• Among the most common antibiotic resistance genes are those that confer resistance to aminoglycosides, used heavily in clinics and agriculture. (confex.com)
  • This is the first report of an isolate that contains this arrangement of the arsenic resistance operon, chrA gene, and multiple antibiotic resistance genes encoded on plasmids. (confex.com)
  • In Staphylococcus aureus, the phage-mediated acquisition of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that encode virulence and antibiotic resistance genes largely contribute to its evolutionary adaptation and genetic plasticity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bennett PM. Plasmid encoded antibiotic resistance: acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria. (ijabbr.com)
  • Is this resistance the result of bacteria evolving new genes in response to the presence of antibiotics, or are antibiotic-resistant bacteria selected for in the environment by possessing antibiotic resistance genes beforehand? (icr.org)
  • The increase in resistance among these organisms clearly indicates a change in the frequency of antibiotic resistance genes. (icr.org)
  • Evidence for wastewaters as environments where mobile antibiotic resistance genes emerge. (janusinfo.se)
  • Plasmids have largely contributed to the spread of resistance genes among Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus species, also influencing the selection and ecological variation of specific populations. (nih.gov)
  • Some of the most clinically relevant resistance genes, such those encoding carbapenemases (ß-lactamase enzymes able to degrade carbapenem antibiotics), are carried on conjugative plasmids that spread across high-risk bacterial clones 5 , 6 . (nature.com)
  • These fitness costs make it difficult to explain how plasmids are maintained in bacterial populations over the long-term in the absence of selection for plasmid-encoded traits, a puzzle known as "the plasmid-paradox" 10 . (nature.com)
  • Expression of ESBL is often associated with multidrug resistance and dissemination by resistance plasmids. (scielo.br)
  • Most of these plasmids were detected to carry both TEM- and SHV-derived genes by PCR, and confirmed by localizing each gene by hybridization assay. (scielo.br)
  • Within the environment the presence of heavy metals and antibiotics may apply an additional selective pressure on bacteria resulting in the accumulation of heavy metal resistance genes in plasmids which can be transmitted to other bacteria. (confex.com)
  • The objective of this study was to describe the genes present on the plasmids of an environmentally isolated aminoglycoside-resistant bacteria. (confex.com)
  • This arrangement of the chromate resistance ( chrA ) gene and arsenic resistance operon has been described in the plasmids of three other isolates, one of which was isolated clinically in Virginia, U.S.A. while the other two samples were isolated environmentally in a Citrobacter amalonaticus in South Korea and in a Pluralibacter gergoviae in Malaysia. (confex.com)
  • Plasmids are normally in size range of 1kb to 250 kb which is smaller much smaller than Bacterial chromosome. (biotechfront.com)
  • Number of plasmids in an individual bacterial cell may very (1-100 or more) denoted by copy number. (biotechfront.com)
  • Plasmids are not essential for viability of bacterial cell. (biotechfront.com)
  • but genes carried by plasmids usually encodes traits beneficial for bacteria. (biotechfront.com)
  • Structurel elements of bacterial plasmids may vary according to their size and function. (biotechfront.com)
  • This plasmids carry genes thet provide resistance to one or more antibiotics and poisons. (biotechfront.com)
  • This report is important as it proves the horizontal transfer of various vanC genes to one species possibly due to the compatibility class of plasmids. (ac.ir)
  • Tradeoff between horizontal and vertical modes of transmission in bacterial plasmids. (yale.edu)
  • Plasmids evolved for 500 generations in environments with different densities of susceptible bacterial hosts. (yale.edu)
  • Furthermore, the importance of plasmids for beer-spoiling Lb. brevis strains was investigated resulting in the identification of a plasmid-encoded putative glycosyltransferase involved in hop tolerance and thus growth in beer. (ucc.ie)
  • Markers of well-characterized aggregative adherence plasmids, present in typical EAEC strains, are aggregative adherence regulator gene aggR , anti-aggregative protein or dispersin gene aap, and empiric plasmid probe (CVD432) that represents part of the aat secretion system operon ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The presence of the ortho-dimethoxyphenyl group directly attached to the side-chain carbonyl group of the penicillin nucleus facilitates the β-lactamase resistance, since those enzymes are relatively intolerant of side-chain steric hindrance. (wikipedia.org)
  • The targets of quinolone activity are the bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication and transcription. (cdc.gov)
  • Quinolones inhibit two enzymes that are required for bacterial DNA synthesis, i.e. (cdc.gov)
  • Resistance to quinolones occurs through chromosomal mutations in the genes encoding these enzymes and by porin and efflux mutations. (cdc.gov)
  • β-lactamases are a family of enzymes (there are thousands of different versions) found in many bacterial pathogens. (futurelearn.com)
  • Two other mechanisms of resistance are mediated by bacteria acquiring enzymes. (futurelearn.com)
  • Genomic DNA contains both structural gene s, which encode products that serve as cellular structures or enzymes, and regulatory gene s, which encode products that regulate gene expression. (pressbooks.pub)
  • In this way, regulation of the transcription of all of the structural genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze the many steps in a single biochemical pathway can be controlled simultaneously, because they will either all be needed at the same time, or none will be needed. (pressbooks.pub)
  • For example, in E. coli , all of the structural genes that encode enzymes needed to use lactose as an energy source lie next to each other in the lactose (or lac ) operon under the control of a single promoter, the lac promoter. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Larger plasmid carry gene for special enzymes specific for plasmid replication. (biotechfront.com)
  • DNA sequence which encode initiation of plasmid replication by recruiting bacterial transcription machinary for replication enzymes & proteins. (biotechfront.com)
  • and the inactivation of the antibiotic by bacterial enzymes. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • KPCs) are Ambler class A plasmid- gene by polymerase chain reaction cin, imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem, encoded enzymes that are capable of (PCR) assay provides laboratories trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, piper- hydrolyzing all beta-lactam antibiotics, with a means to quickly identify the acillin, piperacillin/tazobactam and including monobactams, extended- presence of this important resistance tobramycin (Oxoid). (who.int)
  • However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. (frontiersin.org)
  • Resistance to the lytic effects of serum complement confers virulence. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 6. The recipient bacterium integrates the donor bacterial fragment which then gives it new properties (virulence, antibiotic resistance, etc. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • EAEC are heterogeneous, and the distribution of known virulence genes rarely correlates with phylogeny based on housekeeping loci ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • PCR identified 3 EAEC-specific and 2 other virulence genes ( 2 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Twenty ESBL producing strains (15%) including Escherichia coli (n = 9), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 7), Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 2) and Enterobacter aerogenes (n = 2) were detected and further analyzed for their resistance transfer features, plasmid profile and nature of the resistance genes. (scielo.br)
  • ABSTRACT The study evaluated the antimicrobial resistance of molecularly characterized strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. saprophyticus isolated from 3 Lebanese dairy-based food products that are sometimes consumed raw: kishk, shanklish and baladi cheese. (who.int)
  • Here we sought to characterize conjugal horizontal gene transfer of plasmid-encoded fluoroquinolone resistance genes from two strains of Enterobacteriaceae, one clinical and one from a municipal wastewater treatment plant environment. (karger.com)
  • Escherichia coli strain LR09, containing a plasmid with the aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr fluoroquinolone resistance gene, did not conjugate with any of the 15 strains tested, while Enterobacter aerogenes strain YS11 conjugated with two strains of E. coli . (karger.com)
  • In molecular biology, generalized transduction is routinely used as a technique to manipulate and construct bacterial strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • The fifteen enrofloxacin resistant strains were selected for the PCR to detect the genes gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, and genetic sequencing to identify mutations in these genes. (scielo.br)
  • Five strains (33.3%) had point mutations in the gyrA gene, and one (6.7%) presented a point mutation in the parC gene. (scielo.br)
  • None of the 15 strains had mutations in the gyrB and parE genes, and none had more than one mutation in the gyrA gene or the other genes. (scielo.br)
  • The presence of point mutations in the strains studied corroborates with the phenotypic resistance observed to nalidixic acid. (scielo.br)
  • However, it did not explain the resistance to fluoroquinolones found in the 15 strains. (scielo.br)
  • however, race 1 strains of Pst, which do not express AvrPto/AvrPtoB but rather a different repertoire of effectors, evade Pto-mediated resistance. (cornell.edu)
  • Race 1 strains of Pst are becoming increasingly common, and no simply-inherited genetic resistance to such strains is known. (cornell.edu)
  • It was discovered that a locus in Solanum lycopersicoides, termed Pseudomonas tomato race 1 (Ptr1), confers resistance to race 1 Pst strains by recognizing the type III effector AvrRpt2. (cornell.edu)
  • In some bacterial species, these antimicrobial resistance mechanisms are stable and affect most strains: we speak of natural antimicrobial resistance. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • On the contrary, acquired antibiotic resistance occurs when certain strains of a bacterial species usually susceptible to an antibiotic acquire a genetic mechanism of resistance to it. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • It was also aimed to isolate phages that infect strains of Lb. brevis in order to assess their potential application in the brewing industry for the purpose of preventing or diminishing bacterial spoilage. (ucc.ie)
  • Interestingly, certain phage isolates displayed activity against Lb. brevis beer-spoiling strains preventing them from growing optimally, thus providing a phage-mediated approach to control bacterial spoilage of beer. (ucc.ie)
  • Moreover, the incidence of prophages among Lb. brevis strains was studied in order to understand their potential benefit for their bacterial carrier. (ucc.ie)
  • The presence of such prophage-encoded systems highlights the importance of temperate phages for Lb. brevis strains and, in some cases, may explain their resistance to phage infection. (ucc.ie)
  • Vancomycin should be used in patients with a penicillin allergy or infections with strains that have high-level penicillin resistance due to altered PBPs. (medscape.com)
  • citation needed] These susceptibility data are given on a few medically significant bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus - 0.125 - >100 μg/ml Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - 15.6 - >1000 μg/ml Streptococcus pneumoniae 0.39 μg/ml Like other beta-lactam antibiotics, methicillin acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. (wikipedia.org)
  • Penicillinase is a bacterial enzyme produced by bacteria resistant to other β-lactam antibiotics which hydrolyses the antibiotic, rendering it non-functional. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1. Bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics has risen dramatically in Escherichia coli from food animals. (who.int)
  • In this article, we explain the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. (futurelearn.com)
  • In addition to the intrinsic mechanisms of resistance, bacterial pathogens can acquire genes and mutations that mediate resistance to antibiotics. (futurelearn.com)
  • In some cases, bacteria may acquire multiple mechanisms of resistance to the same antibiotic, and in multidrug resistant bacteria, they acquire resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. (futurelearn.com)
  • An example of this is the erm (erythromycin ribosomal methylation) gene that provides resistance against macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin. (futurelearn.com)
  • When they do this, occasionally mistakes in the DNA sequences get included (e.g. an A gets replaced with a C). These mistakes only happen very rarely, but the very large population sizes (billions and trillions) of bacteria, means that this happens frequently enough that occasionally these mutations are present in bacterial populations in the presence of antibiotics. (futurelearn.com)
  • However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse [8] and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections, [29] and sometimes protozoan infections . (wikipedia.org)
  • It is plausible that the unreasonable antibiotics usage can induce the development of bacterial resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multiresistant bacterial pathogens that are insensitive to virtually all available antibiotics are one of the major public-health challenges of our time. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • The question of how resistance to various antibiotics develops is the focus of research being carried out by LMU biochemist Daniel Wilson and his colleagues. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Genomic evolution of bacterial populations under coselection by antibiotics and phage. (cdc.gov)
  • An increase in the frequency of antibiotic resistance in bacteria since the 1950s has been observed for all major classes of antibiotics used to treat a wide variety of respiratory illnesses, skin disorders, and sexually transmitted diseases. (icr.org)
  • The slight differences between human ribosomes which are not bound by these antibiotics and bacterial ribosomes make this type of antibiotic ideal for treating many illnesses. (icr.org)
  • Other antibiotics, such as penicillin, block the assembly of the bacterial cell wall causing it to weaken and burst. (icr.org)
  • Many possess genes that encode proteins to neutralize the affects of antibiotics and prevent attacks on their cell machinery. (icr.org)
  • This diagram presents the main bacterial targets of antibiotics and the primary mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • A figure alerts researchers to the consequences of the risk of antibiotic resistance on public health: 42.3 billion daily doses of antibiotics were consumed worldwide in 2015. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • Antimicrobial resistance is defined as the ability of certain bacteria to resist the action of one or more antibiotics . (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • Figure 1 schematically presents the targets of antibiotics and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to these molecules. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • Mass treatment of communities with antibiotics has been shown to have no benefit, and can actually be detrimental as it can lead to antibiotic resistance. (kenyon.edu)
  • DNA sequences in genes that interact with regulatory proteins (such as transcription factors) to determine the rate and timing of expression of the genes as well as the beginning and end of the transcript. (nationalacademies.org)
  • A recessive host resistance gene against the Javanese root-knot nematode was mapped into a 148 kb region of cucumber chromosome 1 that is devoid of NB-LRR type R proteins. (researchsquare.com)
  • Change in base sequence that does not alter amino acid sequence of proteins encoded nevertheless may result in alterations of the protein that make it unsafe. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • It is now clear that synonymous mutations are not neutral but instead frequently adversely affect the proteins encoded. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Whereas regulating gene expression in multicellular organisms allows for cellular differentiation, in single-celled organisms like prokaryotes, it primarily ensures that a cell's resources are not wasted making proteins that the cell does not need at that time. (pressbooks.pub)
  • In bacteria and archaea , structural proteins with related functions are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an operon and are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter , resulting in the formation of a polycistronic transcript ( Figure 12.30 ). (pressbooks.pub)
  • Erythromycin targets bacterial ribosomes - the nanomachine responsible for the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences into protein - thus preventing synthesis of the proteins required for continued growth and survival. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • This plasmid carry genes that codes for colicins proteins that kill other bacteria. (biotechfront.com)
  • The significantly upregulated genes encode proteins involved in reactions of the energy-generating phosphotransferase system and transcription processing, which could be related to phage transcription. (lu.se)
  • Because of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among microbes of diverse species and genera, antimicrobial drug resistance mechanisms in an organism, regardless of whether it is a pathogen, have the potential to emerge in clinically relevant pathogens ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • It has been used for the diagnosis of multiple viral and bacterial pathogens, including H influenzae . (medscape.com)
  • Home / Healthcare & Medicine / Antimicrobial & Antibiotic Resistance / Bacterial Genomes: Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens / What are the Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance? (futurelearn.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most relevant mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle, and the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes presents a significant health issue in both veterinary and human fields. (bvsalud.org)
  • The genomic interval is predicted to contain 36 candidate genes, including several known to be directly related to plant defense against pathogens. (researchsquare.com)
  • Background Predicting antibiotic resistance before it emerges at clinical settings constitutes a novel approach for preventing and fighting resistance of bacterial pathogens. (us.es)
  • To analyse the possibility that novel plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance determinants (Qnr) can emerge and disseminate among bacterial pathogens, we searched the presence of those elements in nearly 1000 bacterial genomes and metagenomes. (us.es)
  • In this study, we determined the fitness effects of the major antibiotic resistance plasmid pOXA-48_K8 in wild-type, ecologically compatible enterobacterial isolates from the human gut microbiota. (nature.com)
  • Our results show that although pOXA-48_K8 produced an overall reduction in bacterial fitness, it produced small effects in most bacterial hosts, and even beneficial effects in several isolates. (nature.com)
  • Surface swabs were tested for lytic phages and bacterial isolates for mitomycin C-inducible prophages. (mdpi.com)
  • Two-hundred and thirty enterococcal isolates from pigs (207 isolates), chickens (15 isolates) and humans (eight isolates) were phenotypically and genotypically tested for resistance to vancomycin by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (ac.ir)
  • Of the total isolates, 19% were phenotypically resistant to vancomycin, while nearly 15% contained either vanC1 or vanC2 gene. (ac.ir)
  • Furthermore, detection of vanC genes in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates is important as it suggests that resistance to vancomycin in non-motile enterococci can be encoded by several mechanisms. (ac.ir)
  • Notably, these two isolates were found to harbor a 50 kbp putative mobile genomic island encoding translocation and efflux functions that has not been observed in other Listeria genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ABSTRACT The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates harbouring the bla gene that encodes for carbapenemase production have complicated the management of patient infections. (who.int)
  • This study in a tertiary care hospital in Egypt used real-time PCR assay to test ertapenem-nonsusceptible isolates of K. pneumoniae for the presence of the bla gene and compared the results with modified Hodge test. (who.int)
  • The high prevalence of ertapenem nonsusceptibility at a tertiary care hospital in Egypt was predominantly attributed to K. pneumoniae carbapenemase-mediated resistance mechanisms in K. pneumoniae isolates. (who.int)
  • In addition, this enhanced dose would deal with the relative resistance of enterococcal isolates that have been previously exposed to vancomycin. (medscape.com)
  • Baucheron S, Tyler S, Boyd D, Mulvey MR, Chaslus-Dancla E, Cloeckaert A: AcrAB-TolC directs efflux-mediated multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium DT104. (karger.com)
  • The accumulation of heavy metal resistance genes and a multidrug-resistance region in an environmental bacterial isolate could indicate a reservoir of heavy metal resistance genes which may aid in the persistence of multidrug-resistance bacteria in the environment. (confex.com)
  • Increasing multidrug resistance in Enterococcus faecalis, a nosocomial opportunist and common cause of bacterial endocarditis, emphasizes the need for alternative therapeutic approaches such as immunotherapy or immunoprophylaxis. (jci.org)
  • A single synonymous mutation was sufficient to alter the substrate specificity of a multidrug resistance phenotype in mammalian cells [8].Synonymous mutations affect the stability of mRNA secondary structure in mammals [9]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • for example, the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance encoding qnrA gene originated from the chromosomes of the aquatic bacterium Shewanella algae ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Bacteriophage transduction is the major mechanism of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among many bacteria. (bvsalud.org)
  • The evidence for horizontal gene transfer is accumulating. (gmwatch.org)
  • The researchers investigated the survival of DNA from transgenic maize and the transfer of the antibiotic resistance bla gene to bacteria in the presence of saliva, rumen fluid and silage effluent, which are relevant to horizontal gene transfer in the oral cavity, the rumen, and in silage. (gmwatch.org)
  • E. coli strain DH5a was the test micro-organism for horizontal gene transfer. (gmwatch.org)
  • In summary, horizontal gene transfer can occur before the DNA is completely broken down, even when the breakdown is rapid, as in the rumen or in silage. (gmwatch.org)
  • DNA breakdown is extremely slow in saliva, and hence the oral cavity will be a very important site for horizontal gene transfer. (gmwatch.org)
  • These exchanges take place through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms [2] (conjugation, transformation, transduction, transposition ) (Figures 2 and 3). (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
  • Conclusion Altogether, the data presented in our work support the notion that predictive studies on antibiotic resistance are feasible, using currently available information on bacterial genomes and with the aid of bioinformatic and functional tools. (us.es)
  • The challenge of detecting indels in bacterial genomes from short-read sequencing data. (cdc.gov)
  • Southern blots confirmed the presence of a single copy Shiva-1 gene integrated into the genomes of individual transgenic plants. (lsu.edu)
  • How bacterial cyclases recognize phage infection is not known. (bvsalud.org)
  • Consistent with these in vitro findings, phage treatment did not reduce bacterial burdens in a neutropenic mouse S. aureus thigh infection model. (bvsalud.org)
  • This article is about treatment of bacterial infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plant bacterial challenge suggested that the R1 transgenic plants exhibit delayed symptoms, reduced disease severity and mortality after infection with Pseudomonas solenacearum, when compared to control plants. (lsu.edu)
  • resistance associated with clinical treatment failure has been reported previously in only one person, who probably acquired the infection in the Philippines (3-5). (cdc.gov)
  • Prophage-encoded phage resistance systems such as abortive infection system (Abi), confer to the host resistance to phage infection, thus increasing its overall fitness. (ucc.ie)
  • To identify Escherichia coli genes potentially regulated by filamentous phage infection, we used oligonucleotide microarrays. (lu.se)
  • The analysis revealed altered transcription levels of 12 E. coli genes in response to phage infection, and the observed regulation of phage genes correlated with the known in vivo pattern of M13 mRNA species. (lu.se)
  • Another well-known example is the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) encoding bla CTX-M gene, which originates from chromosomal genes of environmental Kluyvera species ( 8 ) and has emerged as the most prevalent cause of plasmid-mediated ESBL. (cdc.gov)
  • More than 60 bacterial species have been shown to take up and incorporate DNA (undergo transformation). (gmwatch.org)
  • 2011 ). Both genes encode canonical nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (NLR) receptors that trigger a hypersensitive response against multiple species of RKN. (researchsquare.com)
  • The protein encoded by Ptr1 has little similarity to RPS2 or Mr5, which suggests that Ptr1 is a third example of convergent evolution in different plant species for recognition of AvrRpt2. (cornell.edu)
  • The authors wish to correct an improper bacterial species designation in the original article. (usuhs.edu)
  • The current report is the first report on the detection of vanC1 and vanC2 genes in one enterococcal species with pig origin. (ac.ir)
  • To survive, they develop genetic and biochemical mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, which have spread widely between species due to their frequent genetic exchanges. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • Some human CNVs have been linked with susceptibility or resistance to disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The effect of PAD2 mutations on the susceptibility of A. thaliana to bacterial diseases is reported. (genscript.com)
  • 2006]. Patients with XLA have decreased number of mature B cells and lack of all immunoglobulin isotypes causing susceptibility to severe bacterial infections [Reviewed in Lindvall et al. (lu.se)
  • Hata M, Suzuki M, Matsumoto M, Takahashi M, Sato K, Ibe S, Sakae K: Cloning of a novel gene for quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid in Shigella flexneri 2b. (karger.com)
  • Functional studies of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Smqnr gene show that plasmid-encoded SmQnr confers quinolone resistance upon its expression in a heterologous host. (us.es)
  • this role has now been passed on to other penicillins, namely cloxacillin, as well as genetic testing for the presence of mecA gene by PCR. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antimicrobial drug resistance is now considered a global health security challenge of the 21st century, and this heterogeneous group of microorganisms represents a significant part of this public health issue.The presence of the same resistant genes in unrelated bacterial genera indicates a complex history of genetic interactions. (nih.gov)
  • and during this study the genetic characterisation of ESBLs genes was investigated. (who.int)
  • Here we describe our studies on the genetic organization of phages infecting Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen of human importance, by using an assembly of tools for gene annotation, identification of expression components, and phylogeny analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • As with all types of genetic variation, CNVs may influence phenotypic variation and gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, CNVs are considered likely major sources of genetic variation, and may influence phenotypic variation and gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Host genetic resistance is considered the most economical and environmentally friendly method for controlling RKNs in the field (Starr et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • Limited work has been done in cucumber or other cucurbit crops on the genetic and molecular basis of RKN resistances. (researchsquare.com)
  • As plant genetic engineering has "advanced" the crucial active domains of toxins, and enzyme are "improved" to such an extent that the gene for the original source protein is hardly recognizable. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Bacteria can become resistant to the antibiotic either as the result of a spontaneous mutation or by picking up an appropriate "resistance gene" (which codes for a protein that confers resistance) from another bacterium via genetic exchange. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • The acquisition of new antibiotic resistance may be linked to mutations (see Genetic Polymorphism and Variation ) affecting the properties or level of expression of resistance genes. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • However, plasmid fitness effects in wild-type bacterial hosts remain largely unexplored. (nature.com)
  • In this study, we provide a detailed characterisation of the distribution of plasmid fitness effects in wild-type bacterial hosts. (nature.com)
  • ANGIE P cell line also contains an MLV-based retroviral vector (GA-1), which encodes a wild-type bacterial beta-galactosidase gene (lacZ) and a neomycin phosphotransferase gene. (wvu.edu)
  • Foram detectadas vinte cepas produtoras de ESBL, entre as quais Escherichia coli (n=9), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=7), Klebsiella oxytoca (n=2) e Enterobacter aerogenes (n=2), que foram posteriormente analisadas quanto a suas características de transferência de resistência, perfil plasmidial e natureza dos genes de resistência. (scielo.br)
  • According to China antimicrobial resistance surveillance system in the first half of 2018, the ciprofloxacin-resistant rate was 57.8% for Escherichia coli , 35.4% for Klebsiella spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Do stewardship interventions targeting antibiotic prescribing in primary care have an effect on antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli bloodstream infections between 2013-2018? (amrtraining.ac.uk)
  • A pCb plasmid encoding a beta-lactamase from Haemophilus ducreyi was transferred to Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. (lu.se)
  • Investigation of the associations between the acquisitions of the bla CTX-M and qnr genes showed that acquisition of a bla CTX-M gene was not associated with that of a qnrB (p = 0.305) or qnrS (p = 0.080) gene. (cdc.gov)
  • Acquisition of resistance genes has proven to be difficult to characterize and is largely uncontrollable in the environment. (karger.com)
  • As they report in the journal Molecular Cell, he and his team have used high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy to obtain novel insights into the ultrastructural changes in an intracellular machine associated with the acquisition of resistance to the antibiotic erythromycin. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • It may also be the consequence of the acquisition of new resistance genes. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • Antimicrobial drug resistance is a public health threat worldwide that limits clinical treatment options for bacterial infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Resistance to quinolones limits drug selection for treatment of many infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Currently the rate of fungal infections across the globe is increasing and given increasing rates of resistance to a limited number of treatment options, new anti-fungal agents are desperately needed. (mtsu.edu)
  • Pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae can cause respiratory and urinary tract infections and the presence of resistance genes may make treatment of such infections more difficult. (confex.com)
  • It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections , and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Des isolats suspects de Staphylococcus ont d'abord été identifiés par l'analyse biochimique classique, puis les souches confirmées par amplification en chaîne par polymérase (29 isolats de S. aureus et 17 isolats de S. saprophyticus) ont été analysées pour déterminer leur sensibilité aux différents antimicrobiens. (who.int)
  • Plasmid persistence in bacterial populations is strongly influenced by the fitness effects associated with plasmid carriage. (nature.com)
  • To fully understand plasmid persistence in natural bacterial populations, it will be necessary to address these limitations. (nature.com)
  • In this study, we mapped the mj resistance locus to a 148-kb interval on cucumber chromosome 1 by phenotyping a recombinant inbred line (RIL) and targeted backcross populations. (researchsquare.com)
  • Though mj resistance is ineffective against SRKN, it is still a valuable trait that could help cucumber producers manage JRKN populations in the field. (researchsquare.com)
  • Error-prone DNA synthesis by retroviral reverse transcriptases (RTs) is a major contributor to variation in retroviral populations generating mutants that exhibit altered host tropisms, resistance to antiviral drugs, and the ability to escape the host's immune system. (wvu.edu)
  • The nptII gene in transgenic potato plants coding for kanamycin resistance, transforms naturally competent cells of the soil bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri and Acinetobacter BD413 (both harboring a plasmid with an nptII gene containing a small deletion (hence nonfunctional) with the same high efficiency as nptII genes on plasmid DNA ( 3x10-5 -1x10-4) despite the presence of a more than 106 fold excess of plant DNA. (gmwatch.org)
  • The exopolysaccharide genes such as pilB, pslA, lecA, ureB and alginate genes are responsible for the formation of pseudomonas biofilms. (ukessays.com)
  • Plasmid is a short, naturally occurring extra chromosomal , usually circular, double stranded DNA molecule that replicate, autonomously and lead an independent existence in Bacterial cell. (biotechfront.com)
  • Moreover, novel molecular players were identified revealing the importance of chromosomal genes for general stress response (pH tolerance), and the relevance of plasmid-encoded genes for beer-specific stress response (such as tolerance to hop compounds). (ucc.ie)
  • This analysis allowed the identification of a chromosomal gene encoding a presumed manganese transporter involved in low pH tolerance in Lb. brevis. (ucc.ie)
  • Moreover, compared with other phenotypic resistance patterns, bacteremia caused by FQR E. coli and Klebsiella spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plasmid DNA exposed to saliva for 24h was still capable of transforming E. coli to ampicillin resistance, but at low efficiency: 20 cfu (colony forming units) per ml compared with 1.6 x103 cfu per ml after 24h in sterile water. (gmwatch.org)
  • Two nucleotides were different between the E. coli (Tn3) and H. ducreyi (pCb) genes that affected the amino-acid sequence. (lu.se)
  • No genes belonging to any known E. coli stress response pathways were scored as upregulated. (lu.se)
  • Quinolones resistance in Salmonella spp. (scielo.br)
  • Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials has become one of the greatest challenges for clinical microbiologists and healthcare practitioners worldwide. (karger.com)
  • Data are lacking on the prevailing pneumococcal axone and levofloxacin was done fol owing the method serotypes in the Philippines, including their resistance to described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Insti- specific antimicrobials. (who.int)
  • The drug-induced stalling allows for a change in the structural conformation of the mRNA, which in turn, unmasks a ribosome-binding site downstream, enabling the nucleotide sequence that encodes the resistance factor itself to be translated. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Here we show that staphylococcal phages produce a structured RNA transcribed from the terminase subunit genes, termed CBASS-activating bacteriophage RNA (cabRNA), which binds to a positively charged surface of the CdnE03 cyclase and promotes the synthesis of the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP to activate the CBASS immune response. (bvsalud.org)
  • A Clostridioides difficile bacteriophage genome encodes functional binary toxin-associated genes. (cdc.gov)
  • One of the variant forms of a gene at a particular locus, or location, on a chromosome. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The locus of the psl polysacchide genes encode the cells to adhere to a surface and thus maintaining the biofilm structure. (ukessays.com)
  • Expression of PBPA2 confers resistance to all β-lactams. (wikipedia.org)
  • In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF ( dltX ) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. (frontiersin.org)
  • We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX , without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. (frontiersin.org)
  • The isolate also contains a plasmid with a chromate resistance gene ( chrA ) adjacent to an arsenic resistance operon. (confex.com)
  • Upstream of the arsenic resistance operon is a heavy metal response regulator gene followed by genes that confer resistance to heavy metals: copper, lead, cadmium, zinc, and mercury. (confex.com)
  • Here, using mutation analyses and complementation, we demonstrated that both the ebp (encoding endocarditis and biofilm-associated pili) operon and srtC are important for biofilm production of E. faecalis strain OG1RF. (jci.org)
  • These biologically important surface pili, which are antigenic in humans during endocarditis and encoded by a ubiquitous E. faecalis operon, may be a useful immunotarget for studies aimed at prevention and/or treatment of this pathogen. (jci.org)
  • An infectious retrovirus vector has been used to transfer a bacterial gene encoding resistance to the neomycin analogue G418 into pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells present in explanted murine bone marrow tissue. (nature.com)
  • Within this plasmid approximately four thousand base pairs upstream of the IncN conjugative region, there is a multiresistance region encoding resistance to neomycin ( aph-(3')-I ) followed by genes that confer resistance to puromycin, streptomycin ( aada1 -like), spectinomycin ( aada1 -like), and trimethoprim ( dfr12 ). (confex.com)
  • These findings support the increasing evidence that travelers contribute to the spread of antimicrobial drug resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • Most research on antimicrobial drug resistance has been focused on resistance in clinically relevant pathogenic bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • These incoming bacteria often harbor antimicrobial drug resistance genes ( 10 ), which can be transferred to the indigenous microbial communities through HGT, where they may enrich the pool of available antimicrobial resistance elements in the gut microbiota. (cdc.gov)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to the N-acetyltransferase 8 (NAT8) gene product, which is a kidney and liver protein with homology to bacterial acetyltransferases involved in drug resistance. (novusbio.com)
  • To identify structural elements of murine leukemia virus (MLV) RT important for fidelity and drug-resistance in vivo, we developed a D17-based encapsidating cell line (ANGIE P) which is designed to express the amphotropic MLV envelope. (wvu.edu)
  • The report also includes a summary on the status of drug resistance for TB, HIV and malaria. (who.int)
  • Detection of vanC1 and vanC2 Genes in an Enterococcal Isolate and vanC Genes in non-Motile Enterococcus spp. (ac.ir)
  • Detection of van C1 and van C2 Genes in an Enterococcal Isolate and van C Genes in non-Motile Enterococcus spp. (ac.ir)
  • however, gene expression in eukaryotes is more complicated because of the temporal and spatial separation between the processes of transcription and translation. (pressbooks.pub)
  • STAT5B acts as a part of the growth hormone signalling pathway leading to stimulation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene transcription [Woelfle et al. (lu.se)
  • This approach affords an efficient and rapid means of re-introducing genetically modified tissue into intact organisms and provides a system whereby the expression and regulation of cloned genes can be followed within the context of a well characterized developmental programme. (nature.com)
  • Mulligan, R. C. Experimental Manipulation of Gene Expression (ed. (nature.com)
  • A heritable chemical modification of DNA (replacement of cytosine by 5-methyl cytosine) that, when present in a control region, usually suppresses expression of the corresponding gene. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Expression of a (trans)gene in a tissue where, or developmental stage when, such expression is not expected. (nationalacademies.org)
  • As expected, addition of starch induced the expression of amyE encoding amylase and increased amylase activity in fermentation solution. (hindawi.com)
  • At the molecular level, it was found that replacement of glucose by starch has enhanced the relative expression level of ccpA encoding catabolite control protein A. Therefore, the repression of starch utilization by glucose could be probably relieved. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, use of starch stimulated the expression of regulatory gene spo0A but repressed the expression of another regulatory gene abrB . (hindawi.com)
  • As a result, the expression of genes directly involved in colistin biosynthesis and secretion increased, indicating that at the transcriptional level spo0A and abrB played opposite roles in regulating colistin biosynthesis in P. polymyxa . (hindawi.com)
  • Taken together, our data demonstrated that starch instead of glucose can promote colistin production probably by affecting the expression of colistin biosynthesis-related genes, as well as reducing the repression of glucose to a secondary metabolic product. (hindawi.com)
  • The expression of abrB itself is negatively controlled by Spo0A, another DNA-binding protein, encoded by spo0A [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Copy number variations (CNVs) can create new genes, change gene dosage, reshape gene structures, and modify elements regulating gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CNVs also have an impact on fitness and gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Essentially all commercial GM crops contain bacterial genes with codons altered to enhance the expression of transgenes in plants. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The expression of a gene is a highly regulated process. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Elucidating the mechanisms controlling gene expression is important to the understanding of human health. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Understanding the interaction between the gene expression of a pathogen and that of its human host is important for the understanding of a particular infectious disease. (pressbooks.pub)
  • These interactions lead to the expression of some genes and the suppression of others, depending on circumstances. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Thus, although most regulation of gene expression occurs through transcriptional control in prokaryotes, regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes occurs at the transcriptional level and post-transcriptionally (after the primary transcript has been made). (pressbooks.pub)
  • A mutation in Arabidopsis that leads to constitutive expression of systemic acquired resistance. (springer.com)
  • Ptr1 was identified by cloning of candidate NLR-encoding genes located in the Ptr1 region and testing using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana glutinosa identified one gene for the ability to activate the plant immune system in response to AvrRpt2 in the presence of tomato Rin4. (cornell.edu)
  • The leader peptides regulate the expression of the downstream resistance gene in response to the presence of the drug. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Northern analyses verified that the expression of the gene could be triggered by mechanical and pathogen-induced wounding. (lsu.edu)
  • In this research project we try to quantify the gene expression of the above genes pilB, pslA, lecA, ureB using rpoD as the house keeping gene. (ukessays.com)
  • The gene expression is quantified using real time PCR. (ukessays.com)
  • The results from the planktonic and biofilm gene expression results are compared. (ukessays.com)
  • The bla gene originates from the cloning vector PUC18 and is not expressed in maize, but has bacterial regulatory sequences that would allow it to become functional were it to be transferred back into bacteria. (gmwatch.org)
  • The following PAD2 gene cDNA ORF clone sequences were retrieved from the NCBI Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq). (genscript.com)
  • These sequences represent the protein coding region of the PAD2 cDNA ORF which is encoded by the open reading frame (ORF) sequence. (genscript.com)
  • Our work mapped the taxonomic distribution of protein sequences in the AA7 family and revealed a striking high proportion of sequences encoded by major plant pathogenic fungi and Oomycetes," said Maher Abou Hachem, Professor of Biotechnology and Biomedicine at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). (lu.se)
  • Frasson I, Cavallaro A, Bergo C, Richter SN, Palu G: Prevalence of aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr plasmid-mediated and chromosome-encoded fluoroquinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Italy. (karger.com)
  • This gene is localized on chromosome 2 in the vicinity of the NAT8 gene and may represent a pseudogene of NAT8. (novusbio.com)
  • Plasmid is naturally found in cytoplasm, seperately from the main bacterial chromosome and are much smaller incomparision. (biotechfront.com)
  • Also able to replicate by inserting them into bacterial chromosome and may be stably maintained in this form through numerous cell division, but show independent existence at some stage. (biotechfront.com)
  • Reporting susceptibilities to various quinolones provides the information necessary to choose an appropriate therapy that will minimize the selection of mutations leading to resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • The number and location of mutations affecting critical sites determine the level of resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • Many resistant organisms have multiple enzyme target site, porin, and efflux mutations, producing high-level resistance to quinolones. (cdc.gov)
  • If one of these mutations happens to be at a location of a gene that encodes for a protein that is the target of an antibiotic, then sometimes these mutations mean that the antibiotic can no longer bind to the target. (futurelearn.com)
  • This gene contains two polymorphic nonsense mutations that disrupt the active site of the protein. (novusbio.com)
  • Synonymous mutations in the HIV gene Rev enhance HIV-1 replication, providing resistance to the drug enfuvirtide [6]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Similarly, all cells in two pure bacterial cultures inoculated from the same starting colony contain the same DNA, with the exception of changes that arise from spontaneous mutations. (pressbooks.pub)
  • X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene coding for Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) [Väliaho et al. (lu.se)
  • ZAP-70 deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) caused by mutations in the gene coding for T cell receptor z-chain associated protein kinase [ Chan et al. (lu.se)
  • Noonan syndrome (NS) is caused by mutations in PTPN11 , a gene encoding the nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. (lu.se)
  • Mutations in the PIK3R1 gene encoding phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) have been found to cause severe insulin resistance [Baynes et al. (lu.se)
  • 1997]. Mutations in the STAT1 gene cause complete STAT1 deficiency. (lu.se)
  • However, a vast and largely unexplored reservoir of resistance genes is present in nonpathogenic bacteria living in the environment or as commensal agents ( 1 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These examples do not necessarily replicate plasmid fitness effects in natural bacterial hosts, which remain largely unexplored. (nature.com)
  • Morphogenesis is a Phase 2/3 clinical-stage biotechnology company developing novel personalized cancer vaccines and tumor microenvironment modulators to overcome primary and acquired resistance to immunotherapies. (tmcnet.com)
  • CohBar (NASDAQ: CWBR) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company leveraging the power of the mitochondria and the peptides encoded in its genome to develop potential breakthrough therapeutics targeting chronic and age-related diseases with limited to no treatment options. (tmcnet.com)
  • this was also the case for genes involved in disease and defense. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To spread, transposons must integrate into target sites without disruption of essential genes while avoiding host defense systems. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results clearly indicated that genes known to be part of the defense pathways described in other insects are also involved in the response of B. tabaci to parasitization by E. mundus. (huji.ac.il)
  • The defense response in B. tabaci involves genes related to the immune response as described in model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster. (huji.ac.il)
  • In order to obtain field tolerance to glyphosate herbicide, a bacterial gene encoding a glyphosate-tolerant form of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) was introduced into the cotton genome by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. (cbd.int)
  • It confirmed that the enzyme belonged to a class A beta-lactamase which had 99% identity to the ampicillin resistance transposon Tn3 of pBR322. (lu.se)
  • Moreover, genomic results showed a link between pOXA-48_K8 fitness effects and bacterial phylogeny, helping to explain plasmid epidemiology. (nature.com)
  • This types of plasmid carry genes that allow the host bacterium to metabolize unusual substances like Toluene and salicylic acid. (biotechfront.com)
  • A. Conjugative plasmid - This plasmid contain tra gene for conjugation and transfer of plasmid to another bacterium (tra+, mob+). (biotechfront.com)
  • 4. The recipient bacterium has acquired new plasmid genes and is itself becoming a donor bacterium. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • 5. the virus transmits the fragment of the bacterial genome from the donor bacterium to the recipient bacterium. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
  • These downregulated genes are normally part of the host stress response mechanisms that protect the bacterium during conditions of acid stress and stationary phase transition. (lu.se)
  • PAD2 encodes a gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase involved in glutathione synthesis. (genscript.com)
  • These results establish a sensitive in vivo assay for identification of structural determinants important for accuracy of DNA synthesis as well as dug-resistance and indicate that several structural determinants may have an effect on the in vivo fidelity of MLV RT. (wvu.edu)
  • Potential for intercontinental transfer of antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria in the microbiota necessitates studies that focus on the antimicrobial resistance of the gut microbiome as a whole, the so-called "gut resistome," by using culture-independent metagenomic approaches ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Prompt reporting of resistance reduces the risk of complications of illnesses caused by inadvertent treatment of resistant organisms. (cdc.gov)
  • The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in clinics and in the environment is a growing concern because plasmid encoded genes that confer antibiotic resistance are becoming more prevalent in gram-negative bacteria. (confex.com)
  • Insect-resistant maize line CG00526-176 contains three bacterial genes: the cry1A(b) specific to lepidopterans, the bar gene conferring tolerance to glufosinate, and a bla gene encoding TEM-1 b-lactamase (ampicillin resistance). (gmwatch.org)
  • We also conducted histological comparisons of nematode development in mj resistant and susceptible lines, providing evidence that the mechanism of action for this gene may be different from that of known RKN resistance genes. (researchsquare.com)
  • A brief look at an example of penicillin resistance reveals the increase in the frequency of antibiotic-resistant organisms since the time when antibiotic use became common. (icr.org)
  • 1] In 1980 it was estimated that 3-5% of S. pneumoniae were penicillin-resistant and by 1998, 34% of the S. pneumoniae sampled were resistant to penicillin.1 Antibiotic resistance by other organisms reflects the same trend observed between S. pneumoniae and penicillin. (icr.org)
  • The researchers had previously shown that the signal peptide encoded by the ermBL mRNA does not interact directly with erythromycin. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Ptr1 detection of AvrRpt2 activity suggests it likely encodes an NLR protein or possibly a guardee such as RIN4. (cornell.edu)
  • The observations presented herein exemplify the difficulties in understanding and controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistance. (karger.com)
  • The sequence of the beta-lactamase gene was also determined. (lu.se)
  • So far, colistin has been best characterized with respect to its structure and biosynthesis, antibacterial mechanism and bacterial resistance, and toxicity and derivatives. (hindawi.com)
  • These two genes play opposite roles in regulation of colistin production. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, a dramatic fruit size change due to a CNV with an insertion of 6-8 kb that affected gene regulation, was described during tomato breeding [ 27 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene regulation involves a complex web of interactions within a given cell among signals from the cell's environment, signalling molecules within the cell, and the cell's DNA. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Incorporating our fitness results into a simple population dynamics model revealed a new set of conditions for plasmid stability in bacterial communities, with plasmid persistence increasing with bacterial diversity and becoming less dependent on conjugation. (nature.com)
  • All current GM crops use protein coding genes from bacteria that have been altered by introducing synonymous codons, replacing plant-preferred codons for the bacterial codons in order to enhance the production of protein from the transgenes. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • In synthesizing transgenes for GM crops, say, a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry toxin gene, a table of plant preferred codons is used to substitute for the bacterial codons [3]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The Introduction of a Gene Encoding a Novel Peptide Into Plants to Increase Plant Bacterial Resistance. (lsu.edu)
  • Comparative studies show that Shiva-1 is more effective in this bacteriolytic activity than Cecropin B. The gene for Shiva-1 was chemically synthesized and cloned into the binary vector Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404/pBI121 under the control of a wound-inducible plant promoter. (lsu.edu)
  • Nagpala, Pablito Garcia, "The Introduction of a Gene Encoding a Novel Peptide Into Plants to Increase Plant Bacterial Resistance. (lsu.edu)
  • Bacterial growth in beer is often attributed to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that are found in many environments, yet are commonly associated with plant material. (ucc.ie)