Endemic rubella. Medical search. Frequent questions

Vaccination in the private sector only was introduced in 1981 with a monovalent rubella vaccine. (cdc.gov)
In 1989, a single dose of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was introduced in the national vaccination program for 15-month-old infants. (cdc.gov)
Because of the rubella outbreak of 1993, the vaccination policy changed. (cdc.gov)
We also must work diligently to overcome challenges in achieving rubella elimination goals, including natural disasters or civil unrest affecting vaccine delivery, transmission in older populations, vaccine hesitancy, and weak healthcare service delivery with low routine vaccination coverage. (cdc.gov)
For rubella and CRS elimination in EUR to be achieved and maintained, measures are needed to strengthen immunization programs by ensuring high coverage with an RCV in every district of each country, offering supplementary rubella vaccination to susceptible adults, maintaining high-quality surveillance for rapid case detection and confirmation, and ensuring effective outbreak preparedness and response. (cdc.gov)
Infants travelling to endemic countries can start vaccination between the ages of 9 and 12 months, if necessary. (welltogo.com.au)
As a compendium of all current recommendations for the prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), and mumps, the information in this report is intended for use by clinicians as baseline guidance for scheduling of vaccinations for these conditions and considerations regarding vaccination of special populations. (immunize.org)
One case was partially vaccinated, one was not eligible for vaccination, one had unknown vaccination status, and three were unvaccinated, one of whom was under 12 months old but would have been eligible for vaccination prior to travel to endemic regions. (bvsalud.org)
After a major outbreak in the U.S. in the early 1960s, the rubella vaccination was rolled out. (iflscience.com)
During the 1990s, the English-speaking Caribbean countries pioneered use of mass rubella vaccination campaigns targeted at adolescents and adults. (iflscience.com)
This end of endemic rubella was achieved by the high percentage of vaccination in the population. (medscape.com)
In February 2018, WHO/ vaccination registration system, unregistered children, EMRO established the Regional Verification Commission nomadic populations, genotype sequencing, and report- for Measles and Rubella Elimination (RVC-MR) and in ing mechanisms for the private sector. (who.int)
IgG testing forms part of the case definition for rubella and is an important decision-making tool that is widely used in vaccination strategies, both to identify whom to vaccinate and to assess the success of individual campaigns. (who-healthtechnologies.org)
Incomplete rubella vaccination programmes result in continued disease transmission, as evidenced by large outbreaks in recent years in Japan and elsewhere. (who-healthtechnologies.org)
Conclusion: Comparison of the data with previous studies on proliferation of specific lymphocytes in response to rubella vaccination confirms our results. (org.ir)

The first rubella vaccines were licensed in 1969. (cdc.gov)
Various countries are diligently using vaccines to fight and eliminate both rubella and CRS. (cdc.gov)
As of 2016, 152 of 194 countries introduced rubella-containing vaccines into their national immunization schedule - an increase of 53 countries since 2000. (cdc.gov)
The increase in countries introducing rubella-containing vaccines into their national immunization schedule and the achievement of rubella elimination in the Region of the Americas proves that we are making progress. (cdc.gov)
This success is attributed to Australia's longstanding national immunisation programme and two enhanced measles immunisation activities using measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines - Measles Control Campaign (MCC) and Young Adult MMR Campaign (YAC). (cdc.gov)
DISCUSSION: Using MMR vaccines to address measles immunity gaps had a symbiotic benefit in controlling rubella in Australia. (cdc.gov)
Countries should consider combined measles and rubella vaccines for all catch-up activities. (cdc.gov)
Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper. (who-healthtechnologies.org)

In the Americas, the last endemic rubella and CRS cases were reported in 2009, and the region was verified free of endemic rubella virus transmission in 2015. (cdc.gov)
Now fortunately, the Pan American Health Organization of the WHO announced that the endemic transmission of rubella has ended in the Americas and that the Americas are free of endemic rubella. (medscape.com)

Both the MCC and YAC shifted rubella epidemiology, accelerating the interruption of endemic transmission. (cdc.gov)

1 ) showed that most of the isolates tested were rubella genotype I (RGI) and that subgenotypes within RGI were apparent. (cdc.gov)
Imported-virus case: a case for which an epidemiologic link to an internationally imported case was not identified but for which viral genetic evidence indicates an imported rubella genotype, i.e., a genotype that is not occurring within the United States in a pattern indicative of endemic transmission. (cdc.gov)
An endemic genotype is the genotype of any rubella virus that occurs in an endemic chain of transmission (i.e., lasting ≥12 months). (cdc.gov)
Any genotype that is found repeatedly in U.S.-acquired cases should be thoroughly investigated as a potential endemic genotype, especially if the cases are closely related in time or location. (cdc.gov)
Molecular 858134-23-3 supplier epidemiology of measles infections in China, 1995C2003 confirmed that genotype H1 was distributed through the entire nation which China includes a one broadly, endemic genotype. (woofahs.com)

To improve on progress made so far, there is a need to Summary of discussions financially support countries that are close to elimination of measles and rubella. (who.int)
Strengthen cross-border collaborations and coordina- developed a measles and rubella strategic plan and an tion on the elimination of measles and rubella. (who.int)
The target of the WHO Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 is the elimination of measles and rubella in at least 5 WHO regions by 2020.1 Elimination of measles and rubella is defined as the absence of endemic trans-mission in a defined geographical region or country for ≥12 months, documented by a well-performing surveil-lance system. (lih.lu)
WHO Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network & Muller, C 2018, ' Guidance for evaluating progress towards elimination of measles and rubella - Orientations pour évaluer les progrès réalisés en vue de l'élimination de la rougeole et de la rubéole ', Weekly Epidemiological Record , vol. 93, no. 41, pp. 544-552. (lih.lu)

The WHO defined the elimination of measles as the absence of endemic measles cases in a certain geographic region for up to 12 months in the presence of a high-quality surveillance system. (biomedcentral.com)

This the most severe and important complication of rubella and occurs in the fetus of a pregnant woman without immunity to the virus. (medscape.com)
For acceptable evidence of immunity, removing documentation of physician diagnosed disease as an acceptable criterion for evidence of immunity for measles and mumps, and including laboratory confirmation of disease as a criterion for acceptable evidence of immunity for measles, rubella, and mumps. (immunize.org)
RESULTS: Serological surveys revealed high stable levels of rubella immunity among females but estimates for three male cohorts were lower. (cdc.gov)
The rubella IgG test can help by identifying immunity to rubella and preventing CRS, and is particularly useful for screening pregnant women. (who-healthtechnologies.org)
Immunity to rubella virus as a teratogenic agent has an important role for prevention of these serious congenital defects. (org.ir)
Lymphocyte proliferation assay is a way for investigation of human cell-immunity and its ability against rubella infection. (org.ir)
Thus cell-immunity to rubella infection was activated timely, in individuals who were vaccinated against rubella virus approximately 10 years before or exposed to it, but the intensity of responses to different antigens varied in each subject. (org.ir)

As long as measles or rubella remains endemic in at least one country, however, all countries remain at risk for outbreaks due to imported cases. (lih.lu)

Carissa Etienne, the director of PAHO, called the certification that no more home-grown measles cases exist in the Americas an "extraordinary milestone," saying endemic measles elimination can be achieved when countries work together at the local, state and federal levels. (voanews.com)

An infant with CRS or congenital rubella infection (CRI) sheds live rubella virus for a prolonged time [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Rubella and CRS surveillance play a critical role in assessing and monitoring disease burden and epidemiology before and after vaccine introduction, and progress towards elimination. (cdc.gov)
Schluter WW, Reef SE, Redd SC, Dykewicz CA. Changing epidemiology of congenital rubella syndrome in the United States. (medscape.com)

Countries in Latin America reported their last endemic cases of measles in 2002. (voanews.com)

It is wise to be up to date with standard vaccinations including diphtheria, tetanus and polio given in the UK as one vaccine (Revaxis), and also measles, mumps and rubella. (bradtguides.com)
In fact, after the nadir of 496 cases in 2001, 21 countries that had previously been free of polio reported cases imported from 6 polio-endemic countries in 2002-2005. (basicmedicalkey.com)
While the global eradication campaign has markedly reduced the number of cases of endemic polio, doubts have been raised as to whether eradication is a realistic goal, given the large number of asymptomatic infections and the political instability in developing countries. (basicmedicalkey.com)
IPV is used in most industrialized countries and OPV in most developing countries, including those in which polio still is or recently was endemic. (basicmedicalkey.com)
COVID-19, endemic smallpox, polio, measles, pertussis & rubella are vaccine-preventable disease only if all humans maintain the resistance. (rinj.press)

FILE - Pediatrician Charles Goodman holds a dose of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, or MMR vaccine at his practice in Northridge, California, Jan. 29, 2015. (voanews.com)

If you travel to endemic areas, but visit mountainous areas above an elevation of 6,500 feet (2,000 meters) you are safe from Zika transmitting mosquitoes as they do not survive in these heights. (askdrray.com)

An internationally imported case is defined as a case in which rubella results from exposure to rubella virus outside the United States as evidenced by at least some of the exposure period (12-23 days before rash onset) occurring outside the United States and the onset of rash within 23 days of entering the United States and no known exposure to rubella in the U.S. during that time. (cdc.gov)

A recent extensive study on global distribution of rubella virus genotypes by Zheng et al. (cdc.gov)
The cumulative-percent curve was used to visually describe the age distribution of rubella cases. (biomedcentral.com)

Incidence in endemic states increased among all age groups (aIR: 1.4 per 100,000) to 237 in 2011 (aIR: 3.1 per 100,000) during 1998-2011 (Figure). (cdc.gov)
U.S. Public Health Service year 2000 objectives include eliminating measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome, and reducing mumps incidence to less than 500 reported cases per year. (cdc.gov)
CRS incidence rate varies from 0.1-0.2 during an endemic and 0.8-4 during an epidemic per 1000 live births [ 6 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In 2000, estimated coverage with the first dose of a rubella-containing vaccine (RCV1) in EUR was 60%, and 621,039 rubella cases were reported (incidence = 716.9 per 1 million population). (cdc.gov)
Rubella incidence declined by >99%, from 234.9 cases per 1 million population (206,359 cases) in 2005 to 0.67 cases per 1 million population (620 cases) by 2019. (cdc.gov)
Using a narrow case definition, that excluded positive rubella cases, improved the indicators with only the year 2017 having an incidence rate of more than one per million. (biomedcentral.com)
A descriptive analysis of measles counts and incidence by age group, immunization history, hospitalization and province/territory, as well as a summary of 2013 outbreaks, was conducted using enhanced measles data captured through the Canadian Measles and Rubella Surveillance System. (canada.ca)
The impact of these activities on rubella incidence and its elimination in Australia is described. (cdc.gov)
The three-year cumulative incidence of rubella declined across all birth cohorts following the MCC and the YAC. (cdc.gov)
[ 2 ] Of concern was the high incidence of rubella in unvaccinated Hispanic immigrants and congenital rubella syndrome in their offspring. (medscape.com)

As of 2017, 84% of the World Health Organization (WHO) member countries introduced rubella-containing vaccine in their program, whereas member countries in Africa region lack largely [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
BACKGROUND: Australia was verified to have eliminated rubella in 2017. (cdc.gov)

If possible, please bring all documentation of immunizations done in your country of origin (BCG, Measles, Rubella, Varicella, Yellow Fever, Tetanus) with you to Henderson State University. (hsu.edu)

Complications are rare with rubella in healthy infants and adults. (medscape.com)
Immunoglobulin is not recommended unless termination of the pregnancy is not an option because cases of congenital rubella syndrome have occurred in infants born to mothers who received immunoglobulin shortly after exposure. (medscape.com)
Following a widespread epidemic of rubella infection in 1940, Norman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist, reported in 1941 the occurrence of congenital cataracts among infants born following maternal rubella. (cdc.gov)
Surveillance also helps identify pregnant women infected with rubella virus who will require follow up to assess pregnancy outcomes as well as to identify, diagnose, and manage CRS-affected infants medically. (cdc.gov)
The likelihood of CRS is high, 90%, among infants born from mothers infected by rubella virus during their early pregnancy [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In one study, 44% of congenital rubella syndrome cases were in Hispanic infants. (medscape.com)

Before the live rubella vaccine, epidemics of the disease were seen in young children (most common), adolescents, and young adults every 5-9 years in winter and early spring. (medscape.com)

The Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan 2012-2020 set the ambitious goal of eliminating measles in at least five World Health Organization (WHO) regions by 2020. (elifesciences.org)
The WHO European Region (EUR) has adopted the goal of eliminating measles and rubella but individual countries perform differently in achieving this goal. (lns.lu)

We analyzed the existing surveillance data to describe rubella cases and identify the at-risk population. (biomedcentral.com)
Establishment of CRS surveillance and the introduction of RCV in the immunization program are crucial to prevent rubella infection and avert the risk of CRS. (biomedcentral.com)
Enhanced measles surveillance is carried out in all provinces and territories through the Canadian Measles and Rubella Surveillance System. (canada.ca)
[ 1 ] Because of the unreliability of clinical diagnosis, laboratory surveillance is important in setting rubella elimination goals. (medscape.com)
Recommendations from an Ad Hoc Meeting of the WHO Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (LabNet) on Use of Alternative Diagnostic Samples for Measles and Rubella Surveillance. (medscape.com)
As an instrument for monitoring the elimination process and verifying the interruption of endemic virus transmission, molecular surveillance has to provide valid and representative data. (lns.lu)
Irrespective of the country's specific situation, it is required to ensure the functionality of the laboratory surveillance that is supported by the WHO Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network. (lns.lu)
Published articles, the molecular External Quality Assessment Programme of the WHO, the Centralized Information System for Infectious Diseases of the WHO EUR and the WHO Measles and Rubella Nucleotide Surveillance databases served as information sources. (lns.lu)

The Pan American Health Organization says endemic measles has been eliminated from the Americas - all the countries in North, South and Central America. (voanews.com)
A country is considered disease-free if there have been no new cases for three years, and the report had to be certified by the International Committee of Experts for Documentation and Verification of Measles, Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination in the Americas. (voanews.com)
The committee also found the Americas has been declared free of another childhood illness, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome, since 2015. (voanews.com)
Now, the Americas can add rubella and congenital rubella syndrome to the list of vaccine-preventable diseases eradicated from both continents. (iflscience.com)
Youngdahl K. Rubella Elimination in the Americas. (medscape.com)
Available at http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/blog/rubella-elimination-americas . (medscape.com)
as a result, endemic rubella transmission has been interrupted in the Americas since 2009. (who-healthtechnologies.org)

In previous rubella epidemics in Greece, children were most affected. (cdc.gov)

This letter provides more information about rubella in Greece and the strain that was responsible for the 1999 epidemic there. (cdc.gov)
However, another major rubella epidemic occurred in 1999, beginning in late December 1998 and lasting until May 1999, with a peak in the number of cases in January. (cdc.gov)
During this epidemic, four cases of congenital rubella syndrome were reported. (cdc.gov)
The U.K. rubella strains were identical to those of the Greek epidemic strain ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
All 10 samples tested contained very similar or identical sequences, so we used one of them as the epidemic rubella strain. (cdc.gov)

Rubella is a single-stranded RNA virus classified as the only member of the genus Rubivirus in the Togaviridae family. (medscape.com)
Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus, in the family Matonaviridae. (cdc.gov)
Rubella is an RNA virus in the genus Rubivirus within the Matonaviridae family. (biomedcentral.com)
Rubella is an RNA virus classified as a Rubivirus in the Togaviridae family. (medscape.com)
Rubella is a contagious infectious disease caused by a single-strand, enveloped RNA virus in the family Togaviridae and the genus Rubivirus . (unboundmedicine.com)

These revised recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on measles, mumps, and rubella prevention supersede recommendations published in 1989 and 1990. (cdc.gov)
In 1993, the Childhood Immunization Initiative established goals of eliminating indigenous transmission of measles and rubella in the United States by 1996. (cdc.gov)
Most African countries including Liberia do not currently provide rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) in their immunization program. (biomedcentral.com)
Citing the risks of not vaccinating, Anne Schuchat, an assistant surgeon general and the director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, stressed that measles could get "a foothold in the United States and [become] endemic again. (motherjones.com)
On June 14, CDC published Prevention of Measles, Rubella, Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and Mumps, 2013: Summary Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). (immunize.org)
Support the establishment of regional targets for visibility of measles elimination among decision-makers, measles and rubella elimination linked to Immuni- competing priorities, weaknesses in the immunization zation Agenda 2030. (who.int)
The 6 Regional Verification Commissions (RVCs), the Measles and Rubella Working Group of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization and other experts have revised guidance on monitoring progress and veri-fying elimination to ensure alignment among regions. (lih.lu)

While endemic transmission has not been re-established in Canada, the possibility of importation of measles into the country remains, as a result of population exchange with endemic countries or countries experiencing measles outbreaks. (canada.ca)
The re-opening of the Australian international border to measles endemic regions returns the threat of outbreaks, which may be further compounded by disruptions in routine vaccinations during the COVID-19 pandemic. (bvsalud.org)
Though rubella has been declared eradicated in the U.S. since 2005, there have been other outbreaks in Argentina and Brazil. (iflscience.com)
The elimination of rubella is a global priority and requires a concerted effort to identify outbreaks and stop chains of transmission. (who-healthtechnologies.org)
Background and Aims: Rubella is predominantly a childhood disease that is endemic throughout the world and when rubella outbreaks occur, they are accompanied by birth defects following congenital rubella syndrome. (org.ir)

Because of the morbidity of measles and rubella, the World Health Organization (WHO) maintains a worldwide Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (LabNet) to monitor the behavior of the viruses. (medscape.com)
The WHO Measles and Rubella laboratory Network (LabNet) has been established to monitor progress toward mortality reduction and removal of measles. (woofahs.com)
The LabNet has grown to include approximately 700 labs in 166 countries confirming measles and rubella cases by IgM screening. (woofahs.com)

Appearance of the rash corresponds with the appearance of the rubella-specific antibody. (medscape.com)
The group further recommended securing the requisite evidence to enable an additional test purpose for the rubella IgG antibody test category of diagnosing acute infection. (who-healthtechnologies.org)

Disease condition and impact on patients Rubella is a contagious infectious disease that affects unvaccinated children and young adults. (who-healthtechnologies.org)

The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 includes goals to eliminate rubella and CRS throughout most of the world by 2020. (cdc.gov)

Rubella virus is endemic in Greece. (cdc.gov)
The virus is not particularly environmentally robust and can be easily killed with detergent, ultraviolet light, pH extremes, and temperatures greater than 56°C. Rubella virus has an outer envelope which contains E1 and E2, glycosylated lipoproteins that form transmembrane spikes. (medscape.com)
Rubella virus was first isolated in 1962 by two independent groups, Paul D. Parkman and colleagues and Thomas H. Weller and Franklin A. Neva. (cdc.gov)
More than 100,000 children worldwide are born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) every year to mothers infected with the rubella virus. (cdc.gov)
The rubella virus is a human disease with no known animal reservoir and transmits to a healthy person through air droplet shed when an infected person sneezes or coughs [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
If contracted during the first three months of pregnancy, the rubella virus can cause congenital rubella syndrome. (iflscience.com)
Endemic transmission is defined as a chain of rubella virus transmission continuous for ≥12 months within the United States. (cdc.gov)
Serum rubella IgM test results that are false positives have been reported in persons with other viral infections (e.g., acute infection with Epstein-Barr virus [infectious mononucleosis], recent cytomegalovirus infection, and parvovirus infection) or in the presence of rheumatoid factor. (cdc.gov)
Studies on children at the New York Willowbrook State School in 1963, shortly after the isolation of the rubella virus, have shown that the disease is spread by nasal droplet infection and has an incubation period of 14-19 days, with onset of a rash usually on the 15th day. (medscape.com)
This class of IVDs offer good quality, safety and performance for detecting IgG antibodies to rubella virus. (who-healthtechnologies.org)
Molecular proficiency testing conducted by the WHO in 2016 has shown that the expertise for measles and rubella virus genotyping exists in all parts of the EUR. (lns.lu)

Rickettsial and related diseases must be differentiated from other acute infections, primarily meningococcemia, rubeola, and rubella. (msdmanuals.com)
Areas where vaccine preventable diseases such as yellow fever, are endemic. (cdc.gov)

But if an unvaccinated woman gets rubella in early pregnancy serious consequences can result, including miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth and having an infant born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). (who-healthtechnologies.org)

This report is a compendium of all current recommendations for the prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), and mumps. (immunize.org)
For prevention of rubella, 1 dose of MMR vaccine is recommended for persons aged ≥12 months. (immunize.org)
Rubella: Studies on the Natural History and Prevention of the Disease. (medscape.com)
The only prevention is to stay away from endemic Zika areas and otherwise use reliable birth control methods. (askdrray.com)
For now we need to use prevention and avoid endemic Zika regions by reading updates by the CDC. (askdrray.com)

In the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region, 33 countries had eliminated rubella by 2016. (cdc.gov)
Measles is endemic in 14 countries of the WHO European Region, including high-income countries such as Germany, Belgium, France, and Italy ( World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2016 ), and it still represents a major concern for public health. (elifesciences.org)
Bahrain continues to sustain the elimination of measles countries in developing or updating their prepared- and rubella, although there were a few sporadic cases in ness and response plans. (who.int)
Countries with cases of double infection of measles nation of measles and rubella and document elimi- and rubella should conduct further IgM analyses and nation status while building the capacity of national case investigations to distinguish the true double in- verification committees and secretariats. (who.int)
Countries with high rates of susceptibility to rubella among women of childbearing age are at highest risk for CRS. (who-healthtechnologies.org)

The rubella rash is maculopapular and occurs 14 to 17 days after exposure. (cdc.gov)
Rubella usually causes a mild fever and rash in children and adults. (cdc.gov)
Rubella, which typically manifests as a mild febrile rash illness, is the leading vaccine-preventable cause of birth defects. (cdc.gov)
A U.S.-acquired case is defined as a case in which the patient had not been outside the United States during the 23 days before rash onset or was known to have been exposed to rubella within the United States. (cdc.gov)

Recommended if you are not up-to-date with routine shots such as, measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) vaccine, diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT) vaccine, poliovirus vaccine, etc. (geobluetravelinsurance.com)

A large rubella outbreak with spread from the workplace to the community. (medscape.com)
Rubella Outbreak-Westchester County, New York 1997-1998. (medscape.com)

Since 1995, fewer cases of measles, rubella, and mumps have been reported than at any time since nationwide disease reporting began, and elimination of indigenous transmission appears feasible. (cdc.gov)
Endemic case: a case for which epidemiological or virological evidence indicates an endemic chain of transmission. (cdc.gov)
Unknown source case: a case for which an epidemiological or virological link to importation or to endemic transmission within the U.S. cannot be established after a thorough investigation. (cdc.gov)
These cases must be carefully assessed epidemiologically to assure that they do not represent a sustained U.S.-acquired chain of transmission or an endemic chain of transmission within the U.S. (cdc.gov)
Molecular epidemiologic data often provides important information for documenting the removal of endemic transmission of measles. (woofahs.com)

As a result, overall rubella cases declined 97% from 670,894 in 2000 to 22,361 in 2016. (cdc.gov)

No vaccinations are required except yellow fever, and then only if you're coming from a yellow-fever endemic area such as sub-Saharan Africa or South America, as there is no risk of disease in Taiwan. (bradtguides.com)

The average incubation period of rubella is 14 days, with a range of 12 to 23 days. (cdc.gov)
Clinicians should specifically ask about travel to an endemic region within the incubation period of the disease. (msdmanuals.com)

No adequate treatment is available for pregnant women exposed to rubella. (medscape.com)
Whilst the threat to children and adults who contract it is relatively low, rubella can be particularly dangerous for pregnant women. (iflscience.com)
With rubella there is a vaccine available, which has made it much safer for pregnant women. (askdrray.com)

METHODS: Aggregate national serological survey data were assigned to birth cohorts and mean, median and age-group estimates calculated and analysed against MMR immunisation coverage estimates (1998-2018) and rubella notifications (1993-2018). (cdc.gov)
In 1998 Andrew Wakefield published a study suggesting that the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine might cause autism. (covingtonreporter.com)

In 2020, an additional step towards measles elimination, the WHO updated its agenda to adopt the measles and rubella strategic framework 2021-2030 2030 aiming to support and provide guidance to the national stratiges plans [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The most important complication of rubella is congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). (medscape.com)

The fight against rubella has taken more than 15 years, but it has paid off with what I believe will be one of the most important Pan American public health achievements of the 21st century," said Carissa F. Etienne , director of the Pan American Health Organization. (iflscience.com)

Rubella primarily affects young children, but adolescents and young adults are also affected. (medscape.com)

Organisms4

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Named Groups1

Health Care8

Geographicals2

Vaccination15

Vaccines8

Free of endemic rubella2

Accelerating the interruption of endemic1

Genotype5

Elimination of measles and rubella4

Absence of endemic1

Immunity7

Remains endemic1

Saying endemic measles1

Congenital rubella infection1

Epidemiology2

Last endemic1

Polio5

Measles-mumps-r1

Travel to endemic1

Exposure to rubella1

Distribution of rubella2

Incidence10

20172

Varicella1

Infants6

Live rubella1

Goal of elimina2

Surveillance8

Americas7

Epidemics1

Epidemic5

Rubivirus5

Immunization7

Outbreaks5

LabNet3

Antibody2

Contagious1

Vaccine Action Plan1

Virus11

Diseases2

Pregnancy1

Prevention5

Countries5

Rash4

Tetanus1

Outbreak2

Transmission5

Cases declined1

Yellow-fever1

Incubation period2

Pregnant women3

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Complication1

American Health Organization1

Adults1