• Apart from directly regulating energy metabolism in various tissues, FGF21 also regulates simple sugar intake and preferences for sweet foods via signaling through FGF21 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and correlates with reduced dopamine neurotransmission within the nucleus accumbens. (wikipedia.org)
  • FGF21 is beneficially involved in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
  • Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • 2010). Senp2 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in skeletal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-abstract/10/3/258/4763638 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 26 June 2018 Senp2 regulates adipose lipid storage by de-SUMOylation of Setdb1 j 259 muscle (Koo et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARγ ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • Furthermore, overexpression of ANGPTL8 in livers of mice doubles plasma triglyceride levels, but does not alter beta cell expansion nor glucose metabolism. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • A deeper understanding of the effects of these medications on glucose metabolism and their underlying mechanisms of action is crucial for the treatment of diabetic patients with sleep disorders. (vdocuments.mx)
  • In this review we focus on the bene fi cial impact of sleep on glucose metabolism and suggest a possible strategy for therapeutic intervention against sleep-related metabolic disorders. (vdocuments.mx)
  • However, it is important to note that some studies have indicated that REM sleep plays an important role in glucose metabolism. (vdocuments.mx)
  • Treatment with melatonin improves glu- cose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity in target tissues in T2D ani- mals. (vdocuments.mx)
  • Ever plays a major role in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism and is the major site of production and removal of cholesterol rich lipoproteins and bile acids. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • The endogenous pathway of lipid metabolism begins with the synthesis of very low lipoprotein (VLDL) by the liver (Figure 2). (nihatodabasi.com)
  • Find methods information, sources, references or … Endogenous pathway of lipid transport: VLDL and LDL metabolism. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • Answered Jan 30, 2019 Author has 300 answers and 174.4k answer views Growth hormone (GH) counteracts, in general, the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. (diabetestalk.net)
  • Growth hormone (GH) counteracts, in general, the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. (diabetestalk.net)
  • Effects of Growth Hormone on Glucose Metabolism Mller N. Jrgensen J.O.L. Abildgrd N. rskov L. Schmitz O. Christiansen J.S. I have read the Karger Terms and Conditions and agree. (diabetestalk.net)
  • Of the numerous lipid classes implicated in eliciting lipotoxicity, sphingolipid: ceramides are among the most deleterious as they modulate signaling pathways involved in regulating glucose metabolism, triglyceride synthesis, apoptosis, and fibrosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • When activated, PPAR-γ up-regulates the transcription of genes mainly involved in fatty acid metabolism and triglyceride storage, promoting adipogenesis and lipids uptake to the adipose tissue [ 17 , 18 ] improving whole body insulin sensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis, which involves insufficient insulin secretion, reduced responsiveness to endogenous or exogenous insulin, increased glucose production, and/or abnormalities in fat and protein metabolism. (mhmedical.com)
  • On the horizon, novel insights into metabolism and energy homeostasis reveal guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) signaling circuits as emerging targets for antiobesity pharmacotherapy. (eddoctor24h.com)
  • The observed reduction in ECS tone may promote fatty acid mobilization from body fat stores, and favor carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle of hibernating bears. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The impact of targeted lesioning of dopamine (DA) neurons specifically at the area surrounding (and that communicate with) the SCN (but not within the SCN itself) upon glucose metabolism, adipose and liver lipid gene expression, and cardiovascular biology in normal laboratory animals has not been investigated and was the focus of this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent studies focusing on the intricate network of lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acids metabolism 23 October 2011. (vpncy.com)
  • The The discovery of regulation of energy metabolism by long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) is a fairly recent event and is still emerging. (vpncy.com)
  • Results: PI3Kα inhibition in mouse primary brown adipocytes in vitro, did not inhibit β-adrenoceptor stimulated glucose uptake, GLUT1 synthesis, GLUT1 translocation or respiration. (monash.edu)
  • PPARα activates fatty acid catabolism, stimulates gluconeogenesis and ketone body synthesis and is involved in the control of lipoprotein assembly [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that ligand activation of PPARγ dramatically induced de novo lipid synthesis as well as fatty acid beta (β)-oxidation in lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
  • Proteins involved in the fatty acid synthesis pathway interact with those involved in the insulin signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)
  • Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)
  • Purine nucleotides produced from any of the input processes, including the de novo synthesis and salvage of either the endogenous or exogenous purines, could be converted into nucleotides of other purines. (vpncy.com)
  • 2. Cholesterol is an extremely important biological molecule that has roles in membrane structure as well as being a precursor for the synthesis of the steroid hormones, the bile acids, and vitamin D.Both dietary cholesterol, and that synthesized de novo, are transported through the circulation in lipoprotein particles. (vpncy.com)
  • In a healthy person, excess fat is stored as triglycerides in the adipose tissue, and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream only in response to an increased energy requirement, for example, during fasting. (jci.org)
  • Dietary triglycerides are hydrolyzed by lipases within the intestinal lumen and emulsified with bile acids to form micelles. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • Adipocytes, the key components of the adipose tissue, have unique ability to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, sense systemic energy demands, and secrete factors (lipids, peptides, cytokines, and adipokines) to regulate other metabolic tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • Accumulation of neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, in key insulin target tissues, has been postulated to inhibit metabolic functions, however, they are less likely to be deleterious. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mature adipocytes are known to play an important role controlling energy balance in mammals by storing fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in periods of excess of energy and by releasing fatty acids when are needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hyperlipidemia comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by high levels in one or more lipids and/or lipoproteins [atherogenic free fatty acids (FA), triglycerides (TG) (hypertriglyceridemia), small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (hypercholesterolemia), and apolipoprotein (apo) B], and/or low level in antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), in the circulation [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Brown adipose tissue (BAT), despite its ability to accumulate lipids, has a role not in storing but in converting fat into heat. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We explored circulating lipids in serum and the ECS in plasma and metabolically active tissues in free-ranging subadult Scandinavian brown bears when both active and hibernating. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consistent with this relatively high divergence among the subtype-specific ligand binding domains, differential activation of PPARs by endogenous and exogenous compounds may account for the specific biological activity of the three PPAR subtypes [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, at lower-intensity exercise, attenuation or prevention of the R a increment occurs with exogenous glucose infusion ( 2 - 4 , 11 , 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Objective: β-adrenoceptor mediated activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been associated with improvements in metabolic health in models of type 2 diabetes and obesity due to its unique ability to increase whole body energy expenditure, and rate of glucose and free fatty acid disposal. (monash.edu)
  • Resistin expression in humans has been reported at low levels in the adipose tissue of some but not all humans ( 7 , 8 ), and its reduced expression has also been proposed as a hallmark of obesity ( 9 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Using 32 adipose tissues and quantitative PCR, however, there was increased amount of resistin mRNA in abdominal depots compared with thigh depots, suggesting an increased risk for type 2 diabetes as a result of central obesity and higher resistin ( 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In this study, we observed the overexpression of SUMO-speci﫿c protease 2 (Senp2) in adipose tissues during obesity. (deepdyve.com)
  • Alterations of endocannabinoid system in adipose tissue play an important role in lipid regulation and metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enhanced sympathetic tone, desyn- chronization of tissue circadian clocks, abnormal secretion of hormones, and obesity are relevant to insulin resistance during sleep disturbances. (vdocuments.mx)
  • Calcium Homeostasis and Organelle Function in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Diabetes. (harvard.edu)
  • In obesity the inherent capacity of adipose tissue to store and sense nutrients is compromised, causing spillover of the intermediate lipid metabolites into circulation and resulting in their ectopic deposition in tissues not suitable for lipid storage, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
  • In conclusion, we provide a preliminary analysis of miRNAs associated with primary cell in vitro adipogenesis and demonstrate that the inflammation-associated miRNA, mir-21 is up-regulated in subcutaneous adipose tissue in human obesity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Imbalances in energy homeostasis cause obesity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LXA4 decreased obesity-induced adipose inflammation, attenuating TNF-α and CD11c(+) M1-macrophages (MΦs), while restoring CD206(+) M2-MΦs and increasing Annexin-A1. (borgesonlab.org)
  • The accumulation in adipose tissue of macrophages in an inflammatory state is a hallmark of obesity-induced insulin resistance. (edu.au)
  • In comparing the factors that contribute to the buildup of excess calories in obesity, an imbalance of energy homeostasis can be considered as the basis. (wjgnet.com)
  • Fatty acid binding protein 4 regulates VEGF-induced airway angiogenesis and inflammation in a transgenic mouse model: implications for asthma. (harvard.edu)
  • Adipose tissue is a key nutrient-sensing depot that regulates excess energy storage and consumption. (frontiersin.org)
  • Methods: Using a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase α (PI3Kα), which effectively inhibits the insulin signaling pathway, we examined the effects of various β-adrenoceptor agonists, including the physiological endogenous agonist norepinephrine on glucose uptake and respiration in mouse brown adipocytes in vitro and on glucose clearance in mice in vivo. (monash.edu)
  • In another study, resistin mRNA was not related to insulin resistance when using RNA isolated from cultured adipocytes ( 10 ) but was upregulated by acute hyperglycemia in various mouse adipose depots ( 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • 2003). Selective Cellular uptake of fatty acids and following storage in the form of disruption of Pparγ2 or adipocyte-speci﫿c Pparγ knockout leads TGs in adipocytes are key steps in lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
  • TZDs markedly stimulate the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into adipocytes, and this requires OLR1. (jci.org)
  • Secretion of fatty acid binding protein aP2 from adipocytes through a nonclassical pathway in response to adipocyte lipase activity. (harvard.edu)
  • The presence of various types of adipocytes (white, brown, and beige) characterized by the number/size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial density, and thermogenic capacity, further highlights how intricate is the communication of these cell-types with other metabolic tissues to sense nutrients. (frontiersin.org)
  • In fact, adipocytes are important players in energy expenditure and endocrine homeostasis [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the factors and mechanisms that regulate the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the vascular stromal fraction of the adipose tissue and its transformation into lipid-filled adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, growth of adipose tissue includes the hypertrophy of already existing adipocytes and the proliferation and differentiation of new ones from MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have previously shown that fish primary preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro and that these cells represent a very helpful model system to study adipose tissue development in fish [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adipose tissue abundance relies partly on the factors that regulate adipogenesis, i.e. proliferation and differentiation of adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to the classic brown adipocytes, a different type of brown fat cells seems to exist in tissues where WAT predominates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mechanisms underlying adipose inflammation may include macrophage infiltration and activation, which, in turn, affect insulin sensitivity of adipocytes. (borgesonlab.org)
  • Further investigations revealed the ability of LXA4 to rescue macrophage-induced desensitization to insulin-stimulated signaling and glucose uptake in cultured adipocytes, using vehicle-stimulated cells as controls. (borgesonlab.org)
  • There is however evidence that GH acutely decreases glucose oxidation (secondary to an increase in lipid oxidation) and suppresses muscle uptake of glucose, suggesting that GH redistributes glucose fluxes into a non-oxidative pathway, which could be a build up of glycogen depots through gluconeogenesis. (diabetestalk.net)
  • Genetic deletion of the AMPK β1 subunit in mice ( referred to herein as β1-/- mice ) reduced macrophage AMPK activity, acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation, and mitochondrial content, resulting in reduced rates of fatty acid oxidation. (edu.au)
  • β1-/- macrophages displayed increased levels of diacylglycerol and markers of inflammation, effects that were reproduced in WT macrophages by inhibiting fatty acid oxidation and, conversely, prevented by pharmacological activation of AMPK β1-containing complexes. (edu.au)
  • Thus, activation of AMPK β1 and increasing fatty acid oxidation in macrophages may represent a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of insulin resistance. (edu.au)
  • Among the peripheral signals that are generated to regulate the uptake of food, signals from adipose tissue are of major relevance and involve the maintenance of energy homeostasis through processes such as lipogenesis, lipolysis, and oxidation of fatty acids. (wjgnet.com)
  • Additionally, high circulating level of the endocannabinoid-like compound N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in winter could favor lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B. Prandial State -During feeding, nutrient absorption causes an increase in plasma glucose, resulting in release of incretins from the gut and neural stimuli that promote insulin secretion. (mhmedical.com)
  • Adipocyte lipid chaperone AP2 is a secreted adipokine regulating hepatic glucose production. (harvard.edu)
  • Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • Integration of peripheral metabolic signals andthe central nervous system maintains energy homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • Trans-palmitoleic acid, metabolic risk factors, and new-onset diabetes in U.S. adults: a cohort study. (harvard.edu)
  • The main metabolic differences between HHS and DKA are the extreme elevations of glucose seen in HHS and the lack of significant ketoacidosis. (medscape.com)
  • In this review, we intend to provide a perspective on ceramides and ceramide metabolites in the maintenance of adipose tissue homeostasis and how adipose tissue ceramides contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Capillary endothelial fatty acid binding proteins 4 and 5 play a critical role in fatty acid uptake in heart and skeletal muscle. (harvard.edu)
  • unlike canonical growth-stimulating FGFs known to stimulate mitosis, differentiation and angiogenesis in their target tissues, FGF21 exerts its action by activating FGF21 receptors located in the cell membrane of target cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once in circulation, hormones affect function of the target tissues, which may be another endocrine gland or an end organ. (msdmanuals.com)
  • result from disruptions of the endocrine glands and/or their target tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dysregulated autophagy in pancreatic β cells due to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation is associated with diabetes and accompanied by dysregulated autophagy in insulin target tissues and the progression of diabetic complications. (frontiersin.org)
  • Under physiological conditions, the main- PPARγ mutation has been shown to link to familial partial lipody- tenance of normal adipose tissue mass is mainly the result of a strophy, a clinical disorder characterized by the loss of adipose balance of lipid storage and lipolysis (Bouchard et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • Sleep disturbances have been implicated in the dysregulation of blood glucose levels and reported to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications. (vdocuments.mx)
  • There are now a wide variety of treatment options for hyperglycemia that target different processes involved in glucose regulation or dysregulation. (mhmedical.com)
  • Differences in tissue-specific FGF21 expression and organ responses to the hormone appear to occur under different nutritional or physiological situations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under physiological circumstances, GH does not affect total glucose turnover directly. (diabetestalk.net)
  • Although clinically relevant lesions become evident in middle-aged adults, it has been demonstrated that fat accumulation (known as fatty streaks) begins in early childhood [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feed- ing. (deepdyve.com)
  • The process of hardening and thickening of artery walls by the accumulation of fatty plaque. (pan-int.org)
  • Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in cultured fish is an outstanding problem in aquaculture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sleep disorders are treated using anti-insomnia drugs that target ionotropic and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including g -aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, melatonin agonists, and orexin receptor antagonists. (vdocuments.mx)
  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors and commonly play an important role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In adipose and muscle tissues of hibernating bears, we found significant lower concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major ligand of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, in this study, we made an effort to discriminate between the two pathways and address whether the insulin signaling pathway is dispensable for the effects of β-adrenoceptor activation on glucose uptake in BAT. (monash.edu)
  • Conclusions: We conclude that the β-adrenergic pathway is still functionally intact upon the inhibition of PI3Kα, showing that the activation of downstream insulin effectors is not required for the acute effects of β-adrenoceptor agonists on glucose homeostasis or thermogenesis. (monash.edu)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • ERS pathways are triggered by the unbalance of ER environment, including hypoxia, disturbance of Ca 2+ homeostasis and glucose starvation. (springer.com)
  • 3 Text Recurring motifs of regulation Interplay of pathways Three key crossroads glucose 6-phosphate pyruvate acetyl-CoA Introduction. (vpncy.com)
  • Endocannabinoids are degraded by the key enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in these tissue/cells [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is a single-chain protein containing 209 amino acid residues, which is encoded by the mammalian FGF21 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, we analysed the 5'-flanking region of the human adipose differentiation-related protein ( adrp ) gene that responded to all subtypes of PPARs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A critical role of fatty acid binding protein 4 and 5 (FABP4/5) in the systemic response to fasting. (harvard.edu)
  • Under postabsorptive conditions in humans, the brain accounts for 50% of whole body glucose utilization (11, 53). (vpncy.com)
  • We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and UpToDate databases in this review, and focused on the pathogenesis of IR in women with PCOS and the pathophysiology of IR in various tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the thermogenic arm of this phenomenon has been studied in great detail, the underlying mechanisms involved in β-adrenoceptor mediated glucose uptake in BAT are relatively understudied. (monash.edu)
  • Chronic stress is associated with increased risk of glucose intolerance and cardiovascular diseases, albeit through undefined mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PPARγ2, which is generated by alternative splicing, contains an additional 28 amino acids at the N-terminal end relative to PPARγ1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Excess or insuf﫿cient lipid storage in generation of the intermediate species of diacylglycerol (DAG) adipose tissues would impair nutrient homeostasis, which is and monoacylglycerol (MAG) (Young and Zechner, 2013). (deepdyve.com)
  • 80% V̇ o 2max ) causes a seven- to eightfold increase in glucose production ( R a ) and a fourfold increase in glucose uptake ( R d ), resulting in hyperglycemia, whereas moderate exercise (ME) causes both to double. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition to its role in energy storage, adipose tissue also accumulates cholesterol. (jci.org)
  • Increased OLR1 expression, resulting either from TZD treatment or adenoviral gene delivery, significantly augments adipocyte cholesterol content and enhances fatty acid uptake. (jci.org)
  • Most of the members of the non-endocrine FGF family typically reside in the extracellular matrix of the relevant tissue, bound to heparinoid moieties, from which FGF molecules are eventually released by tissue remodeling triggers (such as injury) to act as growth factors on target cells located nearby. (wikipedia.org)
  • Changes in circulating levels of hormones produced by these endocrine glands are detected by the hypothalamus, which then increases or decreases its stimulation of the pituitary to maintain homeostasis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Adipose tissue is not only a main site of energy storage but also an important endocrine organ. (biomedcentral.com)