)
We now want to look at whether medications such as anti-inflammatory creams can stop the virus establishing an infection if used quickly enough after the bite inflammation appears. (genengnews.com)
The results of this study were published recently in the journal Immunity in an article entitled "Host Inflammatory Response to Mosquito Bites Enhances the Severity of Arbovirus Infection. (genengnews.com)
But the presence of mosquito bites at the infection site resulted in an order-of-magnitude higher levels of virus. (genengnews.com)
And sure enough, when we stopped these immune cells from coming in, the bite did not enhance the infection anymore. (genengnews.com)
It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
Tissue biopsy in Kaposi varicelliform eruption (KVE) shows changes characteristic of herpes virus infection, notably ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes with multinucleated epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
The detection of these cases initiated a cascade of activities in China, including diagnostic test development, enhanced surveillance for new cases, and investigations to identify the source(s) of infection. (cdc.gov)
No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
This is because naïve vaccine recipients who have not had a prior natural infection with DENV can experience enhanced dengue disease if they are naturally infected after vaccination. (virology.ws)
An initial infection with any of these viruses can range from asymptomatic to severe, with symptoms such as skin rash, fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains often collectively referred to as "breakbone fever. (virology.ws)
For many viruses, antibodies are sufficient to protect against infection and/or disease. (virology.ws)
That is, by eliciting a strong response to all four DENV types, there wouldn't be the possibility of a weakly neutralizing antibody for one serotype causing a severe infection by that virus. (virology.ws)
Upregulation of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 is observed during acute virus infection and after infection with persistent viruses including important human pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). (frontiersin.org)
Together, these results argue in favor of a mechanism by which DC-SIGN enhances DV entry and infection in cis. (unboundmedicine.com)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is often mentioned as a serious public health issue which attacks 350-400 million people [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
The research team led by Jean Lim, PhD, associate professor of microbiology and co-director of microbiology multidisciplinary training in the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, transferred dengue virus-specific antibodies into mice prior to infection with Zika virus during pregnancy. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Our data demonstrate that antibodies generated from a previous dengue virus infection can enhance the severity of Zika virus infection during pregnancy,' said Dr. Lim. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Enhancement of dengue virus infection in monocytes by flavivirus antisera. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Transmission of influenza viruses into the human population requires surmounting biological barriers to cross-species infection," says biochemist Jennifer Doudna, the principal investigator for this research. (scienceblog.com)
One way in which an influenza virus surmounts biological barriers to cross-species infection is through a mutational change in its polymerase, the enzyme that enables the virus to replicate. (scienceblog.com)
Disrupting polymerase function can stop the virus from replicating and thereby reduce the spread and severity of an infection. (scienceblog.com)
The findings of this research will enhance understanding of how HIV infection may contribute to the lower rate of HCV clearance in HCV/HIV coinfected individuals, and the results could have implications for persistence of other viruses commonly occurring as coinfections with HIV. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
When the Zika epidemic spread through the American continent and then later to Africa and Asia in 2015, researchers compared the characteristics of the Zika infection to Dengue, considering both these viruses were transmitted primarily through the same vector, the Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes. (frontiersin.org)
The virus-infected cells were harvested at various times after infection and analyzed for the ability to bind strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. (lu.se)
The increased attachment may be one mechanism by which viruses precondition the respiratory mucosa for bacterial infection. (lu.se)
They lack virally encoded proteins on their surface and are resistant to neutralizing anti-capsid antibodies induced by infection, yet they efficiently enter cells and initiate new rounds of virus replication. (bvsalud.org)
2023, provides a summary of the case and the genomic analysis of the virus from the rst H5N1 infection reported in a human in Chile. (cdc.gov)
On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its rst human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
Fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase, but the mechanisms by which rubella virus causes fetal damage are poorly understood. (medscape.com)
The meetings provided up-to-date information on the current situation and agreed on a set of actions for the countries to undertake to enhance their preparedness and response capacities to Zika virus infection and its complications. (who.int)
HA521 trade name] is indicated in combination with another antiretroviral agent for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in adults, adolescents and children weighing over 25 kg. (who.int)
A new study by CDC is the first to show Zika virus RNA replicating in brain tissues of infants with microcephaly who later died and in placentas of women who suffered pregnancy losses after Zika infection during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Based on preliminary data from the U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry, among 442 completed pregnancies, 6% resulted in a fetus or infant with evidence of a Zika virus-related birth defect, primarily microcephaly with brain abnormalities, whereas among women with possible Zika virus infection during the first trimester, 11% had a fetus or infant with a birth defect. (cdc.gov)

We sampled 46 cats, and 25 tested positive for avian influenza virus. (eurosurveillance.org)

Briefly, eight RNA polymerase I plasmids (for the synthesis of the eight influenza A viral RNAs) together with plasmids for the expression of the PB2, PB1, PA, and NP proteins derived from the influenza A virus strain A/WSN/33 (H1N1) were transfected into 293T cells. (cdc.gov)
Cells are rigged with devices to prevent viral replication and the proteins that perform these functions are determinants of viral transmission. (gla.ac.uk)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
E2 is expressed throughout the differentiation-dependent virus life cycle and is functionally regulated by association with multiple viral and cellular proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Non-structural proteins are involved in the transcription and replication of the virus. (medsci.org)
In an earlier study, a team of Yale researchers led by Professor of Immunobiology Akiko Iwasaki found that the cold virus replicated more readily when the temperature in the nose dipped below core body temperature (37 degrees C). The researchers determined that at a slightly cooler temperature (33 degrees C), key immune system proteins - interferons - were impaired, allowing the cold virus to reproduce and spread in mouse airway cells. (yale.edu)
Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) requires host cellular machinery such as cyclophilins to support its ongoing propagation (Phillips et al , Gastroenterology 2014) these host proteins represent ideal candidates for therapeutic interventions as they are generally expected to have a lower frequency of drug-resistance and antiviral efficacy across genotypes. (bmj.com)
When a host is infected with an influenza virus, the polymerase enables the virus to multiply in the host's cells by making copies of the viral genome and directing production of its proteins. (scienceblog.com)
Production of IFNalpha by pDCs following RRV exposure required viral dsRNA and surface proteins, but neither viral replication nor activation by trypsin cleavage of VP4. (stanford.edu)
Adherence was not affected by pretreatment of the cells with virus particles or viral proteins. (lu.se)

Lerner, M. R., Andrews, N. C., Miller, G. & Steitz, J. A. Two small RNAs encoded by Epstein-Barr virus and complexed with protein are precipitated by antibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. (nature.com)
Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. (eurosurveillance.org)
So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
The human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 protein is a multifunctional protein essential for the control of virus gene expression, genome replication and persistence. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Upon co-expression in keratinocytes, L1 reduces nucleolar association of E2 protein, and when co-expressed with E1 and E2, L1 is partially recruited to viral replication factories. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The encoded protein may be involved in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation, and interacts directly with the enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 4. (nih.gov)
13 , 14 However, the amino acid perfectly maintains the stability of the mutual structural conformation of the virus S-protein and the ACE2 receptor in a holistic manner. (medsci.org)
After determination that miR-122 acting on downregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) [ 15 ], further study has proven that HO-1 achieves suppression of HBV replication via functioning in the reduction of HBV core protein stability and the suppression of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) elongation [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
We have also recently described a role for the host protein Osteopontin (OPN), a pro-fibrogenic downstream effector of the Hedgehog pathway, in enhancing HCV replication (Choi et al , Clinical Sciences 2014). (bmj.com)
Earlier work by Doudna and Mehle with avian influenza had shown that a mutation in the viral protein PB2 - whereby glutamic acid is replaced at a certain position on the amino acid chain with lysine - enables the virus to jump from birds to humans. (scienceblog.com)
In their investigation, Mehle and Doudna found that the 2009 H1N1 virus has acquired the SR polymorphism in its PB2 protein that enhances polymerase activity in human cells. (scienceblog.com)
To confirm that the SR polymorphism was a new pathway for the virus to infect humans, they introduced the mutation into the PB2 protein of the avian influenza. (scienceblog.com)
For instance, the hepatitis C protein NS3/4a, initially thought to be responsible only for processing of the viral polyprotein during replication, is in fact a crucial interferon antagonist ( PNAS , 102:17717-22, 2005). (the-scientist.com)
The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
In addition to the HA and NA, the RNA transcription and replication complex (PB2, PB1, PA, NP) also have species-speci c determinants that impact e cient replication in humans and other mammals, particularly polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2). (cdc.gov)

We have identified an adaptive mutation in the swine origin H1N1 influenza A virus - a pair of amino acid variants termed the 'SR polymorphism' - that enhance replication, and potentially pathogenesis of the virus in humans. (scienceblog.com)

We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
Genome wide association study of thyroid hormone levels following challenge with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. (usda.gov)
8 It has an envelope and contains a very large RNA virus genome. (medsci.org)
Genomic DNA replication is carried out by so-called replicative DNAPs, which have evolved to copy the genome with high processivity and fidelity. (pasteur.fr)
The single-stranded DNA genome of adeno-associated viruses (AAV) undergoes second-strand synthesis and transcription in the host cell nucleus. (bvsalud.org)

All experiments with H5N1 and H7N9 viruses were performed in biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratories at the University of Tokyo, which were approved for such use by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Japan. (cdc.gov)
Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). (eurosurveillance.org)
Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
The virus was identi ed as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identi ed in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)

While examining infected cells incubated at 37 or 33 degrees C, they observed that even in the absence of interferon, cells still controlled the virus, raising the possibility of additional cold-fighting mechanisms. (yale.edu)
Viruses, of course, have developed a multitude of ways to inhibit the interferon response. (the-scientist.com)
All known mammalian viruses express at least one interferon antagonist. (the-scientist.com)
For many viruses, the interferon antagonist is the main virulence factor. (the-scientist.com)
While designing effective vaccines and viral-entry inhibitors has proven unsuccessful for certain viruses, often due to their high mutagenicity, compounds targeting interferon antagonists may provide a new therapeutic alternative. (the-scientist.com)
These agents could induce a more rapid decline in viral replication than interferon but could not be administered alone owing to the rapid emergence of resistant HCV variants. (medscape.com)

Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), an attenuated vaccinia strain, is a safe and effective vaccine vector against various infectious agents and cancers. (mskcc.org)
Effect of the host genotype at a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) resistance marker on evolution of the modified-live PRRS vaccine virus in pigs. (usda.gov)
Dengvaxia is based on an existing live-attenuated vaccine for yellow fever virus (YFV) and consists of four YFV genomes that have been chimerized by replacing the YFV pre-membrane and envelope structural genes with those of the four respective DENV serotypes. (virology.ws)
Research in the Justin Bailey Lab explores immune responses against hepatitis C virus (HCV), particularly neutralizing antibody responses, with the goal of guiding vaccine development against the virus. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Together, this information appraises the current understanding of both Zika and Dengue infections, providing insights for future vaccine design approaches against both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
This project will explore determine how sequence variation in the UTR's of the influenza vRNA's (particularly, HA and NA) impact the replication/fitness of influenza A viruses by focusing our analysis on the UTR's of high yield reassortants used as vaccine seed stocks and selected naturally circulating strains. (jcvi.org)
The sequence of the complete genomes including the HA and NA UTRs of low and high yield reassortant vaccine candidate, and seed stocks and their parental viruses (wild type). (jcvi.org)
We will also investigate changes in the HA and NA UTRs of a subset of ~6-10 reassortants vaccine seeds which have been serially passaged in mammalian cell culture or eggs to determine if the substrate/species used to propagate the viruses selects for changes in the UTRs that enhance growth under specific conditions. (jcvi.org)
L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)

Within the nucleus, replication of viral DNA and transcription of viral genes occurs. (wikipedia.org)
Using cell-based assays, we show that co-expression of L1 and E2 results in enhanced transcription and virus origin-dependent DNA replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. (wikipedia.org)
More than 90% of adults have been infected with at least one of these, and a latent form of the virus remains in almost all humans who have been infected. (wikipedia.org)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Dengue virus (DV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans. (unboundmedicine.com)
A new biological pathway by which the H1N1 flu virus can make the jump from swine to humans has been discovered by researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California, Berkeley. (scienceblog.com)
Early test results indicate that a heretofore unknown mutation in one of the H1N1 genes may have played an important role in transmitting the virus into humans. (scienceblog.com)
She and Andrew Mehle, a post-doctoral fellow in her research group, have published a paper on this research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ( PNAS ) titled: Adaptive strategies of the influenza virus polymerase for replication in humans. (scienceblog.com)
As with swine influenza, the polymerase activity and viral replication of the avian virus became enhanced in humans. (scienceblog.com)
The fact that all of the 2009 H1N1 isolates contain this second mutation supports the notion that it is important for transmission into humans, although we don't yet know the relative importance of the changes in the polymerase versus mutations elsewhere in the virus. (scienceblog.com)
Peñas J, Miranda ME, de los Reyes VC, Sucaldito MN, Magpantay R. Risk assessment of Ebola Reston virus in humans in the Philippines. (who.int)
1,10,12,13 It has been hypothesized that ongoing, undetected RESTV infections and replication in pigs and other animals could result in the emergence of more pathogenic viruses in humans and/or livestock. (who.int)

ABSTRACT Following the WHO declaration on 1 February 2016 of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) with regard to clusters of microcephaly and neurological disorders potentially associated with Zika virus, the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean conducted three rounds of emergency meetings to address enhancing preparedness actions in the Region. (who.int)

Overall, the genomic analysis of the virus in this specimen does not change CDC's risk assessment related to the avian A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. (cdc.gov)
A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)

Fig. 2: Mutations at the interface of the FluPol A dimer inhibit cRNA to vRNA replication. (nature.com)
miR-210 and miR-199a-3p can inhibit HBV replication as well. (hindawi.com)
One of them was capable of neutralizing virus infectivity and inhibiting haemagglutination, while the other had no significant neutralizing or haemagglutination-inhibiting capability, but did inhibit virus-mediated haemolysis. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Because their genomes are composed of RNA rather than DNA, these viruses must use their own RNA polymerase to copy their genetic information. (the-scientist.com)

If proven effective, this approach could work against future virus outbreaks that we have yet to encounter and would pose as potential threats to public health. (genengnews.com)
Zika virus outbreaks were first found to be associated with birth defects including microcephaly, in which the baby is born with an abnormally small head and brain, in 2015 in Brazil, where dengue virus, a virus closely related to Zika virus, is endemic. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The processes regulating emergence of viruses into the human population involve a complex interplay between virus and host," Doudna says, "and understanding the mechanisms by which influenza viruses acquire the ability to infect multiple species is imperative to controlling future outbreaks. (scienceblog.com)
There have been five documented outbreaks of Ebola Reston virus (RESTV) in animals epidemiologically linked to the Philippines. (who.int)

June 5, 2020 More updates on SARS-CoV-2 research and COVID-19 from the Bio-IT Community including an app to create COVID-19 severity scores, new insights into viral behavior, modeling tools for the virus structure, and an influx of funding from Illumina, the Department of Defense, AstraZeneca, and more. (bio-itworld.com)
This study highlights the importance of endomembrane targeting for the antiviral specificity of OAS1 and suggests that early control of SARS-CoV-2 replication through OAS1-p46 is an important determinant of COVID-19 severity. (elifesciences.org)

Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)

Further investigation, including mathematical modeling, revealed two additional mechanisms: At core body temperature, infected cells die more rapidly, preventing viral replication. (yale.edu)
KaliVir's approach to immunotherapy combines the natural ability of certain viruses to kill cancer cells with novel mechanisms to stimulate anti-tumor immunity, notably, with the ability to do so intravenously. (biospace.com)
Viruses are thought to facilitate bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. (lu.se)

The titers of the stock viruses were determined by means of plaque assays in MDCK cells. (cdc.gov)
We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPol A dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (nature.com)
The Epstein-Barr virus M81 strain, isolated from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma, induces potent spontaneous virus production in infected B cells. (nature.com)
M81 EBER2 increased CXCL8 expression, and this chemokine enhanced spontaneous lytic replication levels in M81-infected B cells. (nature.com)
Thus, M81 induced chronic inflammation in its target cells and this resulted in increased virus production. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: The M81 EBERs potentiate spontaneous lytic replication in infected cells. (nature.com)
Fig. 5: Incubation of LCLs with EV from EBER-positive cells increase CXCL8 expression and activate lytic replication. (nature.com)
Interestingly, they found that instead of helping, some of these immune cells get infected and inadvertently replicate virus. (genengnews.com)
Further studies showed that the influx of white blood cells was required for enhanced replication of the viruses. (genengnews.com)
These viruses are not known for infecting immune cells. (genengnews.com)
Argonautes' gene-silencing functions also help cells cope with rogue genetic activity from invading viruses or cancer-promoting DNA mutations. (scripps.edu)
Instead, they facilitate and enhance entry of the heterotypic virus into host cells, resulting in increased viral replication and disease. (virology.ws)
For the current study, the research team focused on human airway cells, which make little interferons in response to the cold virus, said Iwasaki, who is also an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. (yale.edu)
Mixture of natural human a -interferons derived from lymphoblastoid cells exposed to Sendai virus. (drugfuture.com)
Both monoclonal antibodies could enhance virus infectivity of Fc receptor-bearing macrophage-like cells when present at suitable dilutions. (microbiologyresearch.org)
On the entry of Semliki virus into BHK-21 cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8(+) T cells that re-express CD45RA are apoptosis-resistant memory cells that retain replicative potential. (tcd.ie)
Meanwhile, the cross-reactivity of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells response to Dengue and Zika viruses provide important clues for further development of potential treatments. (frontiersin.org)
pDC activation and maturation were observed independently of viral replication and were enhanced in cells in which virus replicates. (stanford.edu)
Importantly, these data provide the first evidence of IFNalpha induction in primary human pDCs by a dsRNA virus, while simultaneously demonstrating impaired IFNalpha production in primary human cells in which RRV replicates. (stanford.edu)
The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species speci city because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
The major role of the NA is to release new progeny virions from an infected cell by enzymatically cleaving sialic acid receptors, which aids virus spread to uninfected cells within an infected host. (cdc.gov)

The virus detected in the white stork presented one of those mutations (627K), which suggests that the virus that had spilled over to cats was already partially adapted to mammalian species. (eurosurveillance.org)
Genetically and antigenically divergent influenza A(H9N2) viruses exhibit differential replication and transmission phenotypes in mammalian models. (cdc.gov)

The inoculation of viruses into mosquito bite sites is an important and common stage of arbovirus infections. (genengnews.com)

Oncolytic vaccinia viruses are promising cancer immunotherapeutics. (mskcc.org)
Since then, we have been focusing on identifying viral inhibitors of the cGAS/STING pathway through biochemical studies, as well as the generation and characterization of recombinant vaccinia viruses or MVA lacking viral inhibitors. (mskcc.org)
The company has developed a unique vaccinia virus-based platform, Vaccinia Enhanced Template "VET" Platform, that can generate potent novel oncolytic vaccinia viruses with modifications to maximize viral replication and to enhance intravenous delivery and spread. (biospace.com)
KaliVir has separate collaborations with Roche and Astellas Pharma to design and generate novel oncolytic vaccinia viruses derived from the VET™ platform. (biospace.com)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects about 3% of the world's population and peaks in subjects aged over 40 years. (wjgnet.com)
To investigate the expression of microRNA-122 (miR-122) in the progression of chronic hepatitis B virus- (HBV-) infected liver diseases, thus determining the role of serum miR-122 as a marker of HBV-caused liver injury. (hindawi.com)
Whilst increased levels of blood OPN have similarly been reported in chronic Hepatitis B (CHB), its role in viral replication remains unknown. (bmj.com)
Infectious hepatitis type A and type E are caused by phylogenetically distinct single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that were once considered to be non-enveloped. (bvsalud.org)
One of the most remarkable stories in medicine must be the relatively brief 25 years between the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 1989 to its eventual cure in 2014. (medscape.com)

This study aimed to evaluate the role of OPN in HBV replication, HBsAg secretion and HBV-driven liver injury. (bmj.com)
The relationship between OPN and HBV replication was further confirmed following treatment with recOPN which showed a significant increase in intracellular and secreted HBV-DNA by an additional 1.3 Log10 copies/mL and amplified HBsAg secretion rates by 2 fold. (bmj.com)
On the other hand, homologous murine rotaviruses (ETD or EHP) or the heterologous simian rotavirus (rhesus rotavirus [RRV]) efficiently degrade cellular IRF3, diminish IRF3 activation and IFN-beta secretion and are not replication restricted in wild-type MEFs. (stanford.edu)

Using Fate-seq, the team identified a SARS-CoV-2 genetic fragment that may enhance survival of the virus and appears-in predictive models-to be very stable. (bio-itworld.com)
For example, we now have a new genetic marker to monitor that might help predict the ability of influenza viruses to enter the human population. (scienceblog.com)
This genetic plasticity is key if the virus is to overcome a host immune attack. (the-scientist.com)
The presence of RESTV in pigs poses a possibility of genetic evolution of the virus. (who.int)

These sequences have the potential to enhance the stability of viral RNA genomes, thereby augmenting viral replication efficiency and virulence. (bio-itworld.com)

Fig. 2: The M81 EBERs control lytic replication in vivo. (nature.com)

Zoonotic viruses come from different families, but they have some commonalities: they all tend to be small, rapidly replicating RNA viruses. (the-scientist.com)
A heterogenous swine show circuit drives zoonotic transmission of influenza A viruses in the United States. (cdc.gov)

I'm interested in how viruses engage with these pathways with respect to cellular antiviral immunity, to develop novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. (gla.ac.uk)
The importance of cathelicidins in antiviral skin host defense was confirmed by the observation of higher levels of HSV-2 replication in cathelicidin-deficient mouse skin compared with that seen in skin from their wild-type counterparts. (medscape.com)
Less well appreciated is the fact that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis also regulates antiviral immune responses and is therefore modulated by a number of viruses. (frontiersin.org)
Double-stranded RNA, a common intermediate in viral replication, triggers the release of a range of cytokines, primarily interferons, which in turn causes upregulated expression of hundreds of antiviral genes and enhanced antibody production. (the-scientist.com)
Membrane localization of OAS1 p46 confers enhanced access to viral replication sites and results in increased antiviral activity against a subset of RNA viruses including flaviviruses, picornaviruses, and SARS-CoV-2. (elifesciences.org)

Developing high throughput methods for generating and analysing virus genomic sequences from clinical samples. (gla.ac.uk)

The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
Characterizing the Countrywide Epidemic Spread of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus in Kenya between 2009 and 2018. (cdc.gov)

Dengue fever, caused by dengue virus (DENV), is of substantial public health significance in the tropics, where the virus is spread by Aedes mosquitoes. (virology.ws)
Increased spread of Aedes -borne viruses such as yellow fever, Chikungunya, or West Nile might soon follow. (the-scientist.com)
The most urgent action is to enhance both epidemiological and entomological surveillance between now and the coming rainy seasons in countries with known presence of Aedes mosquitoes. (who.int)

Fig. 4: Nb8205, which binds FluPol A at the dimer interface, inhibits cRNA to vRNA replication and virus growth. (nature.com)

Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
This enhanced disease, known as antibody-dependent enhancement, is a hallmark of dengue disease and is a phenomenon in which antibodies against a heterotypic virus bind it but don't neutralize (i.e., inactivate) it. (virology.ws)

Antibody-mediated enhancement of flavivirus replication in macrophage-like cell lines. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Nearly one half of individuals infected with this virus are asymptomatic. (medscape.com)

It is caused by a group of continuously changing viruses called influenza viruses. (bcm.edu)
Influenza viruses change easily and often, they are unpredictable, and they can be deadly. (bcm.edu)
Our work highlights the importance of basic research in understanding the processes that control emergence of new influenza viruses," Mehle says. (scienceblog.com)

The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
Therefore, there is a direct relationship between the replication efficiencies of different rotavirus strains in MEFs and strain-related variations in NSP1-mediated antagonism of the type I IFN response. (stanford.edu)

All viruses were sequenced to confirm the absence of unwanted mutations. (cdc.gov)
Major drawbacks of this therapy are that RBV is not approved for administration to pregnant women and that the virus can acquire mutations, which render the intra-host population less sensitive or even resistant to RBV. (mdpi.com)
Transmission of the influenza virus into a new species can be influenced by mutations in any of the virus's eight genes. (scienceblog.com)

DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
Second, an enzyme that attacks and degrades viral genes, RNAseL, is enhanced at the higher temperature. (yale.edu)

A team of researchers led by investigators at the University of Leeds suggests that the swelling and irritation that make mosquito bites so unpleasant may provide a mechanism by which viruses like Zika, dengue, and chikungunya are able to replicate and spread. (genengnews.com)
Our findings suggest that the inflammatory response at these sites helps viruses to replicate, enhancing their ability to cause disease. (genengnews.com)
Conversely, in the absence of mosquito bites and their accompanying inflammation, the viruses failed to replicate well. (genengnews.com)
However, most positive-strand RNA viruses replicate within a modified organelle co-opted from intracellular membranes of the endomembrane system, which shields viral products from cellular innate immune sensors. (elifesciences.org)

Organisms within the archaeal domain of life possess a simplified version of the eukaryotic DNA replication machinery. (pasteur.fr)

Specifically speaking, after transfecting liver tumor cell lines with antisense nucleic acids or mimics of miR-122, the inhibition of HBV replication was found by overexpression of miR-122 and promotion of HBV replication by depletion of endogenous miR-122 [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Techniques for haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Monoclonal anti Fc receptor IgG blocks enhancement of viral replication in macrophages by anti-viral antibody. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Recent studies have demonstrated that early and broad neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses against HCV are associated with HCV clearance, suggesting a key role for nAb in limiting HCV replication. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

These guidelines update previous CDC recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) among adults and children coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States. (cdc.gov)
These guidelines update previous CDC recommendations for treating and preventing active tuberculosis (TB) among adults and children coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (1-3). (cdc.gov)
Poxviruses are large cytoplasmic DNA viruses that cause significant human and veterinary diseases. (mskcc.org)
Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
[ 6 ] Furthermore, the addition of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 (both overexpressed in Th-2 inflammatory reactions) amplified vaccinia virus replication in human skin. (medscape.com)
Maternal viral load, human immunodeficiency virus coinfection, prolonged rupture of membranes, fetal exposure to maternal infected blood consequent to vaginal or perineal lacerations and invasive monitoring of fetus increase the risk of viral transmission. (wjgnet.com)
Cesarean delivery and breastfeeding increases the transmission risk in HCV/human immunodeficiency virus coinfected women. (wjgnet.com)
Researchers at Colorado State University attempted to use riboflavin and ultraviolet light to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 virus in infected human plasma and whole-blood products . (bio-itworld.com)
Mixture of natural, human a -interferons produced by human leukocytes exposed to Sendai virus. (drugfuture.com)
Zika-infected human placental tissues also showed increased replication in the presence of dengue antibodies. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Among the animal herpesviruses are pseudorabies virus causing Aujeszky's disease in pigs, and bovine herpesvirus 1 causing bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis. (wikipedia.org)
Thyroid dysfunction in feeder pigs following polymicrobial or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 challenge. (usda.gov)

The results show that HHV-8 coinfection markedly increases HIV replication in both cell types. (ashpublications.org)

The utility of the NIOSH bioaerosol sampler was further extended by incorporating an enhanced infectivity detection methodology developed in our laboratory, the viral replication assay, which amplified the infectious virus making it more readily detectable. (cdc.gov)

It is caused by rubella virus, which is a member of the Rubivirus genus of the family Togaviridae. (medscape.com)
The usual portal of entry of rubella virus is the respiratory epithelium of the nasopharynx. (medscape.com)

As an Honorary Consultant in Infectious Diseases, my research focuses on the epidemiology of influenza and other respiratory viruses in the UK and sub-Saharan Africa including COVID-19. (gla.ac.uk)
Multiplexed CRISPR-based microfluidic platform for clinical testing of respiratory viruses and identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants. (cdc.gov)

We found that the M81 non-coding Epstein-Barr-encoded RNA EBER2, which carries polymorphisms that are mainly restricted to viruses found in endemic nasopharyngeal carcinomas, markedly stimulated this process. (nature.com)

[ 5 ] Another study found that vaccinia virus inoculated into mouse skin primed with a Th-2-weighted inflammatory response resulted in larger and more erosive primary lesions, more satellite lesions, and higher viral loads than normal or TH-1 weighted skin. (medscape.com)

These observations provide a mechanistic molecular link between M81 virus replication-a central viral function and a cancer risk factor-and the production of a chemokine involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. (nature.com)

Viruses interact with the host cellular pathways to optimize cellular conditions for replication. (ncbs.res.in)

In 1971, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) established Herpesvirus as a genus with 23 viruses among four groups. (wikipedia.org)

A new Yale study reveals how body temperature affects the immune system's response to the common cold virus. (yale.edu)
Each pathway independently contributes to the immune system's defense against the cold virus. (yale.edu)
McFadden's lab pioneered the field of viral immune subversion (also called "anti-immunology") and is credited with the discovery of a wide spectrum of virus-derived inhibitors of the immune system. (biospace.com)
VET™ platform utilizes the large transgene capacity of the vaccinia virus to deliver therapeutics matched to tumor immunophenotypes to stimulate patients' immune systems and modify the tumor microenvironment. (biospace.com)

The classic examples of necessarily be processed by the cel replication fidelity can confer strong chemical agents that require met- into a mutation (see Chapter 12, by mutator phenotypes that result in ge- abolic activation to become carci- DeMarini). (who.int)

These virion types predominate in the blood of infected individuals and mediate virus spread within the liver. (bvsalud.org)

Studying virus entry using a multidisciplinary toolkit encompassing basic virology, computational/mathematical analysis, structural biology, and advanced microscopy. (gla.ac.uk)
A recognized international expert, McFadden is a former President of the American Society of Virology, a member of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, advisor to the World Health Organization Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research, and a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada , the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences, and the American Academy of Microbiology. (biospace.com)
Understanding what happens at the host-pathogen interface and why certain viruses are capable of jumping to new species is a top research question in virology. (the-scientist.com)

Anatomy19

Organisms96

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs49

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes65

Information Science4

Health Care1

Infection48

Avian influ1

Proteins11

Protein15

Pathogenesis1

Genome6

H5N18

Interferon6

Vaccine9

Transcription2

Humans12

Abstract1

Clade 2.3.4.43

Inhibit3

Polymerase1

Outbreaks4

Severity2

Infectious bursa1

Mechanisms3

Cells22

Mammalian2

Infections1

Vaccinia viruses4

Hepatitis5

Secretion3

Genetic4

Genomes1

Vivo1

Zoonotic2

Antiviral5

Genomic1

H1N14

Aedes3

Inhibits1

Neutralize2

Flavivirus1

Asymptomatic1

Influenza viruses3

Strains2

Mutations3

Genes2

Replicate4

Machinery1

Inhibition2

Antibody2

Human10

Pigs2

Coinfection1

Infectivity1

Rubella virus2

Respiratory viruses2

Endemic1

Inflammatory1

Molecular1

Cellular1

Herpesvirus1

Immune4

Fidelity1

Liver1

Virology3