• Sex determination involves three sex chromosomes: X (tied to females and ferms), Y (tied to males and merms), and Z (tied to herms in general). (stackexchange.com)
  • For example, an XYZ system didn't work, even if I employed a second pair of sex chromosomes (like the white-throated sparrow appears to be slowly evolving to), because every version resulted in either males/females or herms being unable to produce the other. (stackexchange.com)
  • Sex hormones and genes on the sex chromosomes are not only key factors in the regulation of sexual differentiation and reproduction but they are also deeply involved in brain homeostasis. (mdpi.com)
  • Within the spectrum of DSD, there are varying degrees of discordant genitalia to sex chromosomes. (medscape.com)
  • The Sex-determining Region Y ( Sry in mammals but SRY in humans) is a gene found on Y chromosomes that leads to the development of male phenotypes, such as testes. (asu.edu)
  • Studies by University of Kansas zoologist Clarence Erwin McClung in Lawrence, Kansas at the turn of the twentieth century helped researchers focus on the roles of chromosomes for sex determination. (asu.edu)
  • Sex is determined at the moment of conception by sex chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
  • If sex chromosomes are involved, there is a change in the development of sexual characteristics. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Further, QTL on LG23 and LG20 show a temperature-responsiveness with influence on the phenotypic sex relative to the sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a result, important data about its genome organization and evolution were obtained, such as the lesser gene density of the large metacentric pair compared with the other metacentric chromosomes, which supports the theory of a sex proto-chromosome pair. (metasystems-international.com)
  • Autosomes can be described as the non-sex chromosomes that play diverse roles in the human body like harboring genes for the body's metabolism, functioning, and growth. (biologyonline.com)
  • An autosome is defined as any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes . (biologyonline.com)
  • These chromosomes exist in pairs in the somatic cells in contrast to their solo presence in germinal or sex cells , i.e. gametes . (biologyonline.com)
  • Human autosomes , the non-sex human chromosomes, are integral components of the human genome . (biologyonline.com)
  • These chromosomes play a pivotal role in various aspects of human development, including metabolic pathways, cellular homeostasis , and genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)
  • These will promote testis differentiation and ultimately the production of hormones that will lead to male development and testicular function during adulthood. (benthamscience.com)
  • Second, networks of genes and hormones regulate the advancement of sex determination and gonad differentiation, known as the gonadal sex phase. (lidsen.com)
  • An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
  • This suggests a link between male-biased germline expression and sex differentiation in the sea lamprey. (nature.com)
  • For the first time, our research now suggests that the germline-specific region of the genome-the part jettisoned from somatic cells-holds the key to sea lamprey sex differentiation, and we propose a mechanism for how environmental and genetic factors might work together to control lamprey gonadal development. (nature.com)
  • Considering the different effects of ambra1a and ambra1b on sexual differentiation, we decided to investigate the role of Ambra1 in this process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNA molecules that can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and play a critical role in gonadal differentiation as well as early development of animals. (peerj.com)
  • Animal miRNA are involved in neuronal cell fate, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, aging, apoptosis and organ morphogenesis, suggest that miRNAs are particularly critical in the development, health, and aging of animals ( Ameres & Zamore, 2013 ). (peerj.com)
  • Gonads are the principal reproductive organs that are involved in sexual differentiation wherein they are involved in the production of sex hormones and gametes. (peerj.com)
  • [ 1 ] Differentiation of the primitive gonad into testis is controlled by a multitude of genes, beginning with the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome (SRY), which is believed to represent the testis-determining factor. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, the embryo has a bipotential gonad which may have a testicular or ovarian fate. (benthamscience.com)
  • We identified a mouse mutant that causes embryonic gonadal sex reversal: the development of ovaries in an XY embryo. (plos.org)
  • In some lower animals the amount of yolk is less in egg, so that the embryo hatches in earlier stages of development, called a larva. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Maternal effects mediated by egg quality in the Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis in relation to laying order and embryo sex. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The Sry protein is a transcription factor that can bind to regions of testis-specific DNA, bending specific DNA and activating or enhancing its abilities to promote testis formation, marking the first step towards male, rather than female, development in the embryo. (asu.edu)
  • Stevens's work identified the Y chromosome as a heritable structure that somehow caused sex determination in the embryo. (asu.edu)
  • An examination of embryo mortality rate studies was published in June 2017 by Dr. Gavin E. Jarvis in the Cambridge Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience. (catholicvoyager.com)
  • Androgens regulate the development of the embryo, determining whether it is a male or a female (male in the presence of androgens and female in the absence of androgens). (encyclopedia.com)
  • Female is the default sex of the embryo, so most of the sex organ deficits at birth occur in boys. (encyclopedia.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Monopterus albus is a hermaphroditic fish with sex reversal from ovaries to testes via the ovotestes in the process of gonadal development, but the molecular mechanism of the sex reversal was unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • On the C57BL/6J background, embryos homozygous for byg exhibit consistent XY gonadal sex reversal. (plos.org)
  • Finally, we provide evidence that haploinsufficiency for Map3k4 accounts for T-associated sex reversal ( Tas ). (plos.org)
  • Analysis of embryonic XY gonads suggests that sex reversal is caused by delayed and reduced expression of the sex-determining gene SRY . (plos.org)
  • Allelic variants in the amh gene demonstrated to be major triggers for autosomal and temperature-dependent sex reversal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study highlights the role of LG23 in sex determination, harbouring major determinants for temperature-dependent sex reversal in Nile tilapia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functional disomy of Xp including duplication of DAX1 gene with sex reversal due to t(X;Y)(p21.2;p11.3). (medscape.com)
  • 2009). These effects include changes in the concentration and ratios of sex steroid hormones (Landry et al. (researchgate.net)
  • N. von Engelhardt, C. Dijkstra, and S. Daan, "Effects of 17-beta-estradiol treatment of female zebra finches on offspring sex ratio and survival", HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR , vol. 45, 2004, pp. 306-313. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The role of steroid hormones in the adjustment of primary sex ratio in birds: compiling the pieces of the puzzle. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Hypogonadism is the condition in which the production of sex hormones and germ cells (sperm and eggs) is inadequate. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Along with producing eggs and sperm, they produce sex hormones that generate all the differences between men and women. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Hormones can be inadequate during or after each stage of development - embryonic and adolescent. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The organs affected principally by sex hormones are the male and female genitals, both internal and external, and the female breasts. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Physiology of gut carbonate production by marine fish - roles of hypoxia and sex hormones. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • On the other hand, male sex determination is triggered by sex-determining region Y (SRY), which is located on the Y chromosome and works as a master regulator, initiating SOX9 expression. (benthamscience.com)
  • In mammals, whether an individual develops as a male or female depends on its sex chromosome constitution: those with a Y chromosome become males because of the development of the embryonic gonad into a testis. (plos.org)
  • The sex chromosome combination, particularly the presence of a Y chromosome, triggers a male pattern of development while its absence promotes female development. (lidsen.com)
  • The SRY gene, located on the Y chromosome, provides instructions for making a protein called sex-determining region Y. This protein attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular genes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Without functional sex-determining region Y protein, a fetus will not develop testes but will develop female-typical internal and external reproductive structures, despite having an X and a Y chromosome . (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Sry gene, located on the short branch of the Y chromosome, initiates male embryonic development in the XY sex determination system. (asu.edu)
  • In humans the first step in the development of an organism's sex is the inheritance of an X chromosome from the mother, and either an X or Y chromosome from the father. (asu.edu)
  • Based upon her research on sex determination in insect species, Stevens concluded that the Y chromosome carries the genetic material that leads to male development. (asu.edu)
  • Starting in the early 1980s, research teams in London, UK led by Robin Lovell-Badge at the National Institute for Medical Research and Peter Goodfellow at the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute sought to identify the genes present on the Y chromosome that induced male development. (asu.edu)
  • That research showed that mutations in the Sry gene halted the embryonic development of testes, resulting in organisms that possessed a Y chromosome but expressed female phenotypic characteristics. (asu.edu)
  • On the other hand, it is an excellent model for the intriguing complexity of sex determination and early stage sex chromosome development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated MKK4, a direct target of MAP3K4, and activated p38 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of Sry expression. (plos.org)
  • If trade-offs exist between somatic growth and reproduction for this species, a reduction in the physiological condition of swamp fish should be accompanied by reduced development of reproductive tissue (gonad mass), as found in other fish (Wu et al. (researchgate.net)
  • Because sea lamprey sex ratios shifted from ~75% male to ~75% female following initiation of sea lamprey control, environmental sex determination (which has been observed in some fishes and many reptiles) was suggested previously, and a systematic and exhaustive analysis of the sea lamprey somatic genome, led by Dr. Phil Grayson (second author on this paper), found no evidence of genomic differences between males and females (Grayson et al. (nature.com)
  • A single cell of the somatic gonad, the anchor cell, organizes the development of the vulva from epidermal precursors as well as the physical connection of the epidermis with the uterus. (wormbook.org)
  • Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNAseq), we studied the development of ProSG, their SG descendants and testicular somatic cells during the perinatal period in mice. (biologists.com)
  • We also molecularly defined the development of Sertoli, Leydig and peritubular myoid cells during the perinatal period, allowing us to identify candidate signaling pathways acting between somatic and germ cells in a stage-specific manner during the perinatal period. (biologists.com)
  • Fish embryos go through a process called mid-blastula transition which is observed around the tenth cell division in some fish species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Embryogenesis or embryogeny may be defined as the formation and development of embryos. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Their embryos continue development until they attain a form resembling the adult. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Cadmium is one such contaminant of soils and water bodies known to affect DNA methylation, an epigenetic DNA modification with a key role in sexual development of TSD vertebrate embryos. (nsf.gov)
  • This occurs presumably because wider oscillations around cooler profiles expose embryos to very low temperatures that inhibit development, and to feminizing temperatures where most embryogenesis accrues. (nsf.gov)
  • Likewise, embryos incubated under broader fluctuations around warmer profiles experience mostly feminizing temperatures, some dangerously high (which increase mortality), and fewer colder values that are insufficient to induce male development. (nsf.gov)
  • Recording and contextualizing the science of embryos, development, and reproduction. (asu.edu)
  • Edmund Beecher Wilson experimented with Amphioxus (Branchiostoma) embryos in 1892 to identify what caused their cells to differentiate into new types of cells during the process of development. (asu.edu)
  • He observed that in the normal development of Amphioxus, all three main types of symmetry, or cleavage patterns observed in embryos, could be found. (asu.edu)
  • Robin Lovell-Badge and her team at the National Institute for Medical Research later confirmed Sry gene's role in sex determination in an experiment where researchers injected Sry gene sequences into chromosomally female (XX) mice embryos during early embryonic development, and the embryos developed into males. (asu.edu)
  • The demonstration by researchers that castrated rabbit embryos of both sexes developed as females proved that testes are required for development of the male phenotype in mammals. (medscape.com)
  • The development of the gonadal and reproductive tract (uterus and vagina in females, and seminal vesicles, prostate glands, and penis in males) starts around E10.5 in mice, and they are almost completely developed at birth. (lidsen.com)
  • Furthermore, in many fish species, low DO levels result in changes to energy allocation, leading to endocrine dis-ruption and the impairment of male reproductive processes (Wu et al. (researchgate.net)
  • Moreover, in agreement with the high expression of these genes in the testis and ovary, we found significant impairment of the reproductive process and pathological alterations, including tumors, mainly limited to the gonads. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These changes in signaling prevent the development of testes and allow the development of female reproductive structures. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In view of the known modulation of reproductive development by swimming exercise in other teleost species, we aimed at investigating the effects of sustained swimming on reproductive development in seabass males during the first year of life in order to determine if swimming could potentially reduce precocious sexual maturation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The development of the reproductive system is a part of prenatal development , and concerns the sex organs . (iiab.me)
  • Because its location, to a large extent, overlaps the urinary system , the development of them can also be described together as the development of the urinary and reproductive organs . (iiab.me)
  • This week, I spent a lot of time playing gene librarian and understanding the functions of each of these genes in the gonad or during embryogenesis, probable responses to low pH stress, and overlaps between other studies. (github.io)
  • The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
  • Our data indicate, for the first time, a requirement for MAPK signaling in the developing XY gonad in order to facilitate normal expression of SRY and the downstream testis-determining genes and also suggest that reduced dosage of MAP3K4 may be the cause of a previously described autosomal sex-reversing mutation in the mouse. (plos.org)
  • RNA-sequencing of sea lamprey gonads at different life-history stage identifies germline-specific genes which are highly expressed in males during spermatogenesis. (nature.com)
  • However in recent years with the development of epigenesis, genomic imprinting and the horizontal transferences of the genes, Lamarck's ideas have resurfaced. (intechopen.com)
  • The zebrafish genome contains two ambra1 paralogous genes ( a and b ), both involved in development and expressed at high levels in the gonads. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, candidate genes at these intervals harboring major and stable QTLs were predicted, and they were associated with plant development and water transportation in most cases. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Autosomal genes play a vital role in metabolic processes, regulating energy production, nutrient metabolism, and the synthesis of essential molecules which is discussed in detail in the next section of the article. (biologyonline.com)
  • Disruptions in autosomal genes involved in cellular homeostasis can lead to electrolyte imbalances, impaired cell signaling , and malfunctioning cellular processes. (biologyonline.com)
  • In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
  • In this review, we highlighted some of the main gene networks and regulatory mechanisms involved in the plasticity of sex-determining pathways that help to establish a functional ovary that can nurture the follicles to generate a good ovarian reserve, both in quantity and quality. (lidsen.com)
  • Interestingly, in the gonad, it is also the only gene that has been found expressed uniquely in the ovary compared to the testis, and likely functions as an antagonist of the testis-determining SOX9 in gonadal development [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The gonads present may be bilateral ovotestes, or they may be a combination of a unilateral ovary or testis with an ovotestis on the contralateral side. (medscape.com)
  • There are also developments of other tissues from the mesonephric duct that persist, e.g. the development of the suspensory ligament of the ovary . (iiab.me)
  • The gonads may be ovotestis, or they may be a combination of an ovary on one side and a testis or ovotestis on the other. (medscape.com)
  • Despite the requirement for a number of transcription factors and secreted signalling molecules in sex determination, intracellular signalling components functioning in this process have not been defined. (plos.org)
  • In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of ovarian sex determination and on understanding mutual cross-talks between central molecules in sex development which might impact fertility later in adult life. (lidsen.com)
  • Metabolic traits are another key factor, and they may trigger infertility, which can affect the normal development and function of the ovaries as well. (lidsen.com)
  • These individuals usually have a uterus and fallopian tubes, but their gonads (ovaries or testes) are not functional. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although this level of plasticity is still found in the fully differentiated gonads, errors like mutations or epigenetic modifications impact ovarian development and, later, folliculogenesis, resulting in infertility. (lidsen.com)
  • Ovotestis refers to the histology of a gonad that contains both ovarian follicles and testicular tubular elements. (medscape.com)
  • A diagnosis of OT-DSD is based solely on the presence of ovarian and testicular tissue in the gonad and not on the characteristics of the internal and external genitalia, even if ambiguous. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development are individuals who have both ovarian and testicular tissue. (medscape.com)
  • The presence of estradiol in developing ovarian follicles usually inhibits spermatogonia development in adjacent or contralateral seminiferous tubules. (medscape.com)
  • However, because of functioning normal ovarian tissue, most people experience breast development at puberty, and approximately two-thirds of those with a 46,XX peripheral karyotype menstruate. (medscape.com)
  • An important point to note here is that certain autosomes do play a role in phenotypic sex determination! (biologyonline.com)
  • So, we can't say that autosomes have no role in phenotypic sex determination in humans because they play an integral and indispensable role! (biologyonline.com)
  • Testis Physiology, Andrology: Current and Future Developments Biochemistry of Andrology (2017) 1: 6. (benthamscience.com)
  • Analysis of XY byg/byg gonads at 11.5 d post coitum reveals a growth deficit and a failure to support mesonephric cell migration, both early cellular processes normally associated with testis development. (plos.org)
  • These data demonstrate that MAP3K4-dependent signalling events are required for normal expression of Sry during testis development, and create a novel entry point into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex determination in mice and disorders of sexual development in humans. (plos.org)
  • The Sry protein is also called the testis-determining factor (TDF), a protein that initiates male development in humans, placental mammals, and marsupials. (asu.edu)
  • What is a plausible sex determination system with males, females and multiple hermaphroditic sexes? (stackexchange.com)
  • berms have the most androgynous-looking, and their physical development follows a pattern that is intermediate between males and females (e.g. on average they're between both in height), while merms and ferms parallel males and females in their dimorphism (e.g. merms develop heavier jaws, greater height, a 'V-shaped' torso, and find it much easier to achieve muscle hypertrophy). (stackexchange.com)
  • The present study deals with a ddRADseq based methodology aimed at identifying regions of the genome with unusual large fixation index (F ST ). Temperature-treated pseudomales and females, lacking the LG23 sex-determining amhΔY, were compared in a genome-scan. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In multicellular organisms, and particularly in mammals, both gonadal and germ cell development are essential for the transmission of genetic information to the next generations. (benthamscience.com)
  • In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
  • Degeneration and hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules with poor germ cell development is frequently observed. (medscape.com)
  • In all documented biopsied cases, there is a significant decline in germ cell development and an increase in tubular sclerosis by puberty. (medscape.com)
  • In mammals, the genotype first determines the sex in the genetic sex phase. (lidsen.com)
  • Commonly, genetic sex determination (GSD) is divided into male heterogametic XX/XY or female heterogametic ZZ/ZW systems [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Though mapped in a hybrid of Mozambique tilapia and red tilapia, it showed a strict association between the phenotypic and genetic sex in the studied population [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I went through this process for biological process and cellular component lists separately, but there was some overlap between these gene lists. (github.io)
  • Methyalation of this gene could promote homeostasis by regulating gonad development processes. (github.io)
  • Increased expression of this gene in Artemia sinica can suppress cell division and macromolecule synthesis (Jiang 2011), so methylation may be regulating gonad development. (github.io)
  • Sex determination in mammals is controlled by the presence or absence of the Y-linked gene SRY . (plos.org)
  • We demonstrated that the silencing of the ambra1b gene determines a reduction of primordial germ cells (PGCs), a condition that, in the zebrafish, leads to the development of all-male progeny. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SRY gene variants that cause Swyer syndrome prevent production of the sex-determining region Y protein or result in the production of a nonfunctioning protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The MAP3K1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps control various processes in the body, including processes of determining sex characteristics before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The variants in the MAP3K1 gene that cause Swyer syndrome decrease signaling that leads to male-typical sex development and increase signaling that leads to female-typical sex development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These techniques enabled researchers to describe the mechanisms that underlie developmental pathways, including the role of SRY gene in sex determination. (asu.edu)
  • The gene, designated the Sex-determining region Y, provided a candidate for expression of the TDF. (asu.edu)
  • Until recently, it was unknown how sexual differences in the behavior, physiology, and development of organisms are regulated by differential gene expression. (peerj.com)
  • SOX9 gene) of autosome 17 has an effect on how the gonads will develop, for instance, a dysfunctional SOX9 gene has been found to be associated with sex reversals. (biologyonline.com)
  • Figure 2: SOX9 gene on the autosome 17 (long arm) plays an integral role in gonadal sex determination. (biologyonline.com)
  • Testes are usually found in the scrotum, although they can be found at any level along the path of embryonic descent from abdomen to scrotum, frequently presenting as inguinal hernias. (medscape.com)
  • Histological analyses of developing testes following oleander injection revealed a developmental delay and progressively more severe morphological abnormalities in the later stages of development. (silverchair.com)
  • After birth, sexual development does not occur until puberty. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A common feature shared by all juvenile vertebrates is the quiescent state of activity of the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis that characterizes the post-embryonic developmental period until the onset of puberty. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show this sex difference is absent in juveniles, and that prepubertal castration sensitizes adult males to social defeat. (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite the lack of morphological differences between ambra1a −/− and ambra1b −/− fish lines, ambra1b homozygous mutants develop exclusively as males following the achievement of sexual maturity, whereas heterozygous adult ambra1b +/− and ambra1a mutants do not display sex ratio alterations [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results support FOXL2 as a master transcription factor in a spectrum of developmental processes, including growth, cartilage and bone formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • alternatively, these effects on polyamine metabolism could be secondary to the disruption of a more fundamental process in the developmental program guiding spermatogenesis in H. assulta . (silverchair.com)
  • Aside from the physical and emotional consequences associated with genital ambiguity, patients with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development usually do not possess other developmental malformations. (medscape.com)
  • There are five sexes: female, male, and three kinds of simultaneous hermaphrodites (berm, merm and ferm, collectively known as herms). (stackexchange.com)
  • Foxl2 −/− male mice at different stages of development have been characterized and compared to wild type. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its action overlaps that of SOX9, though they are antagonistic in female vs male gonadal sex determination but conjoint in cartilage and skeletal development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Male-specific mortality biases secondary sex ratio in Eurasian tree sparrows Passer montanus. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Nevertheless, it negatively affects the ontogenesis of male gonads and brain areas homologous to the mammalian hippocampus, as well as body size and fitness. (frontiersin.org)
  • The sex-determining region Y protein starts processes that are involved in male-typical sex development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • McClung theorized that there were two distinct types of spermatozoa, each of which resulted in different forms of fertilized eggs, leading to either male or female development. (asu.edu)
  • As a man who has come to understand sex/gender politics through radical feminism, I hope readers will not back away from the fight against institutionalized male dominance. (zlibrary-global.se)
  • In the current study, we sequenced two small non-coding RNA libraries made from the gonads of adult male and female budgerigars using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. (peerj.com)
  • In Nile tilapia sex determination is governed by a male heterogametic system XX/XY either on LG1 or LG23. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, whole genome sequencing of DNA pools from male and female tilapia detected a strongly differentiated inversion of 8.8 Mbp width, surrounding the putative sex-determining factor on LG1 [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because some studies have emphasized that most of these patients have a male sex identity despite reconstruction as female, male sex assignment has been recommended as a prudent decision. (medscape.com)
  • People with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development who are given a male sex assignment rarely reproduce. (medscape.com)
  • Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development due to 47,XYY/46,XY/45,X mixed gonadal dysgenesis in a phenotypic male presenting as cyclical haematuria: clinical presentation and assessment of long-term outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • Global climate is warming rapidly, threatening vertebrates with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) by disrupting sex ratios and other traits. (nsf.gov)
  • In this chapter, we will provide a brief overview of the testicular anatomy and functional organization, as well as its embryonic development. (benthamscience.com)
  • Josso N, Audi L, Shaw G. Regional variations in the management of testicular or ovotesticular disorders of sex development. (medscape.com)
  • Müllerian duct structures typically develop on the gonad side(s) not containing testicular tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Wolffian duct structures tend to be observed on the gonad side(s) containing functioning testicular tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Higher expression of serine/threonine-protein kinases in mature female gonads (Dheilly et al. (github.io)
  • von Engelhardt N, Dijkstra C, Daan S. Effects of 17-beta-estradiol treatment of female zebra finches on offspring sex ratio and survival. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Genome-wide associations were identified for the temperature-dependent sex using a genetically all-female population devoid of amh-ΔY . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fertility potential does exist in people with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development who are given a female sexual assignment. (medscape.com)
  • The significant presence of degenerative and apoptotic processes could be related to the occurrence of a sort of metamorphosis when an adult medusa transforms itself into a polyp. (researchgate.net)
  • logia = discourse) is a study of the origin and development of animals dealing with changes through which a fertilised egg must pass before it assumes the adult state. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Development of a single-celled zygote into an adult involves a series of steps or stages resulting in a gradual increase in the complexity of structure. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • The larva undergoes transformation into the adult by the process of metamorphosis. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • They also direct the adolescent maturation of sex organs into their adult form. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In mouse, only epiblast cells can be directly converted into cultured pluripotent embryonic stem cells, capable of forming all adult cell types. (bioone.org)
  • The permanent organs of the adult are preceded by a set of structures which are purely embryonic, and which with the exception of the ducts disappear almost entirely before the end of fetal life. (iiab.me)
  • this reduction may be due to an increase in testosterone levels and testosterone to estradiol ratio, which will affect gonad maturation (Friesen et al. (researchgate.net)
  • We examined how pubertal androgens shape behavioral and neural responses to social stress in California mice (Peromyscus californicus), a model species for studying sex differences in stress responses. (bvsalud.org)
  • We report here that mice lacking Foxl2 also show defects in postnatal growth and embryonic bone and cartilage formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
  • The C. elegans hermaphrodite vulva develops during postembryonic (larval) development from ventral epidermal precursors, and connects the developing uterus to the external environment. (wormbook.org)
  • Dr. Multani has extensive expertise in the field of Human and Mammalian Cytogenetics, and specializes in the evaluation of genetic instability and complex chromosomal rearrangements in cancer cells, telomere dysfunction, characterization of embryonic stem cells, and authentication of cell lines. (mdanderson.org)
  • We predict that loss of MAP3K4 or other MAPK components may underlie disorders of sexual development (DSD) in humans as well. (plos.org)
  • Traditionally, complications from the surgical treatment of patients with disorders of sexual development were related to stenosis after vaginal reconstruction procedures and urinary tract problems associated with correction of severe hypospadias. (medscape.com)
  • Those diagnosed with this rare condition represent a small fraction of patients within the diagnostic category of the disorders of sexual development (DSD), formerly known as intersex. (medscape.com)
  • Genital ambiguity occurs in 1 in 4,500 births, and ovotesticular disorder of sexual development occurs in fewer than 10% of all disorders of sexual development. (medscape.com)
  • Results revealed that cadmium alters transcription of Dmrt1 and aromatase, overriding the normal thermal effects during embryogenesis, which could potentially disrupt the sexual development of TSD turtles. (nsf.gov)
  • He suggested that during embryonic development the organs formed successively in an epigenetic manner. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Epigenetic processes are increasingly recognized as key integrators of environmental conditions into developmentally plastic responses, and attendant epigenomic data sets hold potential for revealing cryptic phenotypes relevant to conservation efforts. (nsf.gov)
  • 2020). Unconventional myosins were also found to be important for embryonic development in urchins, specifically to regulate the onset of blastulation and gastrulation stages (Sirotkin 2000). (github.io)
  • The stages of embryonic development differ in various chordates, yet the chief phases are basically similar in all. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • The yolk also influences on the pattern of cleavage, on the morphogenetic movements of the blastomeres during gastrulation and on the type of development, i.e., indirect with larval forms or direct with juvenile stages. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • William Harvey (1578- 1657) and Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) contributed information on the various stages of the development of chick on the basis of their studies with the help of simple lens. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Wilson shook apart the cells at early stages of embryonic development, and he observed the development of the isolated cells. (asu.edu)
  • Later, we will address the claim that sacredness is attributed to varying stages of physical development. (catholicvoyager.com)
  • Decreased expression during gametogenesis, with higher expression in immature gonad (Dheilly et al. (github.io)
  • Expression analysis of mutant XY gonads at the same stage also reveals a dramatic reduction in Sox9 and, crucially, Sry at the transcript and protein levels. (plos.org)
  • Research on the sex-biased expression of miRNAs in avian gonads are limited, and little is known about M. undulatus . (peerj.com)
  • In conclusion, this work is the first report of sex-biased miRNAs expression in the budgerigar, and provides additional sequences to the avian miRNAome database which will foster further functional genomic research. (peerj.com)
  • In this review, we explore the role of biological sex in the development of the brain and analyze its impact on the predisposition toward and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter? (nationalacademies.org)
  • Consisting of 22 pairs, autosomes carry a wealth of genetic information that governs numerous biological processes. (biologyonline.com)
  • This is why autosomes form the backbone of human genetics as they hold the key to our intricate biological processes and susceptibility to genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)
  • I'm trying to come up with a plausible sex determination system that has the characteristics listed below. (stackexchange.com)
  • Their action is crucial for the development of the brain, which presents different characteristics depending on the sex of individuals. (mdpi.com)
  • however, in Swyer syndrome, sex development is not typical for the affected individual's chromosomal pattern. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If they produce too little sex hormone, then either the growth of the sexual organs or their function is impaired. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Wnt8 induces ventral, lateral, and posterior regions of embryonic tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead, the gonads are small and underdeveloped and contain little gonadal tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
  • During development, these will form extraembryonic and embryonic tissues, respectively. (bioone.org)
  • Finally, we discuss how both nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes have evolved to co-inhabit the same host cell via one of the longest symbiotic processes, and all the opportunities for intergenomic conflict that arise due to divergence in inheritance patterns. (nature.com)
  • 2022). Possible stochastic sex determination in Bursaphelenchus nematodes. (caltech.edu)
  • The present study aimed at performing an ecotoxicological screening of 15 NADESs using an extensive set of marine and freshwater bioassays, based on different endpoints: immobilization of the crustacean Daphnia magna, growth inhibition of Raphidocelis subcapitata and of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, larval development alterations on the serpulid Ficopomatus enigmaticus and bioluminescence inhibition of Aliivibrio fischeri. (easychair.org)
  • Depending on the species, DAZL is expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and/or pre-meiotic and meiotic germ cells of both sexes. (ijbs.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate the utility of genome‐wide DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns in the face of climate change for a group of especially vulnerable species, those with temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). (nsf.gov)
  • Mangold conducted research for her dissertation 'On the Induction of Embryonic Primordia by Implantation of Organizers from Different Species' ('Ueber Induktion von Embryonanlagen durch Implantation artfremder Organisatoren'), under the guidance of Hans Spemann, a professor of zoology at the University of Freiburg. (asu.edu)
  • Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)
  • Enrichment in a fish polyculture: Does it affect fish behaviour and development of only one species or both? (urafpa.fr)
  • Marine tests showed an inhibition of growth with the two different algal species (P. tricornutum and D. tertiolecta), an inhibition of bioluminescence in the bacterium A. fischeri, an alteration on the correct early development of the serpulid F. enigmaticus larvae and immobilization of the copepod A. tonsa individuals at both 24 and 48 hours of exposure. (easychair.org)
  • We then describe the evolution of genomic organisation across lineages, how this process has been shaped by interactions with the nuclear genome and population genetics dynamics. (nature.com)
  • This review summarizes evidence for the role of proteolytic enzymes that degrade and inactivate insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) during follicular development in mammals. (bioone.org)
  • Depletion of Runx1 with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides abrogated the development of both blood and vessels, as demonstrated by loss of circulation, incomplete development of vasculature and the accumulation of immature hematopoietic precursors. (biologists.com)