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Membrane PotentialsMembrane Potential, MitochondrialCell MembraneMembranesIntracellular MembranesMembrane LipidsMembranes, ArtificialEnergy MetabolismPotassiumCell Membrane PermeabilityMitochondriaCalciumThermodynamicsErythrocyte MembraneMembrane FluiditySodiumAdenosine TriphosphateHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationElectrophysiologyMitochondrial MembranesIon ChannelsElectric ConductivityModels, BiologicalBasement MembraneAction PotentialsKineticsValinomycinPatch-Clamp TechniquesMembrane Transport ProteinsLipid BilayersPotassium ChannelsBiological Transport, ActiveModels, MolecularChloridesTime FactorsProtein BindingCells, CulturedNeuronsCarbonyl Cyanide p-TrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazoneOxygen ConsumptionTemperatureFluorescent DyesGuinea PigsCell LineCarbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl HydrazoneProtonsMembrane GlycoproteinsTrityl CompoundsProtein TransportMicroscopy, ElectronCalorimetryCarrier ProteinsProtein Structure, TertiaryLiposomesSynaptic MembranesElectric StimulationMutationProtein ConformationIon Channel GatingEscherichia coliMolecular Sequence DataMicroelectrodesRabbitsTetrodotoxinBinding SitesModels, ChemicalPermeabilityRats, Sprague-DawleyEnergy TransferApoptosisOuabainMicroscopy, FluorescenceCarbocyaninesWaterDose-Response Relationship, DrugAmino Acid SequenceMyocardiumBacterial ProteinsRats, WistarReactive Oxygen SpeciesBariumOnium CompoundsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMusclesComputer SimulationNigericinSodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPaseMathematicsMicroscopy, ConfocalCytosolCell FractionationPhosphatidylcholinesCationsTetraethylammonium CompoundsPeptidesIon TransportMitochondria, HeartPotassium Channel BlockersPhosphocreatineIons
ProteinsCellular energeticsMitochondrialAction potentialsLipid BilayersSimulationsIntracellularTransportersElectrochemicalPlasma membraneKineticsSimulatePermeabilityBiologicalConcentrationDynamicsMolecularSmall moleculesPassiveRespiratoryGradientsIonsElasticProteinSolutesCellOsmosisElectronGlucoseEnzymesPoreMethodologyBiologyVoltsCatalyticMeasurementEnergySeparationCellsTransportNaturePropertiesUnderstoodResearchDriving forceImportantGenerationComplex
Proteins10
  • Lysosomal membrane proteins and proteins that interact with lysosomes (stably or transiently) can be accurately quantified in this method with excellent intracellular spatial resolution in live human neurons. (jove.com)
  • The plasma membrane contains specific proteins that mediate the transport of these molecules in a manner that is obligatorily linked to the cotransport of Na+. (what-when-how.com)
  • His most significant and highly recognized work has established the physical principles that govern the function of the physiologically critical ion channels and integral membrane proteins, largely through his highly creative molecular dynamics simulations of biomembranes. (biophysicalsociety.ca)
  • To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
  • Energetics of Proteins in Membranes. (thisisbeep.com)
  • The Sec61 complex forms a protein-conducting channel in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that is required for secretion of soluble proteins and production of many membrane proteins. (biorxiv.org)
  • The Sec61 complex also mediates membrane integration of many proteins, including most cell surface receptors and cell adhesion molecules. (biorxiv.org)
  • While many studies have been focused on the membrane structure, the dynamics of such systems are crucial for the function of the membrane including membrane bound proteins. (lu.se)
  • Native membrane derived polymer-supported lipid bilayers (nSLBs) are poised to bridge the gap between live cell experiments and traditional model membrane architectures that by offering a combination of accessibility by surface sensitive analytical instrumentation and a composition which more closely resembles cellular membranes by displaying a diversity of endogenous membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. (lu.se)
  • Due to the lack of detergent solubilization and reconstitution steps, the nSLBs created using this approach contain essentially all of the native lipids, as well as the membrane-associated proteins and carbohydrates from the donor membrane. (lu.se)
Cellular energetics2
  • Individuals born with mitochondrial disorders have partially disable cellular energetics. (jameslyonsweiler.com)
  • Regarding the potential effects on cellular energetics and cellular respiration, altered transcripts included those with roles in oxygen transport, the glycolytic pathway, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. (truniagen.com)
Mitochondrial5
  • In the heat-stress conditions, 'substrate oxidation' by the electron transport chain was enhanced, reinforcing mitochondrial superoxide production, probably via an elevation in the membrane potential (ΔΨ) in avian muscle mitochondria. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Environmental damage to mitochondria is known to occur from exposure to lead and includes depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) and intracellular glutathione (GSH), elevation of caspase-3 activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde levels, and inhibition of GSH peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (Liu et al. (jameslyonsweiler.com)
  • mitochondrial function, respiration, membrane potential. (mitophysiology.org)
  • Mitochondrial Energetics in Health and Disease. (mitophysiology.org)
  • Chinopoulos C, Kiss G, Kawamata H, Starkov AA (2014) Measurement of ADP-ATP exchange in relation to mitochondrial transmembrane potential and oxygen consumption. (oroboros.at)
Action potentials3
  • The contraction produced can be described as a twitch, summation, or tetanus, depending on the frequency of action potentials. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that white matter synapses consume ≤0.5% of the energy of gray matter synapses and that this, rather than more energy-efficient action potentials, is the main reason why CNS white matter uses less energy than gray matter. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Surprisingly, while the energetic cost of building myelin could be repaid within months by the reduced ATP cost of neuronal action potentials, the energetic cost of maintaining the oligodendrocyte resting potential usually outweighs the saving on action potentials. (ucl.ac.uk)
Lipid Bilayers2
  • Nonadditive Compositional Curvature Energetics of Lipid Bilayers," A. J. Sodt, R. M. Venable, E. Lyman and R. W. Pastor, Physical Review Letters , 117 (13) (2016). (nih.gov)
  • We recently developed a generic method for producing polymer-supported lipid bilayers directly from cell-derived native membrane vesicles (NMVs). (lu.se)
Simulations4
  • 1994. Finite Representation of an Infinite Bulk System - Solvent Boundary Potential for Computer Simulations. (biophysicalsociety.ca)
  • Simulations of Anionic Lipid Membranes: Development of Interaction-Specific Ion Parameters and Validation using NMR Data," R. M. Venable, Y. Luo, K. Gawrisch, B. Roux and R. W. Pastor, Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 117 pp. 10183-10192 (2013). (nih.gov)
  • hydrothermally, the online hollywood is presented to fluctuate central simulations with a driven pipe of superposition, central to that imposed in potential fluids. (medmotion.com)
  • In this work, we evaluate four novel sulfur-containing polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) for use in CO 2 /CH 4 gas separation membranes through the use of molecular simulations. (acscomp.org)
Intracellular2
  • The plasma membrane also contains a Ca2+-ATPase that pumps Ca2+ out of cells to help keep the intracellular Ca2+ concentration low. (what-when-how.com)
  • There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
Transporters2
  • Finally, we show that mitochondria in optic nerve axons could sustain measured firing rates with a plausible density of glucose transporters in the nodal membrane, without the need for energy transfer from oligodendrocytes. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters belong to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of membrane transporters. (philipwfowler.me)
Electrochemical3
  • That is, they catalyze the transport of ions against their electrochemical potential. (what-when-how.com)
  • In physiology, transport that is thermodynamically uphill is termed active transport to distinguish it from the spontaneous flow of ions down their electrochemical potential. (what-when-how.com)
  • Under conditions in which interracial ET becomes rate-limiting, i.e., when turnover number is high at elevated temperatures, the current-potential response reflects the superposition of numerous electrochemical rate constants. (elsevierpure.com)
Plasma membrane7
  • The plasma membrane is the barrier that separates the cytoplasm of cells from the exterior medium. (what-when-how.com)
  • The energy needed for the active transport of ions across the plasma membrane is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi. (what-when-how.com)
  • The electrogenic ion pump in the plasma membrane of animal cells is the Na+/K+-ATPase. (what-when-how.com)
  • The trans plasma membrane potential is on the order of -50 mV. (what-when-how.com)
  • FIGURE 12 Some ion pumps in the plasma membrane. (what-when-how.com)
  • Instead, they contain aH+-ATPase that is the generator of the plasma membrane potential. (what-when-how.com)
  • Therefore, molecules generally need to pass through the cell in order to cross the barrier, and must cross the plasma membrane to access the interior of the cell. (thisisbeep.com)
Kinetics2
  • Moreover, we develop methods to analyze and simulate the energetics and kinetics of charge and exciton transfer processes. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • The catalytic current that is obtained when substrate is added to the solution is directly proportional to the enzyme's turnover rate and its dependence on the electrode potential reports on the energetics and kinetics of the entire catalytic cycle. (elsevierpure.com)
Simulate1
  • The broad research goal of these projects is to simulate a cell membrane on the atomic level. (nih.gov)
Permeability16
Biological3
  • Osmosis is very important in biological systems because many membranes are semipermeable. (wikibooks.org)
  • Recent years have seen strong research efforts on the lipid component of biological membranes. (lu.se)
  • In my talk, I will show you some examples how such biological cues influence the dynamic properties of membranes. (lu.se)
Concentration7
  • Since the extracellular Na+ concentration is higher than that in the cytoplasm and the membrane potential is negative, theNa+ flows from outside to inside the cell. (what-when-how.com)
  • Assuming a membrane potential of -50 mV and a 100-fold Na+ concentration gradient, the flow of Na+ would liberate about 3.8 kcal/mol at 25°C. This exergonic flow of Na+ provides the energy needed for the active transport of the amino acid or carbohydrate. (what-when-how.com)
  • Taking the sum of the electrical terms and the concentration, electrical potential, generates the general expression. (wikibooks.org)
  • When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
  • Diffusion is the process by which molecules migrate over the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)
  • Water will move from an area with a higher concentration of water to the other side of the membrane with a lower concentration of water. (wikibooks.org)
  • The removal of protons from the matrix and deposition of protons in the intermembrane space creates a concentration difference of protons across the inner membrane. (rice.edu)
Dynamics3
  • The 56th Annual Biophysical Society Meeting is fast approaching, and this year members of the Membrane Protein Structural Dynamics Consortium (MPSDC) have collaborated on no less than 72 presentations and posters taking place in various subgroups, platforms, symposia, mini-symposia, and workshops. (memprotein.org)
  • NMR spin lattice relaxation) are also developed both to supplement experiment and to provide further insight into the fundamental physics of membrane structure and dynamics. (nih.gov)
  • With this Dynamics workshop, our goal is to bring together leading experts in the field of membrane dynamics, with a particular focus on neutrons and X-rays, but also complementary techniques including NMR, single molecule spectroscopy and computer modeling. (lu.se)
Molecular2
  • The TM-4 d set, composed of 30 experimental enthalpies of formation, is employed for the second row transition metal study, while the LP80 set, composed of atomic ionization potentials and electron affinities and molecular dissociation energies and enthalpies of formation, is utilized for the lower p -block study. (acscomp.org)
  • These results support the potential utility of molecular biomarkers to evaluate the effect of seismic surveys on fishes with studies on the ears being placed in a priority category for development of exposure-response relationships. (truniagen.com)
Small molecules1
  • The alpha-hemolysin (AHL) nanochannel is a non-selective channel that allows for uncontrolled transport of small molecules across membranes leading to cell death. (tue.nl)
Passive1
  • Passive transport is the moving of biochemicals across membranes of cells without the use of chemical energy. (wikibooks.org)
Respiratory2
Gradients1
  • The Na+/K+ -ATPase of animal cells uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move three Na+ ions out of the cells and two K+ ions in, which results in the generation of ion gradients and a membrane potential. (what-when-how.com)
Ions1
  • The ion occupancies derived from the MRD data are substantially higher than previously reported, suggesting that groove-bound ions significantly influence the energetics and structural polymorphism of DNA in vivo. (lu.se)
Elastic1
  • These include NMR relaxation times and deuterium order parameters, X-ray structure factors, lateral diffusion constants, elastic constants, and dipole potentials, and phase transitions. (nih.gov)
Protein6
  • In an idealized way, this may be analogous to protein-protein ET or, more significantly, the nonrigid interface between different domains of membrane-bound enzymes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • One would like to sort out the energetics of protein-protein and protein-bilayer energetics that determine this minimum and hence the structure of the protein. (thisisbeep.com)
  • Transcripts related to protein modification or degradation also indicated potential damaging effects of sound on ear tissues. (truniagen.com)
  • Regarding potential effects on hormones and vitamins, the protein carrier for thyroxine and retinol (vitamin A), namely transthyretin, was altered at the transcript expression level and it has been suggested from studies in mammalian systems that retinoic acid may play a role in the regeneration of damaged hair cells. (truniagen.com)
  • In addition, the channel has a seam (lateral gate) in the wall that can open laterally in the plane of the membrane to release transmembrane segments (TMs) of membrane protein clients into the lipid phase. (biorxiv.org)
  • Mounting evidence suggests that the genetic disorders/mutation and diseases change not only the protein expression patterns but also membranes themselves. (lu.se)
Solutes1
  • a quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells. (thisisbeep.com)
Cell5
  • The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
  • How is a cell membrane permeated? (thisisbeep.com)
  • The results of this experiment helps us to better understand the function and structure of cell membranes. (thisisbeep.com)
  • The differential expression of transcripts observed for some immune responses could potentially be linked to the rupture of cell membranes. (truniagen.com)
  • As cell membranes are both dynamic and compositionally complex, replicating these aspects in a model membrane are essential. (lu.se)
Osmosis1
Electron2
  • The efficiency of electron transport can be represented by the standard reduction potential difference , namely the voltage generated by a redox reaction under standard biochemical conditions. (rice.edu)
  • Just for the sake of understanding the principles, let Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase complex), embedded in an intact inner membrane, be the only component of an experimental electron transport system. (rice.edu)
Glucose1
  • We derive a signaling energy budget for the white matter (based on data from the rodent optic nerve and corpus callosum) which can be compared with previous energy budgets for the gray matter regions of the brain, perform a cost-benefit analysis of the energetics of myelination, and assess mechanisms for energy production and glucose supply in myelinated axons. (ucl.ac.uk)
Enzymes1
  • Plasma membranes of all higher organisms contain enzymes that are embedded in the membrane that act as ion pumps. (what-when-how.com)
Pore2
  • He went on to show that the driving force for ion flux arising from the membrane potential is focused along the narrow pore (Roux et al, 2000). (biophysicalsociety.ca)
  • The Sec61/SecY channel has an hourglass-like structure with a pore constriction (termed the pore ring) halfway across the membrane, which is gated by a movement of a plug-like ER-lumenal (or extracellular in SecY) domain of the channel 5 . (biorxiv.org)
Methodology1
  • The methodology presented allows the amount of native membrane material in the nSLB to be precisely controlled and display a uniform lateral distribution. (lu.se)
Biology1
  • The Curvature Induction of Surface-Bound Antimicrobial Peptides Piscidin 1 and Piscidin 3 Varies with Lipid Chain Length," B. S. Perrin Jr., A. J. Sodt, M. L. Cotten and R. W. Pastor, Journal Of Membrane Biology , 248 (3, SI) pp. 455-467 (2015). (nih.gov)
Volts3
  • ΔV: Potential in volts across the membrane. (wikibooks.org)
  • The average voltage of a human cell's membrane potential is 0.07 volts. (healthecircuits.com)
  • With 50 trillion cells in the body, a potential of 3.5 trillion volts can be appreciated. (healthecircuits.com)
Catalytic1
  • Sn-Pt alloys had the lowest dehydrogenation energetics, indicating that the activity of this catalytic material is superior to that of a pristine Pt catalyst. (mdpi.com)
Measurement1
  • If you haven't had an EKG, you probably didn't know that the measurement leads are placed at multiple locations - not just your chest over the heart - the leads measure the potential of the heart impulse across the body. (healthecircuits.com)
Energy4
  • How the potential energy of the phosphoanhydride bond of ATP may be used to drive otherwise unfavorable reactions (Fig. 11) is discussed in this section. (what-when-how.com)
  • Energy is required to generate and maintain the membrane potential. (what-when-how.com)
  • You must have sufficient energy potential across your cells, and their terrain, so they can thrive, and repair. (healthecircuits.com)
  • The numbers alongside each organ/system represent a relative energy potential. (healthecircuits.com)
Separation2
  • The separation of CO 2 from CH 4 is an industrially important process, and polymeric membranes have the potential to greatly increase the efficiency of current separation techniques. (acscomp.org)
  • The results presented in this work should facilitate the design of new intrinsically microporous polymer membranes with increased CO 2 /CH 4 gas separation performance. (acscomp.org)
Cells4
  • All cells maintain a membrane potential that is negative. (what-when-how.com)
  • The membrane potential in plant cells can be as high as -200 mV. (what-when-how.com)
  • beneath this is a basement membrane, and then a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres which are limited inside by a layer of peritoneal cells. (yourdictionary.com)
  • An electromyograph detects the electric potential generated by muscle cells when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. (healthecircuits.com)
Transport2
  • Our results show that AHL can quickly transport water across membranes. (tue.nl)
  • To study the energetics of transport, the potential of mean force (PMF) of a water molecule along the AHL nanochannel was calculated. (tue.nl)
Nature2
  • The extremely volatile nature of energetics requires particular attention and vigilance. (dsiac.org)
  • The improved fluorescence exhibited by different isomeric forms of PPV derivatives in optoelectronic devices motivated us to investigate the influence of various conformational distortions of trans and cis nature on the energetics and localization of positive (P + ) and negative (P - ) polarons. (acscomp.org)
Properties1
  • Comparing the effects of different Rooibos types not only contributes to a more nuanced understanding of their potential impacts in protecting against Alzheimer's, but also provides insights into how variations in processing might influence their bioactive properties. (annique.com)
Understood1
  • The energetics of CNS white matter are poorly understood. (ucl.ac.uk)
Research2
  • Several research groups have suggested the potential efficacy of empagliflozin on cardiac energetics. (nature.com)
  • Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. (mdpi.com)
Driving force1
  • Although the current is expected to reach a limiting value as the electrode potential is varied to increase the driving force, a residual slope in voltammograms is often observed. (elsevierpure.com)
Important1
Generation1
Complex1
  • The standard reduction potential of NADH is -0.315V, while that of coenzyme Q is 0.045V (difference of 0.345 V). Therefore there is a strong 'pull' by Coenzyme Q on electrons through the components of Complex I. (rice.edu)