• Yolk catabolism initiates at cellularization in Drosophila melanogaster embryos. (harvard.edu)
  • Her main work with bicaudal allowed her to publish a paper in 1977, "Genetic analysis of pattern-formation in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster. (wepapers.com)
  • They are important for embryo development in Drosophila melanogaster . (enzyme-database.org)
  • In one dramatic example in the \textit{Drosophila melanogaster} embryo, the epithelial tissue that will give rise to the body of the adult animal elongates more than two-fold along the head-to-tail axis in less than an hour. (aps.org)
  • The armadillo (Arm) repeat is an approximately 40 amino acid long tandemly repeated sequence motif first identified in the Drosophila melanogaster segment polarity gene armadillo involved in signal transduction through wingless. (embl.de)
  • One species of Drosophila in particular, D. melanogaster , has been heavily used in research in genetics and is a common model organism in developmental biology . (wn.com)
  • The terms "fruit fly" and " Drosophila " are often used synonymously with D. melanogaster in modern biological literature. (wn.com)
  • The hedgehog gene ( hh ) was observed in fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ) in 1980, and later in vertebrates in 1993. (asu.edu)
  • Embryos with strongly disrupted apico-basal polarity do not develop, and result in lethal mutant phenotypes where only small pieces of cuticle are synthesized. (peerj.com)
  • Genetic analysis has uncovered that genes necessary for epithelial polarity code for cytoskeletal proteins and their regulators, like the par-3 protein Bazooka ( Kuchinke, Grawe & Knust, 1998 ) or the EGF and laminin domains-containing protein Crumbs ( Tepass, Theres & Knust, 1990 ). (peerj.com)
  • By regulating filamentous actin, Cdc42 and Rac exert a profound effect on cell shape, polarity, migration, cell:cell and cell:matrix adhesion, protein traffic, and cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • First elucidated in fruit flies, the protein product of the PTCH1 gene is important in determining segment polarity of wings and limbs (anterior-posterior relationships in developing embryos). (medscape.com)
  • If Extramacrochaetae par-ticipates in cell specification by dimerizing with basic-region-helix-loop-helix proteins, the variety of defects and tissues affected by the insufficiency of extramacrochaetae suggests that helix-loop-helix proteins are involved in many embryonic developmental processes. (biologists.com)
  • To better understand this control, we profiled translational efficiencies and poly(A)-tail lengths throughout Drosophila oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. (elifesciences.org)
  • Embryonic defects are much more extreme in germline clones, where the majority of mutant embryos die during embryogenesis and do not form cuticle, implying a strong chem maternal contribution. (peerj.com)
  • During embryonic morphogenesis, the myosin II motor protein generates forces that help to shape tissues, organs, and the overall body form. (aps.org)
  • In an experiment that injected cells with GSC and observed the effects of uninjected cells, GSC recruited neighboring uninjected cells in the dorsal blastopore lip of the Xenopus gastrula to form a twinned dorsal axis, suggesting that the goosecoid protein plays a role in the regulation and migration of cells during gastrulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Xenopus, zebrafish, and Drosophila the major activation of zygotic transcription occurs as the cell cycle lengthens and gastrulation begins, a developmental period referred to as the midblastula transition. (elifesciences.org)
  • Beta-catenin participates in signal transduction and developmental patterning in Xenopus and Drosophila embryos as a component of the Wnt signaling pathway. (embl.de)
  • PP1 expression synergistically activates, and inhibition of PP1 inhibits, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in Drosophila and mammalian cells as well as in Xenopus embryos. (duke.edu)
  • In this study, we use anterior-posterior (AP) segmentation in the fruit fly ( Drosophila ) to understand how gene regulation dynamics control noise. (soton.ac.uk)
  • The bicoid gradient, which extends across the anterior-posterior axis of Drosophila embryos, organizes the head and thorax. (asu.edu)
  • Jumonji (JmjC) domain proteins (see Jarid2 ) influence gene expression and chromatin organization by way of histone demethylation, which provides a means to regulate the activity of genes across the genome. (sdbonline.org)
  • The group demonstrated that Shh gene expression occurs in the area of the margin of the developing limb bud, called the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), and in other regions of the chick embryo. (asu.edu)
  • She gained much knowledge on Drosophila genetics by Jeanette Holden, a renowned geneticist (Nobel, 1996). (wepapers.com)
  • These are generally recognized and assessed by the presence of marker proteins ( Muller & Wieschaus, 1996 ). (peerj.com)
  • Each target gene is expressed in a region of the embryo with a boundary that corresponds to a specific structure. (livescience.com)
  • Driever, W. & Nüsslein-Volhard, C. A gradient of bicoid protein in Drosophila embryos. (nature.com)
  • Driever, W. & Nüsslein-Volhard, C. The bicoid protein determines position in the Drosophila embryo in a concentration-dependent manner. (nature.com)
  • One of the earliest AP patterning events is the anterior activation of the hunchback ( hb ) gene by the maternally-derived Bicoid (B cd ) protein gradient. (soton.ac.uk)
  • They focused on one protein, Bicoid (Bcd), which is expressed in a gradient with highest levels at the end of the embryo that will become the mature fly's head. (livescience.com)
  • The dissertation topic focused on genetic patterns in Drosophila embryos and the various mutations that can occur throughout development (Resnik 2012). (wepapers.com)
  • Around 60-80% of cases1 are caused by mutations of the gene that encodes optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1), a protein that has a key role in inner mitochondrial membrane fusion and remodelling of cristae and is crucial for the dynamic organization and regulation of mitochondria2. (bvsalud.org)
  • A strong and high-shifting binding activity was detected in the extracts of zebrafish embryo (12 h after fertilization), and the expression of the activity dramatically decreased in 60 to 84-h-old zebrafish. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • In our research, we use the zebrafish embryo to investigate how intercellular Wnt protein transport is regulated and how signals are subsequently delivered to the target cell in a living vertebrate organism. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • The binding of 12-hr-old and 84-hr-old extracts to CPD- and 6-4PPs under various concentration of NaCl supported the possibility that different damage-recognition protein were expressed in zebrafish according to their developmental condition. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • The binding activity expressed in embryos was apparently unrelated to human DNA repair damage-recognition proteins XPA、RPA-70 and RPA-32, since those polypeptides recognized by an anti-human XPA、RPA-70 and RPA-32 antibody were detected only in 84-h-old zebrafish extracts. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • We have isolated a novel protein from Drosophila nuclear extracts which binds specifically to a site in this second region. (wikigenes.org)
  • Signaling genes necessary for orchestrating these processes (like the JNK pathway ( Rios-Barrera & Riesgo-Escovar, 2013 )) regulate cytoskeletal proteins, like the FERM-domain proteins Coracle ( Fehon, Dawson & Artavanis-Tsakonas, 1994 ) and Yurt ( Hoover & Bryant, 2002 ). (peerj.com)
  • Cell-type-specific interacting proteins collaborate to regulate the timing of Cyclin B protein expression in male meiotic prophase. (stanford.edu)
  • It is now clear that Armadillo and beta-catenin bind directly to members of the T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor subfamily of HMG box DNA-binding proteins, forming bipartite transcription factors that regulate Wingless/Wnt responsive genes in both Drosophila and vertebrates. (embl.de)
  • Wnt proteins regulate developmental processes, tissue regeneration and stem cell maintenance. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • The canonical TGFβ signalling pathway involves ligand-dependent assembly of a heteromeric receptor complex, receptor-kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation and activation of SMAD proteins, which are transcriptional regulators that consequently accumulate in the nucleus. (nature.com)
  • Rhomboid is a key regulator of EGF receptor signalling and is responsible for cleaving Spitz, the main ligand of the Drosophila EGF receptor pathway. (enzyme-database.org)
  • The Notch signaling pathway is a pathway in animals by which two adjacent cells within an organism use a protein named Notch to mechanically interact with each other. (asu.edu)
  • Toll pathway modulates TNF-induced JNK-dependent cell death in Drosophila . (sdbonline.org)
  • To identify novel regulators of JNK-dependent cell death, this study performed a dominant-modifier screen in Drosophila and found that the Toll pathway participates in JNK-mediated cell death. (sdbonline.org)
  • The hedgehog signaling pathway controls a wide range of developmental processes in the vertebrate embryo, and researchers found that dysfunction in the hedgehog signaling pathway leads to birth defects including extra digits, cyclopia with one eye and no forebrain, and cancers in adults and juveniles. (asu.edu)
  • Until the early 1990s, researchers studied the hh gene (the abbreviation for the hedgehog gene) in the Drosophila hedgehog pathway. (asu.edu)
  • Using a directed RNAi screen we find that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), a ubiquitous serine/threonine phosphatase, is a novel potent positive physiologic regulator of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. (duke.edu)
  • The hpRNA/RNAi Pathway Is Essential to Resolve Intragenomic Conflict in the Drosophila Male Germline. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • In mammals, PTCH1 is an important inhibitor in the so-called hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, whose downstream proteins can lead to cell growth. (medscape.com)
  • Figure 1: Classic models for lineage segregation in the early mouse embryo. (nature.com)
  • Louvet-Vallee, S., Vinot, S. & Maro, B. Mitotic spindles and cleavage planes are oriented randomly in the two-cell mouse embryo. (nature.com)
  • Piotrowska, K. & Zernicka-Goetz, M. Role for sperm in spatial patterning of the early mouse embryo. (nature.com)
  • GSC, along with other transcription factors like Twist, FOXC2, and Snail, induce epithelial to mesenchymal transitions by regulating the cell adhesion proteins E-cadherin, α-catenin and γ-catenin expression in epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • We identified a novel way of spreading Wnt proteins in vertebrates: Wnt molecules are mobilized on specific cell protrusions known as cytonemes. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • In mammalian cells, as many as twenty types of protein have been reported to bind to activated Cdc42 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Errors in the formation of goosecoid protein in mice and humans have a range of consequences on the developing embryo typically in regions of neural crest cell derivatives, the hip and shoulder joints, and craniofacial development. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mechanisms underlying the appearance of asymmetry between cells in the early embryo and consequently the specification of distinct cell lineages during mammalian development remain elusive. (nature.com)
  • Because maturing oocytes and early embryos lack appreciable transcription, posttranscriptional regulatory processes control their development. (elifesciences.org)
  • Fertilization also leads to changes in mRNA translation and protein stability, which support a period of development driven off of maternal stockpiles. (elifesciences.org)
  • Drosophila HB9 differs from its vertebrate orthologs in several ways: it is not expressed in all somatic motoneurons, it is expressed in a subset of interneurons, and it is required for the proper development of both interneurons and motoneurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • The first main topic is modeling, analysis, and discovery of Bone Morphogenetic Protein signaling networks in Drosophila stem cells maintenance and embryo development. (purdue.edu)
  • Reproducibility and determinacy of the spatial protein patterns preceding tissue differentiation is a critical aspect of development. (soton.ac.uk)
  • Recording and contextualizing the science of embryos, development, and reproduction. (asu.edu)
  • All multicellular animals utilize Notch signaling, which contributes to the formation, growth, and development of embryos (embryogenesis). (asu.edu)
  • The highly conserved family of Wnt proteins represents important regulators of cell behaviour, tissue development and homeostasis by inducing responses in a concentration-dependent manner. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • New York University biologists explored this process by studying the fruit fly Drosophila, a powerful model for studying genetic development as it is amenable to precise genetic manipulations. (livescience.com)
  • Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins maintain transcriptional repression throughout development, mostly by regulating chromatin structure. (sdbonline.org)
  • JmjC proteins have been associated with many human diseases including various cancers, developmental and neurological disorders, however, the shared biology and possible common contribution to organismal development and tissue homeostasis of all JmjC proteins remains unclear. (sdbonline.org)
  • About a quarter are required for viability, and functional screening of the rest revealed hits for fertility, development, locomotion, protein quality control and resilience to stress. (biorxiv.org)
  • Two such genes in Drosophila encode the enzymes dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) and tyrosine hydroxylase (ple) . (sdbonline.org)
  • When the iv mouse mutation was cloned, it was found to encode a molecular motor protein, an axonemal dynein, and was named lrd , for left-right dynein (human homolog is DNAH11 / DNAHC11 , Dynein heavy chain 11 , axonemal ). (medscape.com)
  • But some biologists have raised questions about the theory, which contends that physical features are necessarily tied to absolute concentrations of proteins within the morphogen gradient. (livescience.com)
  • All three proteins are expressed in gradients with highest levels in the middle part of the embryo, and thus are positioned in exactly the opposite orientation compared to the Bcd activation gradient. (livescience.com)
  • Thus, our results argue against the idea that the Dorsal gradient works as a global system of relative coordinates along the DV axis and suggest that individual targets respond to changes in embryo size in a gene-specific manner. (tamu.edu)
  • The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
  • Most species are within three major groups, the virilis-repleta radiation, the immigrans-tripunctata radiation and the Hawaiian Drosophila . (wn.com)
  • They then compared, across species, the sequences of the genes and the proteins made from the genes to determine the evolutionary relatedness of each hedgehog gene. (asu.edu)
  • The protein sequence of the Dhh protein in mice is the most closely related to the hh protein in Drosophila , indicating that it is the oldest and most conserved between species. (asu.edu)
  • The advent of genome sequencing revealed in humans and other species thousands of genes encoding proteins that had not been identified by previous biochemical or genetic studies. (biorxiv.org)
  • In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The available experimental data support the hypothesis that the cap cells(CpCs) at the anterior tip of the germarium form an environmental niche for germline stem cells (GSCs) of the Drosophila ovary. (biologists.com)
  • After this initial stage of maternal control, which lasts for 1-2 mitotic divisions in mammals and 13 mitotic divisions in Drosophila, widespread transcription begins from the zygotic nuclei ( Tadros and Lipshitz, 2009 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • In the early Drosophila embryo, nuclei divide within a syncytium yet invaginate cortical actin and membrane, encompassing them, in order to complete mitosis in close proximity to neighboring nuclei. (escholarship.org)
  • The adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein is also implicated in beta-catenin signaling. (embl.de)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Protein phosphatase 1 regulates assembly and function of the beta-catenin degradation complex. (duke.edu)
  • Drosophila embryogenesis has proven to be an extremely powerful system for developmental gene discovery and characterization. (peerj.com)
  • Spermatogenesis produces haploid sperm capable of penetrating the oocyte, whereas oogenesis produces differentiated oocytes that are stockpiled with maternal nutrients, proteins, and mRNAs, and have outer layers that protect the embryo and enable fertilization. (elifesciences.org)
  • The production of viable offspring requires three key developmental events: oocyte maturation, the oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET), and the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) ( Figure 1A ). (elifesciences.org)
  • These studies demonstrate that the early Drosophila embryo is primed to form furrows at either the overlapping astral microtubules or central spindle with the shift to the latter being driven in large part by a corresponding shift from maternal-to-zygotic forms of RhoGEF. (escholarship.org)
  • Immediately following fertilization, the fruit fly embryo undergoes 13 rapid, synchronous, syncytial nuclear division cycles driven by maternal genes and proteins. (vt.edu)
  • Centromere-associated protein-E (CENP-E) is an essential mitotic kinesin that is required for efficient, stable microtubule capture at kinetochores. (rupress.org)
  • The model distinguishes nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of the embryo and permits exploration of a variety of rules for protein transport between the compartments. (vt.edu)
  • Thus, in spite of proper localization of many key furrowing components to the central spindle in syncytial embryos, the failure of RhoGEF to localize to the central spindle may preclude formation of conventional cleavage furrows bisecting the spindle. (escholarship.org)
  • In support of this idea, we bypass the need for RhoGEF by injecting constitutively active Rho into the syncytial embryos. (escholarship.org)
  • Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of transcriptionally active SMAD complexes and gives rise to a plethora of specific functional responses in both embryos and adult organisms. (nature.com)
  • Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The analysis of Cdc42 and Rac function in evolutionarily distant organisms is useful as a tool to uncover the basic activities of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Numerical simulations reproduce the main features of wild-type mitotic cycles: patterns of protein accumulation and degradation, lengthening of later cycles, and arrest in interphase 14. (vt.edu)
  • After graduating, she soon became clear that her future research work will be to study the developmental genetics of Drosophila. (wepapers.com)
  • reveal that a scaffold formed by the proteins centrosomin and PLP is required to maintain the activity of interphase centrosomes, which is essential for nuclear spacing and proper chromosome segregation. (scivee.tv)
  • In this paper, we propose a dynamical model for the molecular events underlying these early nuclear division cycles in Drosophila. (vt.edu)
  • The data collected from the whole-exome sequencing, as well as the phenotypical presentation of SAMS, indicates that in mammals, the goosecoid protein is involved with the regulation and migration of neural crest cell fates and other mesodermal patterning, notably joints like the shoulders and hips. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rossant, J. & Vijh, K. M. Ability of outside cells from preimplantation mouse embryos to form inner cell mass derivatives. (nature.com)
  • Thus, Drosophila HB9 is required in a subset of motoneurons and interneurons for establishing proper axon projections but does not have a general role in distinguishing motoneuron and interneuron cell types. (jneurosci.org)
  • The DNA damage-recognition problem in human and other eukaryotic cell: the XPA damage binding protein. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Drosophila CIAPIN1 homologue is required for follicle cell proliferation and survival. (nih.gov)
  • Centrosomes undergo dramatic changes in size and structure during the rapid cell cycles of early Drosophila embryos. (scivee.tv)
  • To explore the mechanisms by which molecular-level myosin dynamics are translated into tissue-level elongation, we are using time-lapse confocal imaging to observe cell movements in embryos with altered myosin activity. (aps.org)
  • Previous work showed that the cell cycle regulator Cyclin B (CycB) is subject to translational repression in immature spermatocytes, mediated by the RNA-binding protein Rbp4 and its partner Fest. (stanford.edu)
  • Developmentally regulated alternate 3' end cleavage of nascent transcripts controls dynamic changes in protein expression in an adult stem cell lineage. (stanford.edu)
  • They determined that the hh gene encodes a family of hh proteins, which mediate both cell-to-cell interactions and has long-range effects in developing Drosophila embryos. (asu.edu)
  • Oxidative stress generated during such stressful conditions may damage DNA and proteins, and as a consequence the cellular processes are disturbed. (springer.com)
  • In embryos lacking the zygotic contribution of betaPS, loss of betanu resulted in enhanced separation between the midgut and the surrounding visceral mesoderm. (nih.gov)
  • These findings can be integrated in a new unified framework that regards the early mammalian embryo as a self-organizing system. (nature.com)
  • Identification and isolation of damage-recognition protein complexes from zebrafish(Danio rerio) early embryos. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Size-dependent regulation of dorsal-ventral patterning in the early Drosophila embryo. (tamu.edu)
  • Histone storage and deposition in the early Drosophila embryo. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Constam, D. B. & Robertson, E. J. Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein activity by pro domains and proprotein convertases. (nature.com)
  • This motif is found in Cdc42/Rac-associated proteins such as the protein kinases Pak, MRCK and Ack, the adaptor proteins Spec and WASP, and, in degenerate form, in the kinases MLK, Mekk4, adaptor Par6, scaffold protein IRSp53, and the Borg proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The molecular and mechanical mechanisms by which myosin drives this massive change in embryo shape are poorly understood. (aps.org)
  • In Drosophila males, meiotic prophase lasts 3.5 days, during which spermatocytes upregulate of over 1800 genes and grow 25-fold. (stanford.edu)
  • Here we show that the spermatocyte-specific protein Lut is required for translational repression of cycB in an 8-hour window just before spermatocytes are fully mature. (stanford.edu)
  • In addition, spermatocyte-specific isoforms of Syncrip (Syp) are required for expression of CycB protein in mature spermatocytes and normal entry into the meiotic divisions. (stanford.edu)
  • We identified >500 Drosophila genes that express mRNA isoforms with a long 3' UTR in proliferating spermatogonia but a short 3' UTR in differentiating spermatocytes due to APA. (stanford.edu)
  • Two bromodomain proteins functionally interact to recapitulate an essential BRDT-like function in Drosophila spermatocytes. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Analysis of the expression patterns, subcellular localisations and interaction partners of Drosophila proteins using a pigP protein trap library. (kit.jp)
  • DDB, a putative DNA repair protein, can function as a transcriptional partner of E2F1. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Genetic evidence points to critical roles for tetraspanins on oocytes during fertilization, in fungi during leaf invasion, in Drosophila embryos during neuromuscular synapse formation, during T and B lymphocyte activation, in brain function, and in retinal degeneration. (nih.gov)
  • We applied RNAi in Drosophila to 260 unknown genes that are conserved between flies and humans. (biorxiv.org)
  • Having generated the tools to eliminate integrin function completely, we confirm that Drosophila integrins do not control proliferation as they do in mammals, and have identified alphaPS3 as a heterodimeric partner for betanu. (nih.gov)
  • Thus a set of spermatocyte-specific regulators choreograph the timing of expression of CycB protein during male meiotic prophase. (stanford.edu)