• Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other species. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, H5N1 pathogenicity is gradually continuing to rise in endemic areas, but the avian influenza disease situation in farmed birds is being held in check by vaccination, and there is "no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission" of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • HPAI A(H5N1) is considered an avian disease, although there is some evidence of limited human-to-human transmission of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Due to the high lethality and virulence of HPAI A(H5N1), its endemic presence, its increasingly large host reservoir, and its significant ongoing mutations, in 2006, the H5N1 virus has been regarded to be the world's largest pandemic threat, and billions of dollars are being spent researching H5N1 and preparing for a potential influenza pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • H5N1 may cause more than one influenza pandemic, as it is expected to continue mutating in birds regardless of whether humans develop herd immunity to a future pandemic strain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza pandemics from its genetic offspring may include influenza A virus subtypes other than H5N1. (wikipedia.org)
  • HPAI H5N1 viruses cir- nature (1,2). (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, these H5N1 influenza A face of virus particles. (cdc.gov)
  • H5N1- Avian Flu-Global influenza pandemic (mid-2000) - with fatality rate of 50% it becomes the most falat virus of all know Influenza virus that infect humans it also causes diarrhoea. (atomictherapy.org)
  • An biosecurity and concentration of poultry in outbreaks or outbreak of H5N1 HPAI was first described in Lebanon in the emergence of HPAI virus ( 1 ). (who.int)
  • Several human infections with avian influenza A to high mortality among chickens ( 20 ) that required the viruses, including H5N1, H9N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 intervention of the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture and H10N8, have been reported among poultry-exposed for monitoring and controlling. (who.int)
  • Examples include avian influenza \'bird flu\' virus subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) or swine influenza \'swine flu\' virus subtypes A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Then, even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza-a highly pathogenic flu that has ravaged poultry stocks in several Asian countries-were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
  • These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Evaluating the impact of environmental temperature on global highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in domestic poultry. (flugenome.org)
  • The emergence and unfold of extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A virus subtype H5N1 in Asia, Europe and Africa has had an enormously socioeconomic influence and presents an vital risk to human well being due to its environment friendly animal-to-human transmission. (flugenome.org)
  • Many components contribute to the incidence and transmission of HPAI H5N1 virus, however the function of environmental temperature stays poorly understood. (flugenome.org)
  • Genetic range and phylogenetic evaluation of extremely pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) H5N1 viruses circulating in Bangladesh from 2007-2011. (flugenome.org)
  • Extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been endemic in Bangladesh since its first isolation in February 2007. (flugenome.org)
  • Phylogenetic evaluation of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of HPAI H5N1 viruses demonstrated that 25 Bangladeshi isolates together with two human isolates from 2007-2011 together with some isolates from neighbouring Asian nations (India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, China and Vietnam) segregate into two distinct clades (2.2 and a couple of.3). (flugenome.org)
  • General, the info indicate genetic range amongst circulating viruses and a number of introductions of H5N1 viruses with an elevated threat of human infections in Bangladesh, and institution of H5N1 virus in wild and home fowl populations, which calls for lively surveillance. (flugenome.org)
  • Pre-exposing Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) to a low-pathogenic H1N1 avian influenza virus protects them in opposition to H5N1 HPAI virus problem. (flugenome.org)
  • In earlier research we examined the function of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) within the epidemiology of Eurasian extremely pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flugenome.org)
  • To develop on this and higher perceive how pre-exposure to heterosubtypic low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses may affect the result of H5N1 HPAI an infection, we pre-exposed naïve juvenile Canada Geese to completely different North American wild-bird-origin LPAI viruses. (flugenome.org)
  • Pre-exposing Canada Geese to both H2N3 or H6N5 viruses didn't shield them in opposition to a deadly H5N1 HPAI virus problem. (flugenome.org)
  • In distinction, Canada Geese that had been pre-exposed to H1N1 had been protected in opposition to a deadly H5N1 problem, shed minimal quantities of the virus into the atmosphere, and didn't transmit the an infection to naïve contact birds. (flugenome.org)
  • Enhanced infectivity of H5N1 extremely pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) virus in pig ex vivo respiratory tract organ cultures following adaptation by in vitro passage. (flugenome.org)
  • In this study the host transcriptomic response to emerging H7N9 influenza virus is characterized in mice and compared it with the responses to H7N7, H5N1 and H1N1 viruses. (usda.gov)
  • To this end, we characterized the transcriptomic response of BALB/c mice infected with H7N9 (A/Anhui/1/2013) virus and compared it to the responses induced by H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/2004), H7N7 (A/Netherlands/219/2003) or H1N1 (A/Mexico/4482/2009) viruses. (usda.gov)
  • We found that responses to the H7 subtype viruses were intermediate to those elicited by H5N1 and H1N1 early in infection, but that they evolved to resemble the H5N1 response as infection progressed. (usda.gov)
  • H5N1, H7N7 and H7N9 viruses were pathogenic in mice, and this pathogenicity correlated with increased cytokine response, decreased lipid metabolism and decreased coagulation signaling. (usda.gov)
  • Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 400 million poultry have been culled since 2003 as a result of efforts to control highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza ( http://www.fao.org/avianflu/en/index.html ), and there are increasing biological and ecological consequences. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), acid residues into the HA0 cleavage site (5). (cdc.gov)
  • H7 may become highly pathogenic after introduction in of subtypes H5 and H7, these virus subtypes are given high poultry and cause outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian priority with respect to pandemic preparedness. (cdc.gov)
  • The Wild birds harbor the LPAI ancestral viruses of HPAI switch from a low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) phe- strains of poultry (and mammals). (cdc.gov)
  • Viruses that cause severe disease in poultry and result in high death rates are called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Viruses that cause mild disease in poultry are called low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Experts have identified key events (creating new clades, infecting new species, spreading to new areas) marking the progression of an avian flu virus towards becoming pandemic, and many of those key events have occurred more rapidly than expected. (wikipedia.org)
  • At least 12 companies and 17 governments are developing prepandemic influenza vaccines in 28 different clinical trials that, if successful, could turn a deadly pandemic infection into a nondeadly one. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following are known subtypes of Influenza A virus that can infect humans and are listed as per number of known pandemic human deaths. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Though it didnt claim all those who were infected as the fatality index of epidemic by this virus is low 0.5% and falls in category 2 of pandemic severity index and also its seen that every subsequent outbreak is milder as it seems that people in affected region develops some immunity towards N2 at every outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Avian influenza (AI) is considered to be one of the most that an influenza pandemic may be imminent (14). (who.int)
  • Influenza type A viruses are of most significance to public health due to their potential to cause an influenza pandemic. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
  • In 2009, pig-to-human transmission of a reassortant H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm09) caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study investigated the infection dynamics, pathogenesis, and lesions in pigs and ferrets inoculated with natural isolates of swine-adapted, human-adapted, and "pre-pandemic" H1N1pdm09 viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • In pigs, inoculated ferrets, and ferrets infected by direct contact with inoculated ferrets, the pre-pandemic H1N1pdm09 virus induced an intermediary viral load, caused the most severe lesions, and had the highest clinical impact. (bvsalud.org)
  • The sporadic occurrence of human infections with swine-origin influenza A(H3N2) viruses and the continual emergence of novel A(H3N2) viruses in swine herds underscore the necessity for ongoing assessment of the pandemic risk posed by these viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • As influenza A viruses (IAV) continue to cross species barriers and cause human infection, the establishment of risk assessment rubrics has improved pandemic preparedness efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • The Pilgrims Fund Board (Tabung Haji) health and medical teams here and in Medina are ready to face the Novel corona virus or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus (MERS-CoV) pandemic. (blogspot.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. (who.int)
  • In many patients infected by A(H5) or A(H7N9) avian influenza viruses, the disease has an aggressive clinical course. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Emerging avian influenza viruses are of global concern because the human population is immunologically naïve to them. (usda.gov)
  • We compiled data from ferrets inoculated with an extensive panel of over 50 human and zoonotic IAV (inclusive of swine-origin and high- and low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses associated with human infection) under a consistent protocol, with all viruses concurrently tested in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (Calu-3). (cdc.gov)
  • The case fatality rate for A(H5) and A(H7N9) subtype virus infections among humans is much higher than that of seasonal influenza infections. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • This work identifies host responses that could be targeted to treat severe H7N9 influenza and identifies two FDA-approved drugs that could potentially be repurposed as H7N9 influenza therapeutics. (usda.gov)
  • Though the pathogenicity of emerging H7N9 influenza virus has been reported in several animal models, these studies have not included a detailed characterization of the host response following infection. (usda.gov)
  • Finally, we used host transcriptomic profiling to computationally predict drugs that reverse the host response to H7N9 infection, and identified two FDA-approved drugs that could potentially be repurposed to treat H7N9 and other pathogenic influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • PVP-I was tested against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae according to bactericidal quantitative suspension test EN13727 and against severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), rotavirus strain Wa and influenza virus A subtype H1N1 according to virucidal quantitative suspension test EN14476. (springer.com)
  • PVP-I gargle/mouthwash diluted 1:30 (equivalent to a concentration of 0.23% PVP-I) showed effective bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, influenza virus A (H1N1) and rotavirus after 15 s of exposure. (springer.com)
  • nonetheless, sera from H1N1-infected birds diminished virus plaque dimension however not quantity compared with H2N3, H6N5, or unfavourable sera, suggesting that antibodies directed in opposition to the neuraminidase might have had a job within the protecting results noticed. (flugenome.org)
  • This three-pronged signature has previously been observed in mice infected with pathogenic H1N1 strains such as the 1918 virus, indicating that it may be predictive of pathogenicity across multiple influenza strains. (usda.gov)
  • The intranasal administration of the identified compounds enhanced survival rates and reduced lung viral loads in BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 virus. (hku.hk)
  • The deadly H3N2 virus has raised its ugly head again and is on a killing spree, it has killed more than 120 people including two below 18 yrs of age till February 2018 that is in just a month of outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
  • H3N2 is strain of influenza A virus, the orthomyxoviridae family - these are simgle stranded segmented RNA-Virus and they have numerous subtypes which are named by numbers based on type of Heamagglutinin "H number" and "N number" for type of Neuraminidase. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Hong Kong Flu virus H3N2 is desendent of H2N2 through antigenic shift, a process in which genes from various subtypes make up a new virus sub type. (atomictherapy.org)
  • An early-onset, severe form of influenza A (H3N2) made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Here, we selected three recent novel swine-origin A(H3N2) viruses isolated between 2017 to 2020, bearing HAs from the 1990.1, 2010.1 or 2010.2 clades, and evaluated their ability to cause disease and transmit in a ferret model. (cdc.gov)
  • We conclude that despite considerable genetic variances, all three contemporary swine-origin A(H3N2) viruses displayed a capacity for robust replication in the ferret respiratory tract and were also capable of limited airborne transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequences obtained clustered tightly with those of Israeli origin as well as Lebanese H9N2 viruses from 2010. (who.int)
  • For human infections with avian influenza A(H7N7) and A(H9N2) viruses, disease is typically mild or subclinical. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Swabs were screened for influenza infection. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza or bird flu refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The agency says avian flu viruses 'usually do not infect people,' though last spring, the CDC reported the infection of one person in Colorado who had been in contact with infected poultry. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Most cause asymptomatic or mild infection in birds, where the range of symptoms depends on the virus properties. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Only one fatal A(H7N7) human infection has been reported in the Netherlands so far. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • For human infections with swine influenza viruses, most cases have been mild with a few cases hospitalized and very few reports of deaths resulting from infection. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • METHODS: We enrolled individuals at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination for longitudinal serological testing and compared SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG and neutralization activity in children and adults stratified by infection and vaccination status using enzyme-linked immunosorbent and virus neutralization assays. (bvsalud.org)
  • We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a patient with 2019-nCoV infection and compared it with other related coronavirus genomes. (hku.hk)
  • The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
  • Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While WA/1 virus exhibited a moderately increased proportion compared to that in the inoculum following co-infection in human respiratory cells, Delta variant possessed a substantial in vivo fitness advantage as this virus becoming predominant in both inoculated and contact animals. (cdc.gov)
  • 2001. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in peninsular Malaysia. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The occurrence and spread of LPAI or HPAI were detected in backyard growers from Bekaa and viruses in poultry vary depending on the levels of South Lebanon Governorates respectively ( 19 ). (who.int)
  • All influenza A subtypes have been isolated of escaping vaccines or producing novel viral strains from wild bird species ( 3 ). (who.int)
  • 袁碩峰 Abstract: The rapid mutability of influenza virus in conjunction with genomic reassortment between viral strains promotes the virus' ability to evade vaccines and to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (hku.hk)
  • To address this knowledge gap, we measured the levels of virus in ferret nasal washes as well as viral RNA emitted into the air for 14 diverse influenza viruses, encompassing human-, swine-, and avian-origin strains. (cdc.gov)
  • as such, quantification of viral RNA in the air represents a useful addition to established assessments of new influenza virus strains. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza type A viruses are classified into subtypes according to the combinations of different virus surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • We chosen H1, H2, and H6 hemagglutinin subtype viruses based mostly on their higher-order evolutionary relatedness to the H5 hemagglutinin. (flugenome.org)
  • HPAI isolates which originate in poultry upon transmission of low patho- have been obtained primarily from commercially raised genic viruses from wild birds, have occurred relatively fre- birds such as chickens, turkeys, quail, guinea fowl, and quently in the last decade. (cdc.gov)
  • Virus isolates were characterized with a hemagglutination birds may guide production of vaccines as well as reagents inhibition (HI) assay with turkey erythrocytes and sub- to develop and validate diagnostic tests. (cdc.gov)
  • and T.M. Ellis, K. Dyrting, W. Wong, P. Li, and C. Li of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation of Hong Kong for their support of field work, and W. Lim, for virus isolates. (nationalacademies.org)
  • V) in HA protein of some clade 2.2 Bangladeshi viruses together with the human isolates , suggesting there was antigenic drift in clade 2.2. (flugenome.org)
  • Using phylogenetic analysis of partial fusion gene sequences, these viruses clustered with recent European PPMV-1 isolates (EU/re) within the genotype VIb/1. (bioone.org)
  • A risk factor for contracting the virus is handling of infected poultry, but transmission of the virus from infected birds to humans has been characterized as inefficient. (wikipedia.org)
  • To date, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes viruses have been detected in pigs (25), cats, leopards, and have been detected in wild birds and poultry throughout tigers (26-29) in Southeast Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • In our influenza A virus notype, common in wild birds and poultry, to the HPAI surveillance studies in wild birds in northern Europe, we phenotype is achieved by the introduction of basic amino detected numerous influenza A viruses of subtype H5 and H7 in Mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos ). (cdc.gov)
  • These viruses naturally spread among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Marek's disease virus is a herpesvirus of chickens that costs the worldwide poultry industry more than US$1 billion annually. (bioone.org)
  • In general, humans who catch a humanized influenza A virus (a human flu virus of type A) usually have symptoms that include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, and, in severe cases, breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. (wikipedia.org)
  • H7N7 viruses have indicates that influenza A virus surveillance studies in wild been endemic in horses for some time (17), were transmit- birds can help generate prototypic vaccine candidates and design and evaluate diagnostic tests, before outbreaks ted from seals to humans in the United States in 1980 occur in animals and humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Wild birds, predominantly ducks, geese, and shore- ed from humans in the United States in 2003 (21,22) and birds, form the reservoir of influenza A viruses in Canada in 2004 (23), respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • H1N2- currently endemic in pigs and humans. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Bird flu viruses do not normally infect humans. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • All of these animal influenza type A viruses are distinct from human influenza viruses and do not easily transmit among humans. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Tens of millions of birds died of influenza and hundreds of millions were culled to protect humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Influenza A viruses are RNA viruses that cause epidemics in humans and are enzootic in the pig population globally. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two generations of Marek's disease vaccines have shown reduced efficacy over the last half century due to evolution of the virus. (bioone.org)
  • Respiratory pathogens such as influenza are also transmitted via airborne dispersion of small particle aerosols (≤ 5 µm) when an infected individual breathes, coughs or sneezes [ 11 ], while respiratory syncytial viruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can be spread by large droplets propelled through the air and inoculated into the eyes, nose and mouth at close range [ 12 ]. (springer.com)
  • Cattle are infected by a community of endemic pathogens with different epidemiological properties that invoke different managerial and governmental responses. (genemedi.com)
  • Viral titers in ferret nasal wash specimens and nasal turbinate tissue correlated positively with peak titer in Calu-3 cells, whereas additional phenotypic and molecular determinants of influenza virus virulence and transmissibility in ferrets varied in their association with in vitro viral titer measurements. (cdc.gov)
  • However, sporadic human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • In terms of transmission, human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Human infections are primarily acquired through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, but do not result in efficient transmission of these viruses between people. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Here we show that transmissible viruses display robust replication and fast release into the air. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, poorly- and non-transmissible viruses show significantly reduced or delayed replication along with lower detection of airborne viral RNA at early time points post inoculation. (cdc.gov)
  • worldwide, annual influenza epidemics are estimated to result in about 3-5 million cases of severe illness and about 250,000-500,000 deaths [ 4 ]. (springer.com)
  • In addition to seasonal endemic viruses, emerging and re-emerging virus outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) require close contact for human-to-human transmission and can spread nosocomially [ 5 , 6 ]. (springer.com)
  • Therefore, novel anti-influenza therapeutics utilizing new targets and creative strategies are essential. (hku.hk)
  • Depending on the origin host, influenza A viruses can be classified as avian influenza, swine influenza, or other types of animal influenza viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus induced the highest viral load, caused intermediary lesions, and had the least clinical impact in pigs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Interestingly, the swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus was transmitted by aerosols to two-thirds of the ferrets. (bvsalud.org)
  • Further work is needed to assess the risk of human-to-human aerosol transmission of swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Respiratory samples underwent SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantitation by RT-dPCR targeting N1 and N2 genes, with sequencing to determine the genetic lineage of infecting virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Viruses whose genetic material is RNA. (lookformedical.com)
  • The repetitive isolation of PPMV-1 viruses for several consecutive years led toward establishing enzootic presence of the disease in pigeons. (bioone.org)
  • in Hong Kong the virus infected population of 5lacs and the epidemic density in the region was 500 infected people per acre, and had infected 15% of USA population. (atomictherapy.org)
  • The global HPAI situation significantly improved in the first half of 2008, but the FAO reports that imperfect disease surveillance systems mean that occurrence of the virus remains underestimated and underreported. (wikipedia.org)
  • In our ongoing influenza A virus surveillance studies in terized by RT-PCR and sequencing. (cdc.gov)
  • influenza (HPAI, formerly termed fowl plague) (1,2). (cdc.gov)
  • Examples include the lack of plague transmission outside endemic areas, countries that are free of brucellosis, and the limitation of tularemia to the northern hemisphere. (scienceopen.com)
  • In Alfred Crosby's book "The Colombian Exchange" it details that diseases such as smallpox, measles and tuberculosis, among others, were spreading back and forth into Eurasian and African trade routes for centuries, becoming endemic to these continents. (dnx.news)
  • On September 29, 2005, David Nabarro, the newly appointed Senior United Nations System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza, warned the world that an outbreak of avian influenza could kill anywhere between 5 million and 150 million people. (wikipedia.org)
  • Full-scale production of a vaccine that could prevent any illness at all from the strain would require at least three months after the virus's emergence to begin, but it is hoped that vaccine production could increase until one billion doses were produced by one year after the initial identification of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the book "The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control" it reported that the West Nile Virus, discovered in Uganda in 1937, was transported to American soil in 1999 by planes that carried their vectors (mosquitos). (dnx.news)
  • B virus) and other highly biohazardous agents are under consideration. (scienceopen.com)
  • This study underscores the medical importance of polymerase functional domains as druggable targets, which may be due to the fact that these targeted areas are not only highly conserved among virus subtypes but also key to viral fitness. (hku.hk)
  • Importantly, the established screening platforms for PA endonuclease inhibitors, PB2 cap-binding inhibitors, and PA-PB1 interaction disrupters should advance the development of a category of anti-influenza drugs that target viral polymerase. (hku.hk)
  • There is particular pressure to recognize and heed the lessons of past influenza pandemics in the shadow of the worrisome 2003-2004 flu season. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Influenza A viruses of subtypes H5 and H7 have been ered from wild birds and those causing HPAI outbreaks frequently detected in mammals (16). (cdc.gov)
  • Both do- burden of influenza in middle eastern countries is now of mesticated and wild birds can be infected with AI virus considerable concern. (who.int)
  • The human-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus induced the highest viral load, caused the mildest lesions, and had the least clinical impact in ferrets infected by direct contact. (bvsalud.org)
  • Clinical merits of selected inhibitors were further evaluated, focusing mainly on their cross-protection abilities among influenza virus subtypes and their potential synergetic antiviral effects when used in combination with other drugs. (hku.hk)
  • The ferret transmission model is routinely used to evaluate thepandemic potential of newly emerging influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • If you are infected with the virus or have flu like symptoms after travel history to epidemic region then isolate yourself so that you dont spread the virus to others and get properly diagnosed and treated. (atomictherapy.org)
  • The identified antivirals exhibit substantial promise for clinical applications and provide new additions to the arsenal of drugs that are already used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (hku.hk)
  • Frank Macfarlane Burnet, who won his Nobel Prize for immunology but who spent most of his life studying influenza, estimated the Spanish flu death toll as probably 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million. (dnx.news)