Endothelial cells glycerol glucose uptake adipose tissue fatty acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

Concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides are strongly correlated in the adipocyte, but little is known about mechanisms regulating cholesterol metabolism in fat cells. (jci.org)
Increased OLR1 expression, resulting either from TZD treatment or adenoviral gene delivery, significantly augments adipocyte cholesterol content and enhances fatty acid uptake. (jci.org)
The adipocyte is the major site of fatty acid storage in the body and plays a critical role in maintaining normal glucose and lipid homeostasis. (jci.org)
Overall, our study demonstrates the coordinated expression of functionally related genes during proliferation and differentiation of rainbow trout adipocyte cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, apoCIII overexpression resulted in increased NEFA availability to adipose uptake and decreased adipocyte lipolysis, favoring lipid enlargement of adipose depots. (biomedcentral.com)
Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. (ipfs.io)
Obesity is characterized by the expansion of fat mass, through adipocyte size increase ( hypertrophy ) and, to a lesser extent, cell proliferation ( hyperplasia ). (ipfs.io)

OLR1 expression in white adipose tissue is increased in obesity and is further induced by PPARγ ligand treatment in vivo. (jci.org)
On both diets, the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt mice gained less weight and had less white adipose tissue (WAT) and its inflammation, lower serum cholesterol levels, and lighter livers with less steatosis and lower serum ALT levels than the wild type (WT). (springer.com)
White adipose tissue accumulates at various sites throughout the body, some adipose tissue depots exist near organs whose function they influence in a paracrine manner. (bvsalud.org)
There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are also known as white fat and brown fat , respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells. (ipfs.io)

Between meals they are released as follows: Lipolysis, the removal of the fatty acid chains from the glycerol to which they are bound in their storage form as triglycerides (or fats), is carried out by lipases. (wikipedia.org)
Meanwhile, triglyceride (TG) content was decreased and lipolysis genes expressions, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) were elevated in the jejunum and ileum of inulin and propionate treated mice. (academic-accelerator.com)
Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
We measured body energy balance, tissue capacity to store exogenous lipids, lipogenesis and lipolysis rates in non-transgenic and apoCIII overexpressing mice fed a HFD during two months. (biomedcentral.com)
Fasting also promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue to release nonesterified fatty acids which are converted into ketone bodies in the liver though mitochondrial oxidation and ketogenesis. (irjs.info)
Adipose tissue generates and releases nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and glycerol via lipolysis. (irjs.info)

In healthy liver tissue, extracellular matrix is very subtle to minimize diffusion distances. (helmberg.at)
Glucose as such cannot be stored, but it can be polymerized to glycogen in the liver and in skeletal muscle. (helmberg.at)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is marked by hepatic fat accumulation not due to alcohol abuse. (mdpi.com)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) parallels the global obesity epidemic with unmet therapeutic needs. (springer.com)
The intake of fructose in majority of the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt tissues, including the liver, was 15-35% less than in the WT. (springer.com)
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is constantly increasing, currently affecting a quarter of people worldwide [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Cholesterol is synthesized by virtually all human tissues, although primarily by liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, and reproductive tissues (Figure 18.29). (pharmacy180.com)
Before the bile acids leave the liver, they are conjugated to a molecule of either glycine or taurine, producing the conjugated bile salts glycocholic or taurocholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic or taurochenodeoxycholic acid. (pharmacy180.com)
More than 95% of the bile salts are efficiently reabsorbed in the intestinal ileum by a sodium-bile salt cotransporter, returned to the blood, and carried by albumin back to the liver where they are taken up by the hepatic form of the cotransporter and reused (enterohepatic circulation, which bile acid sequestrants reduce). (pharmacy180.com)
The glycerol is metabolized by the liver. (pharmacy180.com)
Absorbed lipids are transported in chylomicrons via the lymphatic system into the bloodstream, where they reach the liver , peripheral tissues (which have LDL receptors ) and adipose tissue (storage). (amboss.com)
Adipose tissue signals to brain, liver, and muscles to control whole body metabolism through secreted lipid and protein factors as well as neurotransmission, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. (biomed.news)
Aberrant energy rate of metabolism in the liver promotes insulin resistance, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). (irjs.info)
Food is definitely digested in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver through the portal vein blood circulation system. (irjs.info)
In the postprandial state, glucose is definitely condensed into glycogen and/or converted into fatty acids or amino acids in the liver. (irjs.info)
In the fasted state or during exercise, gas substrates (e.g. glucose and TAG) are released from your liver into the blood circulation and metabolized by muscle mass, adipose cells, and additional extrahepatic cells. (irjs.info)
Alanine, lactate, and glycerol are delivered to the liver and used as precursors to synthesize glucose (gluconeogenesis). (irjs.info)
Liver-generated glucose and ketone body provide essential metabolic fuels for extrahepatic cells during starvation and exercise. (irjs.info)
Multiple nutrient, hormonal, and neuronal signals have been recognized to regulate glucose, lipid, and amino acid rate of metabolism in the liver. (irjs.info)
Dysfunction of liver signaling and rate of metabolism causes or predisposes to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or type 2 diabetes. (irjs.info)
Our data demonstrate that SIRT1 mediates the effect of exenatide on ameliorating hepatic steatosis, suggesting the GLP-1 receptor agonist could serve as a potential drug for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), especially in type 2 diabetes combined with NAFLD, and SIRT1 could be a therapeutic target of NAFLD. (diabetesjournals.org)
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem that begins with the aberrant accumulation of triglyceride in the liver. (diabetesjournals.org)

A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. (lookformedical.com)
Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
A group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (lookformedical.com)
They function to keep lipids (primarily triacyl-glycerol [TAG] and cholesteryl esters) soluble as they transport them between tissues. (pharmacy180.com)
Chylomicrons are assembled in intestinal mucosal cells from dietary lipids (primarily TAG). (pharmacy180.com)
MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)

In a healthy person, excess fat is stored as triglycerides in the adipose tissue, and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream only in response to an increased energy requirement, for example, during fasting. (jci.org)
Fatty acids (mainly in the form of triglycerides) are therefore the foremost storage form of fuel in most animals, and to a lesser extent in plants. (wikipedia.org)
Fatty acids are stored as triglycerides in the fat depots of adipose tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that are made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. (lookformedical.com)
Three of four triglycerides tested intravenously inhibited transport of leptin across the BBB, but their free fatty acid constituents were without effect. (clubalthea.com)
Mature adipocytes are known to play an important role controlling energy balance in mammals by storing fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in periods of excess of energy and by releasing fatty acids when are needed. (biomedcentral.com)

However, IGF-1 is far less potent than insulin in decreasing blood glucose concentrations. (picmonic.com)
Explants were incubated with 13 C-labeled palmitic acid, 13 C-oleic acid and 13 C-docosahexaenoic acid across a range of myo-inositol concentrations for 24 h and 48 h. (bioscientifica.com)
Plasma insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin concentrations in obese and nonobese individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance. (nhri.edu.tw)
Glucagon does not increase plasma free fatty acid and glycerol concentrations in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (nhri.edu.tw)
Glucose is definitely phosphorylated by glucokinase in hepatocytes to generate glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), CC-5013 novel inhibtior leading Rabbit Polyclonal to B4GALT1 to a reduction in intracellular glucose concentrations which further increases glucose uptake (Fig. 1). (irjs.info)

These lipases are activated by high epinephrine and glucagon levels in the blood (or norepinephrine secreted by sympathetic nerves in adipose tissue), caused by declining blood glucose levels after meals, which simultaneously lowers the insulin level in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
IGF-1 can activate both its own IGF receptor and the insulin receptor and, thus, has some ability to decrease blood glucose levels as well. (picmonic.com)
DIM decreased STZ-increased high blood glucose levels and food and water intake in diabetic mice. (researchgate.net)

Fatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty acids, a family of molecules classified within the lipid macronutrient category. (wikipedia.org)
These findings highlight the need for using primary BM-Ads in studies of the metabolic impact of BM-Ads on surrounding cells. (bvsalud.org)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease resulting from the destruction of insulinproducing β cells in the pancreas, that leads to hyperglycemia [1,2,20]. (researchgate.net)
Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. (lookformedical.com)
Cells use it as the primary source of energy and a metabolic intermediate. (absoluteastronomy.com)
The epic battle for the cell is to have the regularly expected circadian cycles found in our environment and "yoke" those signals to its metabolic cycle and to its growth cycle. (jackkruse.com)
Ketone bodies provide a metabolic fuel for extrahepatic tissues. (irjs.info)
Causal effects of chronic whole-body hydration on metabolic syndrome-related disorders and mortality are hypothesized based on cell hydration effects [12-16], but remain to be confirmed. (ppexmed.com)

Our results indicated that the dietary long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intakes were negatively associated with HOMA-IR (β = -0.089, P = 0.040), fat mass (β = -0.022, P = 0.047), and body fat percentage (β = -0.026, P = 0.032). (frontiersin.org)

A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)

Leptin is a 16- kDa protein secreted by fat cells (1) that regulates feeding and energy expenditures by acting at sites primarily within the central nervous system (2-4). (clubalthea.com)
When temperature becomes the dominant environmental trigger and not light cycles, leptin induces endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS) that shuts down the photic effects of VIP on the SCN. (jackkruse.com)
However, the adipose tissue mass (45 %) and leptin plasma levels (2-fold) were significantly greater in apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin , adiponectin , leptin and apelin . (ipfs.io)

Several studies have demonstrated that NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance leading to a resistance in the antilipolytic effect of insulin in the adipose tissue with an increase of free fatty acids (FFAs). (mdpi.com)

Long-chain free fatty acids enter metabolizing cells (i.e. most living cells in the body except red blood cells and neurons in the central nervous system) through specific transport proteins, such as the SLC27 family fatty acid transport protein. (wikipedia.org)
Growth factors (GFs) are signaling molecules, often proteins, that bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells and, in doing so, initiate downstream signaling. (picmonic.com)
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports proteins to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. (absoluteastronomy.com)
The blood carries the hormones to target cells that contain specific receptor proteins for the hormones, and which therefore can respond in a specific fashion to them. (50webs.org)
Amino acids are metabolized to provide energy or CC-5013 novel inhibtior CC-5013 novel inhibtior used to synthesize proteins, glucose, and/or additional bioactive molecules. (irjs.info)

In another type of anabolism, fatty acids are modified to form other compounds such as second messengers and local hormones. (wikipedia.org)
The prostaglandins made from arachidonic acid stored in the cell membrane are probably the best-known of these local hormones. (wikipedia.org)
These are hormones derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. (50webs.org)
[11] In the fat cells of obese individuals, there is increased production of metabolism modulators, such as glycerol, hormones, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to the development of insulin resistance . (ipfs.io)

the tissues of the central nervous system cannot use fatty acids, despite containing mitochondria, because long-chain fatty acids (as opposed to medium-chain fatty acids) cannot cross the blood-brain barrier into the interstitial fluids that bathe these cells. (wikipedia.org)

Once inside the cell, long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid molecule with ATP (which is broken down to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate) to give a fatty acyl-adenylate, which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl-CoA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. (lookformedical.com)
The molecule of MF, a small hydrophilic cation, is transported from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm of the target cell through organic cation transporters-1 and -2 (OCT1, OCT2), multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters (MATE), and ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) transporter, and OCT1 and OCT2 are considered as the main functional units of MF transmembrane transport [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
A dose-effect curve may be obtained at the level of the whole organism, the cell or the target molecule. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
The tissue dose is the amount of substance in a specific tissue and the target dose is the amount of substance (usually a metabolite) bound to the critical molecule. (iloencyclopaedia.org)

Some examples include the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) family, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family, and others. (picmonic.com)
Confocal microscopy followed by three-dimensional reconstructions showed a sparse vascular network in PPAT when compared with that in APAT, suggesting that this tissue is hypoxic. (bvsalud.org)
Ensuring a certain intake level of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might help improve the clinical manifestations of dyslipidemia, impaired vascular endothelial function, and IR in PCOS patients ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. (absoluteastronomy.com)
In order to understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the factors and mechanisms that regulate the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the vascular stromal fraction of the adipose tissue and its transformation into lipid-filled adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)

Unlike all other adipose depots, PPAT secretes proinflammatory cytokines even in lean individuals and does not increase in volume during obesity. (bvsalud.org)

Effect of difference in glucose infusion rate on quantification of hepatic glucose production. (nhri.edu.tw)
however, deletion of does not impact hepatic glucose production in the fasted state (231), suggesting that glucose is able become released from hepatocytes through additional transporters (e.g. (irjs.info)

This study characterized the structural organization of PPAT in patients compared with abdominopelvic adipose tissue (APAT), an extraperitoneal adipose depot, the accumulation of which is correlated to body mass index. (bvsalud.org)
Electric pulse stimulation inhibited lipid accumulation on C2C12 myotubes incubated with oleic acid and palmitic acid. (academic-accelerator.com)
Moreover, I3C exerts anti-obesity effects by reducing body weight and fat accumulation in epididymal adipose tissue in HFD-induced obese mice and thereby improves hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia [126]. (researchgate.net)
Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in cultured fish is an outstanding problem in aquaculture. (biomedcentral.com)

Part of the glucose absorbed in the intestine is transported into the hepatocytes with the help of the insulin-independent transporter GLUT2 (KM 15-20 mM). (helmberg.at)
These cells don't use GLUT4 for importing glucose, but rather, another transporter that is not insulin-dependent. (picmonic.com)
DIM also enhanced glucose uptake by increasing expression of glucose transporter 4 in adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
Blood glucose enters hepatocytes via GLUT2, a plasma membrane glucose transporter. (irjs.info)

For example, phospholipids form the phospholipid bilayers out of which all the membranes of the cell are constructed from fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
Phospholipids comprise the plasma membrane and other membranes that enclose all the organelles within the cells, such as the nucleus, the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus. (wikipedia.org)

A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon. (lookformedical.com)

Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid. (lookformedical.com)

One such insulin receptor is GLUT4, which facilitates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into adipose tissue and striated muscle (skeletal muscle). (picmonic.com)
It functions like a hub to metabolically connect to numerous cells, including skeletal muscle mass and adipose cells. (irjs.info)

Following meals , large amounts of glucose are taken up by the small intestine , and gluconeogenesis is therefore inhibited: in hepatocytes, insulin causes phosphorylation and breakdown of the transcription factor Foxo1. (helmberg.at)
Otherwise, Foxo1 drives the transcription of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis (PEPCK, glucose-6-phosphatase). (helmberg.at)

Glucagon is a hormone released from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to hypoglycemia. (picmonic.com)
Insulin and glucagon counterbalance each other to stabilize blood glucose - generally speaking, glucagon raises blood sugar while insulin decreases it. (picmonic.com)

In system, the capacity of person to its EPH is to referred aka retardation acid and to reutilization of mitochondria by family synthesis. (erik-mill.de)
NEFAs are oxidized in hepatic mitochondria through fatty acid oxidation and generate ketone body (ketogenesis). (irjs.info)
Pyruvate is definitely channeled into the mitochondria and completely oxidized to generate ATP through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Fig. 1) and oxidative phosphorylation. (irjs.info)
Ježek J, Engstová H, Ježek P (2017) Antioxidant mechanism of mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone SkQ1 is suppressed in aglycemic HepG2 cells dependent on oxidative phosphorylation. (mitophysiology.org)

Palmitate or Glycerol as the preferred substrate for making ketone bodies. (pdfcoffee.com)

Beta oxidation, in the mitochondrial matrix, then cuts the long carbon chains of the fatty acids (in the form of acyl-CoA molecules) into a series of two-carbon (acetate) units, which, combined with co-enzyme A, form molecules of acetyl CoA, which condense with oxaloacetate to form citrate at the "beginning" of the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)

Adipocytes from individuals with obesity have a stronger effect than those from lean individuals, mainly owing to an increase in the number of vesicles secreted, thus increasing the amount of ß-catenin delivered to melanoma cells and, consequently, amplifying their effect. (bvsalud.org)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is strongly associated with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance and effective approaches to nutrition (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids intake) might improve the cardiometabolic risk profile. (frontiersin.org)
We previously hypothesized that apoCIII overexpression would compromise fatty acid delivery to adipose tissues and would thus contribute to resistance to diet-induced obesity, similarly to what was described for overexpression of apoCI [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. (lookformedical.com)

Primary human bone marrow adipocytes (BM-Ads) display a specific metabolism that is not recapitulated by in vitro differentiated bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. (bvsalud.org)
Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes, connective tissue , muscle or bone . (ipfs.io)
In particular, stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and immune cells, such as T-cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells, have been favored candidates for regenerative medicine and cell-based cancer immunotherapy, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

The expression levels of LPL (lipoprotein lipase), HSL (Hormone-sensitive lipase), FAS (fatty acid synthase), and PPARα/PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma) were significantly changed in the sheep preadipocytes during differentiation for 7 days. (academic-accelerator.com)
Apo C-II activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which degrades the TAG in chylomicrons to fatty acids and glycerol. (pharmacy180.com)

DIM, a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, which is naturally produced in broccoli and cabbage, enhances glucose uptake through the improvement of insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells [13] . (researchgate.net)
3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The beta subunits span the cell membrane and, on their intracellular portion, contain tyrosine kinase domains. (picmonic.com)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid is the liquid found inside cells, that is separated into compartments by membranes. (absoluteastronomy.com)

When insulin binds to insulin receptors, it induces glucose uptake. (picmonic.com)
Role of chemokines in providing navigational cues to migrating cancer cells bearing specific receptors is well established. (bvsalud.org)
Although the efficacy of adoptive transfer of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was examined over several decades, genetically engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) rapidly replaced the application of TILs due to their high specificity, non-MHC-restricted recognition of tumor antigen, superior potency, and improved in vivo persistency [ 9 , 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Longer-term (24 and 48 h) treatment reduced the expression of lipogenic markers (FA synthase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1) and increased the expression of lipolytic [hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)] and mitochondrial (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1) markers. (academic-accelerator.com)
FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
A fat tolerance test evidenced delayed plasma triglyceride clearance and greater transient availability of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) during the post-prandial state in the apoCIII mice plasma. (biomedcentral.com)

When compared to other macronutrient classes (carbohydrates and protein), fatty acids yield the most ATP on an energy per gram basis, when they are completely oxidized to CO2 and water by beta oxidation and the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The expression of regulatory molecules, TGF-β1/2, phospho-Akt (Ser473), PPARα, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and acyl dehydrogenases was analyzed in virus-infected hepatocytes. (academic-accelerator.com)
Antidiuretic hormone is a polypeptide with eight amino acids, too small to accurately be called a protein. (50webs.org)
DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
CLL cells from idelalisib-refractory/intolerant patients showed overall reduced protein phosphorylation levels. (biomed.news)
1 L/d of drinking water was associated with concurrent changes in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and micronutrient metabolism, a metabolomic pattern of carbohydrate oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, instead of glycolysis to lactate, and a reduction of chronic disease risk factors in Week 6. (ppexmed.com)

In addition to its role in energy storage, adipose tissue also accumulates cholesterol. (jci.org)

It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
In mammals, the charm of L-arginine occurs through a one's own flesh of cationic amino acid transporters known as CATs (cationic amino acid transporters), the properties of which earmarks of that of the y + amino acid transport system. (fosite.ru)

42 carboxylic acids such as citrate and lactate (ATSDR 2001e). (cdc.gov)

Therefore, growth of adipose tissue includes the hypertrophy of already existing adipocytes and the proliferation and differentiation of new ones from MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to their secretory functions, differentiation capabilities, specific homing effects through chemotaxis, distinctive therapeutic potentials, and ex vivo expandability, cells have become an attractive reagent for advanced therapeutic strategies. (biomedcentral.com)

Up-regulation of P-glycoprotein expression by means of glutathione depletion- induced oxidative stress in rat brains microvessel endotelial cells. (fosite.ru)

Of note, some tissues do not require insulin to uptake glucose (insulin-independent glucose uptake). (picmonic.com)

Mechanisms leading to the homing of tumor cells to bone remain poorly characterized. (bvsalud.org)
An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. (absoluteastronomy.com)
The term "lipoblastoma" is used to describe a tumor of this cell type. (ipfs.io)

In catabolism, fatty acids are metabolized to produce energy, mainly in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (wikipedia.org)

The vesicle-associated mob SLC6A3 attracts the hands-on transamidase thermogenesis, DAT which inhibits the muscle of cell from the rare nucleotide( Vandenbergh DJ et al, 2000). (erik-mill.de)

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. (lookformedical.com)

This study aimed to examine the associations of dietary and serum omega-3 fatty acids with insulin resistance (IR) and body composition among PCOS patients. (frontiersin.org)
Serum omega-3 fatty acid levels were measured with the gas chromatography method. (frontiersin.org)
The multivariable linear regression model was applied to analyze the associations of dietary and serum omega-3 fatty acids with the levels of Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and body composition parameters among PCOS patients. (frontiersin.org)
Objective Indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables, and its metabolite 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) reduce body mass and serum glucose levels in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese mice. (researchgate.net)
FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. (lookformedical.com)

The rate-limiting step in bile acid synthesis is catalyzed by cholesterol-7-gα-hydroxylase, which is inhibited by bile acids. (pharmacy180.com)

Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
In general, people with an excess of fat cells find it harder to lose weight and keep it off than the obese who simply have enlarged fat cells. (ipfs.io)

We sought to identify PKA phosphorylation sites in PLIN5 and assess their functional relevance in cultured cells and the livers of mice. (uci.edu)
Lipogenesis rates were similar, while exogenous lipid retention was increased in perigonadal (2-fold) and brown adipose tissues (40 %) of apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Transgenic mice overexpressing human apoCIII have marked elevated TG and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Bile salts (deprotonated) are more amphipathic than bile acids (protonated) and, therefore, are more effective emulsifiers of dietary fat. (pharmacy180.com)
The decomposition products of lipid digestion form mixed micelles with bile acids . (amboss.com)

However, the amount of energy that can be stored in this way is limited: for their hydroxyl groups, glucose units are very hydrophilic: 1 g of glycogen binds 2.7 g of water. (helmberg.at)

While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARγ ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. (jci.org)
Cholesterol is a hydrophobic compound, with a single hydroxyl group located at carbon 3 of the A ring, to which a fatty acid can be attached, producing an even more hydrophobic cholesteryl ester. (pharmacy180.com)
The pancreas secretes pancreatic lipase , colipase, and cholesterol esterase , which hydrolyze the lipid into cholesterol , fatty acids , and 2-monoglyceride molecules. (amboss.com)

White fat cells or monovacuolar cells contain a large lipid droplet surrounded by a layer of cytoplasm . (ipfs.io)

IGF-1 acts on almost every tissue in the body to promote hypertrophy and hyperplasia via the upregulation of anabolic processes. (picmonic.com)

Moreover, G6P is unable to become transported by glucose transporters, so it is definitely retained within hepatocytes. (irjs.info)

Mechanistically, adipocytes downregulate p16INK4A in melanoma cells through ß-catenin-dependent regulation, which increases cell motility. (bvsalud.org)
MF's action increases the activity of AMPK, and consequently normalizes the energy metabolism of the target cell. (encyclopedia.pub)

On the other hand, pyruvate is used to CC-5013 novel inhibtior synthesize fatty acids through lipogenesis (Fig. 3). (irjs.info)

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples (n=51 in total) from treatment naïve and PI3Ki-treated CLL patients were studied. (biomed.news)

‍ Cell hydration is perturbed by manifold osmotic stressors because cells' plasma membranes are semipermeable to water and solutes. (ppexmed.com)

Anatomy35

Organisms11

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs119

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science3

Health Care3

Adipocyte7

White adipos4

Lipolysis7

Liver22

LIPIDS6

Triglycerides6

Concentrations5

Blood glucose levels3

Metabolic8

Omega-3 polyunsaturated1

Oxidation and biosynthesis1

Leptin4

NAFLD1

Proteins5

Hormones4

Long-chain1

Molecule5

Vascular5

Depots1

Hepatic glucose production2

Accumulation4

Transporter4

Phospholipids2

Carbon atoms1

Palmitic acid1

Skeletal muscle2

Gluconeogenesis2

Glucagon2

Mitochondria4

Ketone bodies1

Enzyme1

Obesity3

Coenzyme1

Mesenchymal3

Lipoprotein lipase2

Enhances3

Intracellular2

Receptors3

Triglyceride3

Protein6

Accumulates1

Amino2

Lactate1

Differentiation2

Oxidative1

Insulin-independent1

Tumor3

Catabolism1

Inhibits1

Methyl group1

Serum5

Synthesis1

Obese2

Mice3

Bile acids2

Glycogen1

Cholesterol3

Lipid droplet1

Hypertrophy1

Transporters1

Increases2

Lipogenesis1

Peripheral1

Membranes1