• 2. NAKED VIRUS - GENOME INJECTION: virus attaches to cell surface and releases its genome which penetrates the cytoplasm via a pore that has been created in the plasma membrane. (rkm.com.au)
  • 5. ENVELOPED VIRUS - MEMBRANE FUSION: virus enters the cell when its outer membrane fuses with the plasma membrane at the cell surface. (rkm.com.au)
  • Using postmortem brain tissues from an INCL patient and tissue from the PPT1-knockout (PPT1-KO) mice that mimic INCL, we report here that PPT1 deficiency caused persistent membrane anchorage of the palmitoylated SV proteins, which hindered the recycling of the vesicle components that normally fuse with the presynaptic plasma membrane during SV exocytosis. (jci.org)
  • The IL-2 portion of the molecule targets the lymphoma cells by binding to the IL-2 receptor on the plasma membrane, and upon endocytosis, the diphtheria toxin is delivered to the lymphoma cells. (lymphomation.org)
  • Insulin release involves the packaging of insulin in small (diameter approximate to0.3 mum) secretory granules, the trafficking of these granules to the plasma membrane, the exocytotic fusion of the granules with the plasma membrane and eventually the retrieval of the secreted membranes. (lu.se)
  • Evidence from a variety of secretory tissues, including pancreatic islet cells suggests, however, that the secretory granules can be functionally divided into distinct pools that are distinguished by their release competence and/or proximity to the plasma membrane. (lu.se)
  • Lastly, in contrast to DNA-based amplicons, which requires to bypass the plasma and the nuclear membranes before transcription is initiated, RNA-based platforms only require to bypass only the plasma membrane before translation of the gene of interest. (jcvi.org)
  • FM 4-64 did not appear to reach the vacuole by passive diffusion because at 0 degree C it exclusively stained the plasma membrane (PM). The PM staining decreased after warming cells to 25 degrees C and small punctate structures became apparent in the cytoplasm within 5-10 min. (rupress.org)
  • Penetration occurs almost instantaneously after attachment and is a next step for gaining entry into the cytoplasm by crossing the plasma membrane. (goalfinder.com)
  • While some virus species can directly penetrate the plasma membrane and inject their genetic material into the cytoplasm, the majority of viruses enter cells via endocytosis. (goalfinder.com)
  • Our discoveries have led to a deep understanding of how secretory vesicles interact with the cortical actin network prior to fusing with the plasma membrane to release the neurotransmitter. (edu.au)
  • We have identified a critical role of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate in coordinating the actin-mediated recruitment of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • This active mechanism allows secretory vesicles to dock with the plasma membrane prior to fusion and is controlled by the effector cdc42. (edu.au)
  • We demonstrated that the protein Munc18-1 was responsible for the transport of syntaxin-1 to the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • This novel trafficking/chaperoning pathway underpins neurotransmission, as secretory vesicles rely on the zippering of SNARE proteins such as syntaxin-1 to undergo fusion with the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • Following exocytosis, the process of endocytosis is required for neurons to replenish their pools of synaptic vesicles by pinching off vesicles from the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • We demonstrated that Munc18-1 and syntaxin-1A and are organised in nanodomains on the plasma membrane of neurons and neurosecretory cells that control SNARE-dependent neuroexocytosis through lateral trapping in these nanoclusters. (edu.au)
  • Plasma membrane polarization during mating in yeast cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Endocytic recycling and slow diffusion on the plasma membrane were shown to facilitate polarized surface distribution of Snc1p (Valdez-Taubas, J., and H.R. Pelham. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, we provide evidence that the lipid bilayer at the mating projection is more condensed than the plasma membrane enclosing the cell body, and that sphingolipids are required for this lipid organization. (ox.ac.uk)
  • During endocytosis, extracellular molecules and plasma membrane components are selectively internalized by cells. (cshlpress.com)
  • The mechanisms by which viruses gain entry into host cells are diverse and include direct penetration through the plasma membrane or endocytic uptake followed by vesicular transport through the cytoplasm and delivery to endosomes and other intracellular organelles [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis using chlorpromazine, siRNAs, and a dominant negative (DN) mutant blocked entry and infection of PSaV Cowden strain, confirming a role for clathrin-mediated internalization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The internalization process can occur via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolar/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, or a variety of other still poorly characterized mechanisms [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is generally accepted to be a major route by which nonenveloped viruses infect cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neurotransmission relies on repeated cycles of exo- and endocytosis of the synaptic vesicles (SVs), in which several palmitoylated proteins play critical roles. (jci.org)
  • These proteins facilitate membrane fusion, which is required for neurotransmitter exocytosis, recycling of the fused SV membrane components, and regeneration of fresh vesicles. (jci.org)
  • SARS-CoV-2 has various proteins on its surface including (M) membrane protein, (E) envelope small membrane protein and (S) spike glycoproteins. (springer.com)
  • Typically, OMVs are dominated by outer membrane proteins, while the cytoplasmic membrane proteins and cytoplasmic proteins are the primary contents of MVs. (nature.com)
  • To overcome SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion, the relatively conserved, potentially immunogenic NSP4, NSP13, NSP14, membrane, and ORF3a viral proteins may serve as more suitable targets for molecular vaccines or therapeutics than the mutation-prone NSP6, spike, ORF8, or nucleocapsid protein. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the present study, we examined potential contributory roles of membrane-associated, cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts/caveolae and their constituent proteins (e.g., caveolin-1 [Cav-1]) as potential sites for IL-1β−induced nitric oxide (NO) release in the isolated β-cell. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Endocytosis: is a process whereby cells absorb material (molecules such as proteins) from the outside by engulfing it with their cell membrane. (bibalex.org)
  • 2008). Structures and mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins: multiple variations on a common theme. (tcdb.org)
  • Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Liposomes -- Chapter 5. (edu.au)
  • Assembly of Endocytosis-Associated Proteins on Liposomes -- Chapter 15. (edu.au)
  • Pore Formation in Target Liposomes by Viral Fusion Proteins -- Chapter 25. (edu.au)
  • We have used a lipophilic styryl dye, N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4- (p-diethylaminophenyl-hexatrienyl) pyridinium dibromide (FM 4-64), as a vital stain to follow bulk membrane-internalization and transport to the vacuole in yeast. (rupress.org)
  • This attachment induces virion internalization predominantly through caveolin-mediated endocytosis. (arigobio.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: The type 1 angiotensin II receptor tail affects receptor targeting, internalization, and membrane fusion properties. (duke.edu)
  • The cell membrane merges (fuses) with the endosome membrane and so the virus components are released. (rkm.com.au)
  • We used bafilomycin A1 during infection of primary duck hepatocytes to show that DHBV must be trafficked from the early to the late endosome for fusion to occur. (edu.au)
  • While lipid mixing occurred at pH 7, the kinetics of insertion of the fusion peptide was increased at pH 5, consistent with the location of DHBV in the late-endosome compartment and previous studies of the nonessential role of low pH for infectivity. (edu.au)
  • This dissertation reports the function of Nhx1, an endosomal Na+ (K+)/H+ exchanger, in late endosome - vacuole membrane fusion in the model eukaryote S. cerevisiae. (concordia.ca)
  • Nhx1 is found on the late endosome (LE) where it is known to play a pivotal role in endocytosis. (concordia.ca)
  • Thus, we show that FM 4-64 is a new vital stain for the vacuolar membrane, a marker for endocytic intermediates, and a fluor for detecting endosome to vacuole membrane transport in vitro. (rupress.org)
  • This multivalent attachment by multiple copies of trimetric HA triggers endocytosis of influenza virus that is contained in the endosome. (tcdb.org)
  • At this location, the interior pH of the endosome becomes acidic that induces a dramatic conformational change in HA to insert the fusion peptide into the host membrane, induce juxtaposition of the two membranes, and form a fusion pore that allows the release of the genome segments of influenza virus ( Luo, 2012 ). (tcdb.org)
  • Here we provide the first evidence to suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of Cav-1 and subsequent interaction among members of the Ras signaling pathway within the membrane lipid microdomains represent early signaling mechanisms of IL-1β in β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Pathway of Virus-Induced Membrane Fusion Studied with Liposomes -- Chapter 24. (edu.au)
  • Contributors describe how cargo enters the cell via clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent pathways, including caveolar endocytosis, micropinocytosis, cholesterol-sensitive endocytosis, phagocytosis, and the CLIC/GEEC pathway. (cshlpress.com)
  • Picture shows translocation, pore formation, receptor mediated endocytosis using clathrin coated vesicles and membrane fusion. (rkm.com.au)
  • The dynamic modulation of GSDMs involves many aspects, including autoinhibitory structures, proteolytic cleavage, lipid binding and membrane translocation (oligomerization and pre-pore formation), oligomerization (pore formation) and pore removal for membrane repair. (bvsalud.org)
  • PMET720 particles were internalized via clathrin and caveolar mediated endocytosis as well as actin-dependent pinocytosis/phagocytosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Using innovative approaches such as phospholipid-specific antibodies and reconstituted cell-free systems, Jean Gruenberg and his colleagues were able to unravel several important mechanisms regulating the biogenesis and membrane dynamics of early and late endosomal compartments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Physiologically, the cell membranes of the body's tissues possess a variety of mechanisms through which substances on one side of a biomembrane may be selectively transported across to the other side. (weeksmd.com)
  • we would do well once again to follow the lead of physiology and take a good look at some of these intelligently contrived mechanisms of membrane transport. (weeksmd.com)
  • 3. NAKED VIRUS - ENDOCYTOSIS: virus attaches to cell surface receptor molecules and sinks into a clathrin coated pit. (rkm.com.au)
  • 4. ENVELOPED VIRUS - ENDOCYTOSIS & MEMBRANE FUSION: virus enters cell by receptor mediated endocytosis. (rkm.com.au)
  • This route enables virus uptake via endosomes by receptor-mediated endocytosis. (promocell.com)
  • When food contaminated with BoNTs is ingested the toxin passes through the gastrointestinal tract, transcytosed from gut lumen into general blood circulation, binds to the presynaptic membrane of the neuronal cells and then is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis into nerve cells. (nature.com)
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • HA contains a fusion peptide, a receptor binding site, a metastable structural motif, and the transmembrane domain. (tcdb.org)
  • Liposomes as Target Membranes in the Study of Virus Receptor Interaction and Membrane Fusion -- Chapter 23. (edu.au)
  • Type I angiotensin II receptors (AT1R) are somewhat unique in that they are expressed at apical (AP) and basolateral (BL) membranes in proximal tubule cells and both receptor sites undergo endocytosis. (duke.edu)
  • We analyzed AT1R cytoplasmic (-COOH) tail deletion mutants to determine whether classic AT1R endocytosis motifs functioned similarly in polarized cells and simultaneously altered receptor properties. (duke.edu)
  • We have identified a novel mechanism by which dynamin and actin coordinate a series of membrane events that culminate in the formation of bulk endosomes from which new synaptic vesicles emanate at the neuromuscular junction. (edu.au)
  • Thus, to test this hypothesis, I first devised and optimized an in vitro LE - vacuole membrane fusion assay, which relies on the assembly of complementary β-lactamase fragments to form an active enzyme upon lumenal content mixing. (concordia.ca)
  • After treatment for 60 min at 30 degrees C, FM 4-64 stained the vacuole membrane (ring staining pattern). (rupress.org)
  • A particularly striking pattern was observed in class E mutants (e.g., vps27) where 500-700 nm organelles (presumptive prevacuolar compartments) were intensely stained with FM 4-64 while the vacuole membrane was weakly fluorescent. (rupress.org)
  • In line with the pulmonary toxicity findings, in vitro cytotoxicity and membrane damage in macrophages were observed only at the higher doses. (cdc.gov)
  • Membrane vesicles (MVs) have recently been identified as type zero secretion systems [ 5 ], which are nano-sized spherical buds regularly released from microbial cellular membranes. (nature.com)
  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a special conformation of cellular membranes that has at times served to confound effective drug therapy for intra-CNS conditions, most notably tertiary neurosyphilis. (weeksmd.com)
  • Fusogenic porous silicon nanoparticle (F-PSiNP) carrier will encapsulate the RNA replicon with a lipid shell that will allow fusion with the cellular membrane upon adsorption. (jcvi.org)
  • Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology covers all of the major pathways of endocytosis and postendocytic trafficking and how they regulate cellular and organismal physiology. (cshlpress.com)
  • MVs are released from the outer membrane of bacterial cells, such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria, and from the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, such as MVs from Gram-positive bacteria. (nature.com)
  • After an additional 20-40 min, the PM and cytoplasmic punctate staining disappeared concomitant with staining of the vacuolar membrane. (rupress.org)
  • Moreover, peptide sequences within the AT1R-COOH tail necessary for endocytosis also modulate endosomal fusion properties. (duke.edu)
  • Furthermore, MVs are used for intercellular communication, which is achieved through fusion to target cells. (nature.com)
  • The hormone insulin is recognized as having actions that affect the trans-membrane transport of different substances, particularly glucose, into numerous different kinds of cells. (weeksmd.com)
  • Secretion of hormones and peptides by neuroendocrine cells occurs through fast and slow modes of vesicle fusion but the mechanics of these processes are not understood. (rupress.org)
  • AT(1)R in polarized cells contain dominant endocytosis signals but these motifs do not correlate with AP or BL AT1R expression. (duke.edu)
  • In contrast, constriction of the vesicle opening continues when endocytosis is blocked by inhibiting the function of dynamin. (rupress.org)
  • Because of the importance of Munc18-1 in vesicle fusion, human mutations are linked to epilepsy and other neurological symptoms. (edu.au)
  • This theoretically will insert its RNA replicon directly into the cytoplasm and bypass endocytosis. (jcvi.org)
  • The fusion mechanism also provides a means to induce dissolution of the silicon nanoparticles, rapid releasing the nucleic acid into the cytoplasm. (jcvi.org)
  • A new vital stain for visualizing vacuolar membrane dynamics and endocytosis in yeast. (rupress.org)
  • The dye served as a sensitive reporter of vacuolar dynamics, detecting such events as segregation structure formation during mitosis, vacuole fission/fusion events, and vacuolar morphology in different classes of vacuolar protein sorting (vps) mutants. (rupress.org)
  • Topics such as lysosomal dynamics, the biophysical challenges of bending membranes, and the evolution of endocytic systems are also covered. (cshlpress.com)
  • other membrane structures were not stained. (rupress.org)
  • Schip1 is necessary for promoting membrane localization and phosphorylation of Hpo by recruiting the Hpo kinase Tao-1 . (sdbonline.org)
  • In contrast, the inhibition of caveolae-mediated endocytosis using nystatin, siRNAs, or a DN mutant had no inhibitory effect on entry and infection of this strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Newer approaches are looking instead for ways of altering the pharmacokinetics of established drugs, particularly with respect to improving the ability of these to penetrate cell membranes at the end-organ/tissue level. (weeksmd.com)
  • I then used this biochemical assay to characterize the ions and protein machinery responsible for this fusion event. (concordia.ca)
  • Liposome Fusion Assay to Monitor Intracellular Membrane Fusion Machines -- Chapter 17. (edu.au)
  • Unfortunately, there are no existing assays that directly measure this fusion event. (concordia.ca)
  • Fluorescence Assays for Liposome Fusion -- Chapter 16. (edu.au)
  • Microbes spontaneously release membrane vesicles (MVs), which play roles in nutrient acquisition and microbial interactions. (nature.com)
  • A hydrophobic domain in the large envelope protein is essential for fusion of duck hepatitis B virus. (edu.au)
  • The GP64 envelope fusion protein is an essential baculovirus protein required for cell-to-cell transmission of infection. (1library.net)
  • The large envelope protein also assumes fusion between virion membrane and endosomal membrane (Probable). (arigobio.com)
  • Secondary-structure predictions indicate that L and S have three alpha-helical, membrane-spanning domains, with TM1 predicted to act as the fusion peptide following endocytosis of DHBV into the hepatocyte. (edu.au)
  • Using wild-type and mutant synthetic peptides, we demonstrate that the hydrophobicity of this domain is required for the aggregation and the lipid mixing of phospholipid vesicles, supporting the role of TM1 as the fusion peptide. (edu.au)
  • The fusion peptide is buried in the subunit interface in the native protein and is near the N-terminus. (tcdb.org)
  • Deciphering the intra- and intermolecular steps via which prepare secretory vesicles for fusion is key to understanding neuronal and hormonal communication. (edu.au)
  • Diffusion of the complex E1/E2-EGFR-SCARB1-CD81 to the cell lateral membrane allows further interaction with Claudin 1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN) to finally trigger HCV entry (PubMed:12970454, PubMed:24038151, PubMed:12913001, PubMed:20375010, PubMed:19182773) (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
  • I then demonstrate that Nhx1 is important for LE-vacuole fusion, but its role in this process is independent of its interaction with Gyp6. (concordia.ca)
  • Fusion with the host cell is most likely mediated by both E1 and E2, through conformational rearrangements of the heterodimer required for fusion rather than a classical class II fusion mechanism (PubMed:16533059, PubMed:29505618, PubMed:24698129). (proteopedia.org)
  • Exchange of the TM1 of DHBV with that of hepatitis B virus yielded functional, infectious DHBV particles, suggesting that TM1 of all of the hepadnaviruses act similarly in the fusion mechanism. (edu.au)
  • Recently, some specific Gram-positive bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum , were found to possess a novel cell wall structure consisting of an arabinogalactan layer covalently linked to the peptidoglycan layer, and a special outer membrane consisting of mycolic acids (mycomembrane) [ 19 ]. (nature.com)
  • The alpha unit is predominantly located on the outer surface of the cell membrane, and the insulin binding domain is located here. (weeksmd.com)
  • The fast mode of fusion is blocked selectively by a truncation mutant of amphiphysin. (rupress.org)
  • This protein mediates either fusion of the virus membrane with the host cell membrane (TMPRSS2 activated mediation) or endocytosis of the virus particle (Cathepsin-activated mediation) and its entry into the cell. (promocell.com)
  • During this phase, the Virion, which, according to theFreeDictionary.com, is "a complete viral particle, consisting of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein shell and constituting the infective form of a virus", enters the host cell either through endocytosis (1) or membrane fusion. (bibalex.org)
  • Apart from the membrane transport of glucose, insulin also regulates the transport of some amino acids, some fatty acids, potassium, magnesium, and certain other monosaccharides. (weeksmd.com)
  • NAKED VIRUSES have an exposed protein capsid, whilst ENVELOPED VIRUSES are cloaked in cell membrane, added during budding from the host cell. (rkm.com.au)
  • This is because during that phase, the virus is released from the host cell by bursting the cell membrane and cell wall leading to the destruction of the host cell. (bibalex.org)
  • After fusion, the membrane must be mechanically deformed to reshape a vesicle and broken to retrieve it from the cell surface. (rupress.org)
  • Cell entry by measles virus: long hybrid receptors uncouple binding from membrane fusion. (1library.net)
  • Here, we found that polarization of Fus1p, a raft-associated type I transmembrane protein involved in cell fusion, does not depend on endocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Endocytosis modulates cell responses by removing and recycling receptors from the cell surface. (duke.edu)
  • Liposomes in Assessment of Annexin- Membrane Interactions -- Chapter 12. (edu.au)