Embryonic germ cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Using a murine in vitro model of early germ cell specification and differentiation, we sought to assess whether exposure to low levels of BPA prior to formation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) alters their differentiation trajectory and unique molecular program. (nih.gov)
We used an established method of in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into epiblast-like cells (EpiLCs) followed by PGC-like cells (PGCLCs), which together recapitulate defined stages of early germ cell development. (nih.gov)
Like their mouse counterparts, hPSCs can be maintained in culture in an undifferentiated state and, upon differentiation, generate a wide variety of cell types. (johnshopkins.edu)
Embryoid body (EB) formation is a requisite step in the process of in vitro differentiation of these stem cells and has been used to derive neurons and glia, vascular endothelium, hematopoietic cells, cardiomyocytes, and glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells from mouse PSCs. (johnshopkins.edu)
EB-derived cells may be suited to studies of human cell differentiation and may play a role in future transplantation therapies. (johnshopkins.edu)
In particular, although some downstream effects of SRY are known, such as cellular proliferation, Sertoli cell differentiation, and testis-specific vascularization, the direct transcriptional targets of SRY remain unknown. (nih.gov)
Major areas of focus included research on unique germ cell molecules with important roles in fertilization and on the molecular properties of embryonic, neuronal, and spermatogonial stem cell maintenance and differentiation in both mammalian and nonmammalian model systems. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Micropattern-cultured human gastruloids (a stem cell model that recapitulates human early differentiation and gastrulation). (futurity.org)
It exerts its function, at least in part, through repressing genes associated with epigenetic modification and cell differentiation. (nih.gov)
We saw better germ-cell differentiation in this transplantation model than we've ever seen," said Renee Reijo Pera, PhD, former director of Stanford's Center for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Education . (stanford.edu)
Our dream is to use this model to make a genetic map of human germ-cell differentiation, including some of the very earliest stages. (stanford.edu)
ROR2 is important for osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (11, 12). (rndsystems.com)
In view of these rather inconsistent findings, it appeared necessary, not to immediately further examine the effect of carbaryl on the reproductive system of the adult organism, but rather to ascertain the role of this agent on critical stages in the embryological development of this system during the period of primordial germ cell (PGC) migration and mid-way in embryonic development following sex differentiation. (cdc.gov)
In addition, this study will also examine the status of both male and female gonads near the mid-embryonic stage (12 days of incubation) to determine whether any adverse effects on the development and sexual differentiation of the gonad can be induced following a longer term exposure to carbaryl. (cdc.gov)
The researchers used genome-wide genetic screening to both overexpress and inactivate ("knock out") tens of thousands of genes that govern embryonic stem cell proliferation and differentiation into the three germ layers. (genengnews.com)
Joint analysis of all screens revealed that genetic alterations that broadly inhibit differentiation across multiple germ layers drive proliferation and survival under pluripotency-maintaining conditions and coincide with known cancer drivers. (genengnews.com)
Levels of OCT4 are down-regulated during differentiation and it has thus emerged as a useful marker of pluripotency in stem cells, as well as a marker for certain human malignant germ cell tumours. (stemcell.com)
To further promote differentiation and to increase mechanical signaling, Notch signaling was activated by presenting cells with fibronectin and DLL1 protein. (siu.edu)

and nongermminomatous/ differentiated which include embryonic and extra-embryonic germ cell tumors. (wikidoc.org)
Aneuploid cells are preferentially depleted from embryonic germ layers rather than in extra-embryonic tissue. (futurity.org)
The orderly migration of PGCs from their extra-embryonic origin in all vertebrates to the developing gonadal anlagen is essential to insure the future fertility of the species. (cdc.gov)

When a germ cell malignancy is suspected, tumor markers should be assessed prior to surgery. (medscape.com)
Ex vivo drug screening refers to the out-of-body assessment of drug efficacy in patient derived vital tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Embryonic germ cell tumors include teratoma , and extraembryonic germ cell tumors include Choriocarcinoma and Yolk sac tumor . (wikidoc.org)
The name of a germ cell tumor came from the word (germinate), which means to begin to grow. (wikidoc.org)
Common risk factors include Caucasian race , Family history or personal history of germ cell tumor, Klinefelter syndrome . (wikidoc.org)
Symptoms and signs of germ cell tumors depend on the type and location of the tumor . (wikidoc.org)
Lab findings include abnormal serum tumor marker levels such as LDH , HCG ( seminoma ), lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ), human chorionic gonadotropin ( HCG ), CA-125 , and alpha-fetoprotein ( AFP ) ( ovarian germ cell tumors ), alpha fetoprotein ( AFP ) greater than 100 ng/ml ( Endodermal sinus tumor) . (wikidoc.org)
Teratomas, a type of germ cell tumor , are the product of misplaced embryonic, gonadal stem cells. (mayoclinic.org)
Brad's tumor was large when it was discovered and included a variety of cells, including testicular cancer cells. (mayoclinic.org)
Gonadoblastoma is a rare gonadal tumor consisting of a mixture of germ cells and sex-cord stromal derivatives resembling immature granulosa and Sertoli cells. (kaiserpermanente.org)
PTEN and LSD1 inactivation, which sensitizes tumor cells to type I interferon signaling (S. (elifesciences.org)
Tumor cell-intrinsic interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) signaling is particularly important in anti-tumor immunity. (elifesciences.org)
Thus, suppression of IFN-γ activity promotes tumor immune evasion and decreased CD8 + T cell activation. (elifesciences.org)
These tumors appear to arise from a pluripotent germ cell capable of differentiating into embryonic structures (teratoma and embryonal carcinoma), placental structures (yolk-sac tumor and choriocarcinoma) or seminoma (the most primitive germ cell tumor). (health.am)
The diagnosis of germ cell tumor of the testis requires histopathologic examination of tissue obtained from an orchiectomy specimen. (health.am)
Because the tumor may contain histologic mixtures of several germ cell elements, it is essential that a total orchiectomy specimen plus a generous margin of spermatic cord be provided the pathologist. (health.am)
Occasionally extragonadal germ cell tumors may present within the mediastinum or retroperitoneum without an identifiable testicular tumor. (health.am)
Ultrasonography of the testes should be performed in the event that there is doubt about which testis may harbor the tumor, that bilateral tumors are suspected, or that there is an extragonadal presentation of a germ cell tumor. (health.am)

EBs generated from human embryonic germ cell cultures have also been found to contain a wide variety of cell types, including neural cells, vascular endothelium, muscle cells, and endodermal derivatives. (johnshopkins.edu)

Generation of primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) from human pluripotent cells (hPSCs) offers insight into the mechanisms underlying human reproduction, but often requires complex methods. (nature.com)
20. Analysis of Esg1 expression in pluripotent cells and the germline reveals similarities with Oct4 and Sox2 and differences between human pluripotent cell lines. (nih.gov)
Transcriptional repression upon S phase entry protects genome integrity in pluripotent cells. (ucsf.edu)
As pluripotent cells-progenitors of every type of cell type in the body-hESCs are of central interest to developmental and regenerative biologists. (genengnews.com)
However, the control of directing pluripotent cells into mesoderm lineage which gives rise to cardiac muscle cells remains poor. (siu.edu)
This is a proof-of-concept that mechanical signaling together with synergistic chemical signaling can drive pluripotent cells towards mesoderm lineage. (siu.edu)

report a role for DMRT1 in human germline development and show that induction of DMRT1 in primordial germ cell-like cells triggers germline commitment, but suppresses pluripotency genes, thus promoting the onset of gametogenesis. (nature.com)
3. A role for Lin28 in primordial germ-cell development and germ-cell malignancy. (nih.gov)
9. Primordial germ cell specification from embryonic stem cells. (nih.gov)
11. Persistent Requirement and Alteration of the Key Targets of PRDM1 During Primordial Germ Cell Development in Mice. (nih.gov)
12. SET domain-containing protein 5 is required for expression of primordial germ cell specification-associated genes in murine embryonic stem cells. (nih.gov)
14. SOX17 is a critical specifier of human primordial germ cell fate. (nih.gov)
Prdm14 is a sequence-specific transcriptional regulator of embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency and primordial germ cell (PGC) formation. (nih.gov)

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been derived from the inner cell mass cells of blastocysts (embryonic stem cells) and primordial germ cells of the developing gonadal ridge (embryonic germ cells). (johnshopkins.edu)
Age-incidence profiles for extracranial, extragonadal germ cell tumors (left graph) and for gonadal germ cell tumors (right graph). (kaiserpermanente.org)

Based on their location, germ cell tumors can be classified into intragonadal ( ovary and testis ) or extragonadal ( mediastinum , brain , retroperitoneum , coccyx ). (wikidoc.org)
Histologically , Germ cell tumors can be classified as germinomatous/ undifferentiated germ cell tumors which include, dysgerminoma and seminoma . (wikidoc.org)
Germ cell tumors develop due to the abnormal growth of the germ cells in the ovary , testis , brain , mediastinum , coccyx , or pelvis . (wikidoc.org)
World health organization (WHO) classified germ cell tumors into 7 types based on histology . (wikidoc.org)
The cause of germ cell tumors development is not fully understood but some causes include, genetic mutations , cryptorchidism , undescended testes , trauma , mumps , maternal estrogen exposure. (wikidoc.org)
Common complications of germ cell tumors include recurrence, lymph node metastasis , distant metastasis , and secondary malignancies . (wikidoc.org)
CT , MRI , and ultrasound are used in combination with biopsy to distinguish between the types and subtypes of germ cell tumors and for diagnosis confirmation. (wikidoc.org)
Pineal/germ cell tumors and pineal parenchymal tumors. (amedeo.com)
Pineal region tumors are derived from cells located in and around the pineal gland. (medscape.com)
Mixed pineal tumors are a combination of slow- and fast-growing cell types. (medscape.com)
Tumors of the pineal region have varied histology that generally can be divided into germ cell and non-germ cell derivatives. (medscape.com)
Most tumors are the result of displaced embryonic tissue, malignant transformation of pineal parenchymal cells, or transformation of surrounding astroglia. (medscape.com)
The embryonic transcription factor DUX4 was recently characterized as a suppressor of interferon-γ signaling and antigen presentation that is aberrantly expressed in a small subset of primary tumors. (elifesciences.org)
3) accumulation of mutations in these cells will lead to testicular tumors or male infertility. (mdanderson.org)
Germ cell tumors of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years. (health.am)
Germ cell tumors of the testis represent greater than 90% of all tumors of the testis. (health.am)
Other malignancies of the testis include lymphoma (the most common non-germ cell cause of testicular malignancy in elderly men), metastatic cancer or leukemia, tumors of the testicular stroma, and other rare tumors. (health.am)
The availability of sensitive serum assays for α fetoprotein (AFP) and for the β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) has markedly enhanced the accurate and aggressive management of patients with germ cell tumors. (health.am)

Our lab is interested in understanding how cellular behaviour is regulated during embryonic development. (nottingham.ac.uk)

In mammals, primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the embryonic cell population that serve as germ cell precursors in both females and adult males. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
We further exposed that the removal of in PGCs do not really prevent mitotic admittance, but led to a failing of the cells to continue beyond metaphase-like stage, suggesting that MASTL-mediated molecular occasions are essential for anaphase admittance in PGCs. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
The particular Cre activity in PGCs was further verified by twice immunofluorescence evaluation of woman embryonic gonads at 13.5?dpc using both anti-mouse Vasa homolog (MVH, a bacteria cell gun) and anti-GFP antibodies (Supplementary Shape S1C and F, arrows). (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
We verified that the GFP-positive cells are certainly PGCs because these cells specifically indicated both GFP (Supplementary Shape T1A and G, arrows) and MVH (Supplementary Shape T1N and Elizabeth, arrows). (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
Shape 1 Removal of in PGCs qualified prospects to the exhaustion of bacteria cells in both men and feminine gonads. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
a) RT-PCR displaying the lack of mRNA appearance in 11.5?dpc gene in … Mutilation of in PGCs outcomes in bacteria cell reduction in the gonads The PGC-mice at PD 45 (Shape 1b). (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
The removal of in PGCs lead in a almost full reduction of bacteria cells in both men and females in adulthood as demonstrated by MVH yellowing for bacteria cells in ovaries and testes at PD7 and PD45, respectively (Shape 1cCf, arrows). (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
Over the course of their development, PGCs undergo a unique and complex reprogramming in both transcriptional and epigenetic signatures, necessary for the correct formation of germ cells and resulting gametes in the adult animal. (nih.gov)
Primordial germ cells, germ cells that still have to reach the gonads (also known as PGCs, precursor germ cells or gonocytes) divide repeatedly on their migratory route through the gut and into the developing gonads. (wikipedia.org)
These PGCs are the sole source of the definitive sex cells. (cdc.gov)

The lineage of germ cells is called the germline. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, during their development germ cells suffer a complete germline-specific epigenetic remodeling that is essential to coordinate its development 4 . (nature.com)
Impact of mismatch repair deficiency on genomic stability in the maternal germline and during early embryonic development. (nih.gov)
The effects of lack of the mismatch repair protein PMS2 on germline and maternal-effect mutations were studied in transgenic mice that allow mutant cells to be visualized in situ. (nih.gov)
The mice transmitted the germline-mutation phenotype normally and their offspring exhibited PLAP enzyme activity in at least 30% of the cells in each tissue examined. (nih.gov)
Compared to germline revertants, approximately one half to one quarter as many cells were PLAP+, suggesting that a mutation occurred in one cell of an embryo containing two to four cells. (nih.gov)
7. Expression patterns of prdm1 during chicken embryonic and germline development. (nih.gov)
19. Gene expression dynamics during germline specification in mice identified by quantitative single-cell gene expression profiling. (nih.gov)
In studying Drosophila and non-traditional model organisms, Extavour has uncovered novel mechanisms and general principles of embryonic germline and gonad morphogenesis, with implications for understanding human infertility. (nih.gov)

The OHRP document describes when research activities involving human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), human embryonic germ cells derived from fetal tissue, or hESC- or germ cell-derived test articles are considered human subjects research and what regulatory controls apply to that research. (nih.gov)
Is there a threshold of SM and TE events that affect cellular or tissue functions (i.e., the proportion of affected cells)? (nih.gov)
ES cells are unique in that they can be grown in tissue culture while maintaining their totipotency. (unc.edu)
The embryos' rates of aneuploidy decreased over time through a complex pathway that eliminates aneuploid cells in the fetus, while allowing these cells to remain in the tissue destined to become the placenta. (futurity.org)
Advances in biotechnology have resulted in the production of tissue-derived products such as cultured allogeneic cells, engineered structural tissues, and constituent parts of medical devices. (timeshighereducation.com)
The research used skin samples from five men to create what are known as induced pluripotent stem cells, which closely resemble embryonic stem cells in their ability to become nearly any tissue in the body. (stanford.edu)
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. (rndsystems.com)
To guide the development of their synthetic embryo, the researchers put together cultured stem cells representing each of the three types of tissue in the right proportions and environment to promote their growth and communication with each other, eventually self-assembling into an embryo. (neurosciencenews.com)

However, maldescent of the testis does not seem to be causal in the development of testicular cancer but rather a marker for some genetic or dysgenic event in embryonic or fetal life. (health.am)
The biopsy came back as embryonic, After almost 2 months of researching my medical records, it was found that at birth I had an undescended testicle which my oncologist said is a precursor for testicular or germ cell cancer. (cancer.org)

In animals, male gametes are sperm cells and female gametes are egg cells, also known as ova. (nature.com)
The end-products of the germ cell cycle are the egg or sperm. (wikipedia.org)
Our focus is understanding how germ cells (the cells that give rise to sperm and eggs in the adult), the tracheal system (the airway of flies) and heart cells are influenced by lipid signals. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Researchers have discovered how to transform human embryonic stem cells into germ cells, the embryonic cells that ultimately give rise to sperm and eggs. (nih.gov)
Researchers have long sought to understand how cells in the early human embryo mature into germ cells and then into gametes-the sperm and egg. (nih.gov)
At least two promising targets for the development of novel forms of male birth control were identified on the sperm cell from the studies on the molecular basis of fertilization. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Stem cells made from the skin of adult, infertile men yield primordial germ cells - cells that normally become sperm - when transplanted into the reproductive system of mice, according to researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine and Montana State University . (stanford.edu)
Although the researchers were able to create primordial germ cells from the infertile men, their stem cells made far fewer of these sperm progenitors than did stem cells from men without the mutations. (stanford.edu)
The germ cells made from stem cells stopped differentiating in the mice before they produced mature sperm (likely because of the significant differences between the reproductive processes of humans and mice) regardless of the fertility status of the men from whom they were derived. (stanford.edu)
In 2009, Reijo Pera showed that it is possible to generate functional, sperm-producing germ cells from human embryonic stem cells grown under certain conditions in the laboratory. (stanford.edu)
A team of researchers has described for the first time in humans how the epigenome -- the suite of molecules attached to our DNA that switch our genes on and off -- is comprehensively erased in early primordial germ cells prior to the generation of egg and sperm. (sciencedaily.com)
When an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm, it begins to divide into a cluster of cells known as a blastocyst, the early stage of the embryo. (sciencedaily.com)
A small number of these cells become primordial germ cells with the potential to become sperm or egg cells. (sciencedaily.com)
The Hofmann Laboratory studies the biology of male germ line stem cells, which are precursors of sperm cells. (mdanderson.org)
The team, led by Professor Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz, developed the embryo model without eggs or sperm, and instead used stem cells - the body's master cells, which can develop into almost any cell type in the body. (neurosciencenews.com)
Researchers have identified the growth factors essential to allow spermatogonial stem cells - the continually self-renewing cells that produce sperm - to exist in culture indefinitely. (scienceblog.com)
After being kept in culture for three months, the stem cells restored sperm production, and therefore fertility, in infertile mice. (scienceblog.com)
If each parent in a couple carries a similar defective recessive gene for a disease, for example, it should be possible in the future to harvest the male spermatogenic stem cells, correct the gene in culture and implant the stem cells back into the male to produce normal sperm," Brinster said. (scienceblog.com)
Likewise, the ability to culture spermatogonial stem cells indefinitely allows for the possibility to create sperm in vitro, that is, without implanting the stem cells in a recipient male. (scienceblog.com)

The second way is found in mammals, where germ cells are not specified by such determinants but by signals controlled by zygotic genes. (wikipedia.org)
We started with a pool of 12 candidates that were reduced to 6, demonstrating that ectopic expression of the germ line-related genes PRDM1, PRDM14, LIN28A, DAZL, VASA and SYCP3 induced direct conversion of somatic cells (hFSK (46, XY) and hMSC (46, XY)) into a germ cell-like phenotype in vitro . (nature.com)
17. Expression dynamics of pluripotency genes in chicken primordial germ cells before and after colonization of the genital ridges. (nih.gov)
These 'escapee' regions of the genome contain some genes that are particularly active in neuronal cells, which may serve important functions during development. (sciencedaily.com)
By inducing the expression of a particular set of genes and establishing a unique environment for their interactions, the researchers were able to get the stem cells to 'talk' to each other. (neurosciencenews.com)
Details of the work appeared October 28 in the journal Genes and Development , in an article titled, " Integrated loss- and gain-of-function screens define a core network governing human embryonic stem cell behavior . (genengnews.com)
Instead of looking at genes one by one, we looked at thousands of genetic alterations at the same time to determine how they affect the proliferation of embryonic stem cells, and, subsequently, the development of the three germ layers that serve as the raw material for human tissues. (genengnews.com)
Finally, the researchers observed that many of the genes that regulate the formation of the three germ layers also are known contributors to the growth of cancers when they are over- or underexpressed in somatic cells. (genengnews.com)
OCT4 binds to the octamer motif (5'-ATTTGCAT-3') and plays a key role in maintaining cells in a pluripotent state by interacting with other transcription factors such as SOX2 to regulate the expression of several genes, including FBX15, FGF-4, REX1, SOX2 and osteopontin. (stemcell.com)
According to the researchers, this development will have profound consequences for future fertility therapies and provide a source of stem cells that will make it possible to modify genes from males before they are passed to the next generation. (scienceblog.com)

Cell cultures and clonal lines retain a broad pattern of gene expression including simultaneous expression of markers normally associated with cells of neural, vascular/hematopoietic, muscle, and endoderm lineages. (johnshopkins.edu)
Wunen proteins are chemorepellents that lead the germ cells away from the endoderm and into the mesoderm. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, its absence inhibited the development of all three germ layers (the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm), testifying to the SAGA complex's central role in a range of hESC activities. (genengnews.com)

Mutation rate data is available that indicates a higher rate of germ line mutations in mice and humans, species which undergo induction, than in C. elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, species which undergo inheritance. (wikipedia.org)
By contrast, only 1 of 32 mice that inherited the G11 PLAP transgene from a wild-type male crossed to a Pms2-/- female exhibited a high number of PLAP+ cells. (nih.gov)
18. Blimp1 is a critical determinant of the germ cell lineage in mice. (nih.gov)
Previous research in mice with a similar type of infertility found that although they had germ cells as newborns, these germ cells were quickly depleted. (stanford.edu)
The Penn researchers then used a GFP marker gene in the cultured stem cells to identify the cells before transplanting them back into infertile mice. (scienceblog.com)

Embryonic germ cells are the cells in the embryo that give rise to the reproductive cells - gametes - of sexually reproducing organisms. (nature.com)
In many animals, the germ cells originate in the primitive streak and migrate via the gut of an embryo to the developing gonads. (wikipedia.org)
There are two mechanisms to establish the germ cell lineage in the embryo. (wikipedia.org)
In mammals, a few cells of the early embryo are induced by signals of neighboring cells to become primordial germ cells. (wikipedia.org)
In the model organism Drosophila, pole cells passively move from the posterior end of the embryo to the posterior midgut because of the infolding of the blastoderm. (wikipedia.org)
Many forms of unexplained infertility are thought to have their origins in errors that occur in the cells of the early embryo. (nih.gov)
Thus, one ES cells carrying the desired mutation are identified, they can be returned to an embryo, resulting in the formation of a chimeric animal. (unc.edu)
He felt that addressing such key technological and basic research questions related to gamete development and fertilization would provide the basis for new infertility treatments and contraception, avert the consequences of severe inheritable genetic diseases, and discover the biochemical answers to how the early embryo remains totipotent until committing to develop into specific cell types of body. (utsouthwestern.edu)
The process of getting rid of those aneuploid cells can lead to the overall rescue of the embryo, even if aneuploid cells remain in the placenta," Yang says. (futurity.org)
The stem cells self-organised into structures that progressed through the successive developmental stages until they had beating hearts and the foundations of the brain, as well as the yolk sac where the embryo develops and gets nutrients from in its first weeks. (neurosciencenews.com)
Many pregnancies fail at the point when the three types of stem cells begin to send mechanical and chemical signals to each other, which tell the embryo how to develop properly. (neurosciencenews.com)
The stem cell embryo model is important because it gives us accessibility to the developing structure at a stage that is normally hidden from us due to the implantation of the tiny embryo into the mother's womb. (neurosciencenews.com)

This study describes the molecular mechanisms underlying epigenetic reprogramming in primordial germ cells. (nature.com)
TEX15 is expressed in embryonic germ cells and functions during genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming. (nih.gov)
Induced germ cell-like cells showed a marked switch in their transcriptomic profile and expressed several post-meiotic germ line related markers, showed meiotic progression, evidence of epigenetic reprogramming and approximately 1% were able to complete meiosis as demonstrated by their haploid status and the expression of several post-meiotic markers. (nature.com)
In a study funded primarily by the Wellcome Trust, Professor Surani and colleagues showed that a process of reprogramming the epigenetic information contained in these primordial germ cells is initiated around two weeks into the embryo's development and continues through to around week nine. (sciencedaily.com)

Therefore, our outcomes demonstrate that MASTL, PP2A, and consequently controlled phosphatase activity possess a fundamental part in creating feminine bacteria cell human population in gonads by managing PGC expansion during embryogenesis. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
Nevertheless, GFP appearance was lacking in MVH-positive cells of vehicle-treated feminine embryonic gonads at 13.5?dpc (Supplementary Shape T1GCI, arrows). (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
After transport, involving passive movements and active migration, germ cells arrive at the developing gonads. (wikipedia.org)
After splitting into two populations, the germ cells continue migrating laterally and in parallel until they reach the gonads. (wikipedia.org)
GCTs arise from primordial germ cells, which migrate during embryogenesis from the yolk sac through the mesentery to the gonads (see Figure 1). (kaiserpermanente.org)
Furthermore, many key steps, like the development and migration of primordial germ cells to the gonads, happen within days or weeks of conception. (stanford.edu)
Any alteration in the migration of these cells and their subsequent colonization of the gonads would seriously hamper the normal reproductive activity of these animals. (cdc.gov)
During development, the germ cells arise outside the embryonic body and subsequently migrate into the developing gonads. (taylorfrancis.com)

Instead, germ cells can arise from somatic cells in the adult, such as the floral meristem of flowering plants. (wikipedia.org)
Multicellular eukaryotes are made of two fundamental cell types: germ and somatic. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic cells are all the other cells that form the building blocks of the body and they only divide by mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
The in vitro derivation of human germ cells has attracted interest in the last years, but their direct conversion from human somatic cells has not yet been reported. (nature.com)
Here we tested the ability of human male somatic cells to directly convert into a meiotic germ cell-like phenotype by inducing them with a combination of selected key germ cell developmental factors. (nature.com)
Based on our knowledge of the murine germ line development, here we present a model for direct germ cell-like conversion from human somatic cells in vitro by genetic induction of selected key germ cell factors. (nature.com)
We pursue an additional strand of research into the interaction of germ cells with the somatic cells of the embryonic gonad. (nottingham.ac.uk)
vasa is expressed in somatic cells of the embryonic gonad in a sex-specific manner in Drosophila melanogaster Biology Open. (nottingham.ac.uk)
His vision for the Green Center was to strengthen our understanding of emerging links between fertilization, gamete development, stemness and the ability of cytoplasmic factors in a mammalian egg to "re-program" a normal somatic cell (such as a liver cell) to develop into a living organism. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Expression of OCT4 together with other transcription factors has been used to reprogram somatic cells into iPS cells. (stemcell.com)

Research in human being cell lines, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and proven that the service of the Greatwall kinase (GWL) or its mammalian orthologue MASTL (microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase-like) can be important for G2-Meters stage changeover and mitotic development [20C22]. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
To the best of our knowledge our findings represent the first characterization of the consequences of early BPA exposure on a model of mammalian PGC development, highlighting altered cell behavior, altered underlying pathways, and altered molecular processes. (nih.gov)
Mammalian eggs are somewhat symmetrical and after the first divisions of the fertilized egg, the produced cells are all totipotent. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers mimicked natural processes in the lab by guiding the three types of stem cells found in early mammalian development to the point where they start interacting. (neurosciencenews.com)

The growth and expression characteristics of these EB-derived cells suggest that they are relatively uncommitted precursor or progenitor cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
Alterations to developing germ cells could be a precursor to embryonic and placental development, the report notes, with some studies suggesting that paternal imprinting of aging could affect both fetal growth and maternal health during pregnancy. (contemporarypediatrics.com)

According to Brinster, it is possible to modify the male germ line between generations by manipulating the spermatogonial stem cells in culture. (scienceblog.com)

Discussion and regulation of genetic alterations in human germ cells and embryos is urgently needed. (nature.com)
Using mouse models, human cells, and naked mole rats, we explore these questions in the real-world contexts of prenatal exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and psychosocial stress as well as genetic causes of infertility such as Fragile X Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. (ucsf.edu)
Previously, advanced paternal age and the number of male germ cell divisions in those fathers have been linked to increased prevalence of autism, genetic abnormalities, psychiatric morbidity, and neoplasia in children. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
Recombinations consist in changes in the form of offspring as compared with that of their progenitors, these being exactly proportional to the genetic qualities of such progenitors, and germ characters transmitted definitely in accordance with the laws of heredity. (customcollegeessays.com)

Differential susceptibility of male and female germ cells to glucocorticoid-mediated signaling. (ucsf.edu)
Whereas the female germ cell, the egg, stops dividing before birth, the spermatogonial stem cells continue to divide throughout life. (scienceblog.com)

During fetus development, germ cells migrate to become the eggs in the ovary or the sperms in the testicles . (wikidoc.org)

also known as OCT3 and OCT3/4), an ~40 kDa homeodomain transcription factor belonging to the POU family, which is expressed in undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES), induced pluripotent stem (iPS), embryonal carcinoma (EC) and embryonic germ (EG) cells. (stemcell.com)

After PGC specification, murine germ cells go through several developmental stages that are tightly regulated both at the transcriptional level by transcription factors, but also at the translational level by RNA-binding proteins. (nature.com)

5. A PAX5-OCT4-PRDM1 developmental switch specifies human primordial germ cells. (nih.gov)
Our work spans the fields of epigenetics, developmental and stem cell biology. (ucsf.edu)

TE/ERV activation, de novo CNV formation) across human cell types and tissues? (nih.gov)
Picture of the week Beautiful flashes of blue colour help light the way for researchers to study cells in fruit fly larva that provide oxygen to tissues. (embl.org)
1. Each year in Europe, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo some form of therapeutic treatment based on the use of tissues and cells of human origin. (timeshighereducation.com)
2. Tissues are a functional group of cells, which may be transplanted or implanted as viable cells, or otherwise preserved, fixed, or altered. (timeshighereducation.com)
As appropriate, these tissues and cells are used not only in reconstructive surgery such as corneal and hip replacement but also in the treatment of diseases such as cancer and diabetes, and increasingly in reproductive medicine. (timeshighereducation.com)
All these tissues or cells, which are frequently acquired through cross-border exchanges, come from donors who may be living or deceased. (timeshighereducation.com)
4. In order to increase public confidence in the use of human tissues and cells for application in the human body, it is essential, therefore, that EU provisions should ensure their quality and safety. (timeshighereducation.com)
And when combined with 'organoid' and 'decellularisation' technologies, stem cell research is pioneering new ways to regenerate, repair or replace damaged organs and tissues that could revolutionize the field of organ transplantation. (eurostemcell.org)
And, therefore, we have been able to drive the cell to what we call all three germ layers, which basically means all three major classes of tissues available in the body, from which all cells come from. (scienceblogs.com)
ROR2 is broadly expressed during embryonic development and can be found in cells of all three germ layers as well as in most organ tissues (9, 10). (rndsystems.com)
In the first week after fertilisation, three types of stem cells develop: one will eventually become the tissues of the body, and the other two support the embryo's development. (neurosciencenews.com)
This discovery, from a study led by researchers from Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (HMS), suggests that faulty embryonic stem cells have a built-in mechanism to ensure that they are destroyed before they can compromise the functioning of future cells and tissues. (genengnews.com)

1. Suppression of the SOX2 neural effector gene by PRDM1 promotes human germ cell fate in embryonic stem cells. (nih.gov)
6. Induction of mouse germ-cell fate by transcription factors in vitro. (nih.gov)
16. Ectopic expression of Cvh (Chicken Vasa homologue) mediates the reprogramming of chicken embryonic stem cells to a germ cell fate. (nih.gov)
Sex determination, as an early embryological event, can help us address basic questions of the regulation of gene expression, cell-fate determination, and hormone signaling. (nih.gov)
He brought in Jenny Hsieh, Ph.D. , from the Salk Institute to investigate the epigenetics of neural stem cell fate and their use for treating neurodegenerative diseases. (utsouthwestern.edu)
We are particularly interested in the influence of the cellular microenvironment on the fate of these cells during development and disease. (mdanderson.org)
Future studies with human pluripotent stem cells may transduce cells towards mesoderm and finally towards cardiac fate. (siu.edu)

Gene networks in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been found to serve two purposes at once. (genengnews.com)

Reijo Pera next plans to try the same techniques with induced pluripotent stem cells-adult cells that have been reprogrammed to behave like embryonic cells. (nih.gov)
If it works, it might be possible to take cells from an adult with infertility, transform them into germ cells and then study them for clues to the cause of infertility. (nih.gov)
The first are those changes which supervene by reason of the conditions under which the embryonic or adult life of the individual is developing, these being influences on the body or soma and not on the germ-cells. (customcollegeessays.com)
Spermatagonial stem cells and the hematopoietic stem cells that generate new blood cells are the only types of adult stem cells that can be positively identified using functional assays. (scienceblog.com)

These data suggest that the paternally derived Pms2 gene provided normal levels of PMS2 protein to embryos by the time they reached the eight-cell stage, but that smaller embryos formed from PMS2-deficient eggs lacked PMS2 function. (nih.gov)
blue and red cells are cells contributing to the embryos. (futurity.org)
As reported in Nature Cell Biology , researchers found that embryos often develop into healthy babies regardless of whether or not they've been blacklisted by the test, and have demonstrated how supposedly defective embryos self-correct during gestation. (futurity.org)
However, those stem cells, which were made from human embryos that had been donated for research after in vitro fertilization procedures, can be difficult to come by. (stanford.edu)
Researchers created model embryos from mouse stem cells that form a beating heart, a brain, and the foundation for other organs. (neurosciencenews.com)
Researchers from the University of Cambridge have created model embryos from mouse stem cells that form a brain, a beating heart, and the foundations of all the other organs of the body - a new avenue for recreating the first stages of life. (neurosciencenews.com)

Generation of Schwann cell derived melanocytes from hPSCs identifies pro-metastatic factors in melanoma. (ucsf.edu)

The principal cell of the pineal gland is the pineal parenchymal cell, or the pinocyte. (medscape.com)

Methlyation is effective at controlling potentially harmful retroelements that might harm us, but if, as we've seen, methylation patterns are erased in our germ cells, we could potentially lose the first line of our defence," says Professor Surani. (sciencedaily.com)

Endodermal cells differentiate and together with Wunen proteins they induce the migration through the gut. (wikipedia.org)
Drosophila heart cell movement to the midline occurs through both cell autonomous migration and dorsal closure. (nottingham.ac.uk)

how do environmental inputs affect germ cells during development, and what is the role of germ cells in ovarian and systemic aging? (ucsf.edu)

Specification of primordial germ cells in the laboratory mouse is initiated by high levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, which activates expression of the transcription factors Blimp-1/Prdm1 and Prdm14. (wikipedia.org)
13. Single cell analysis facilitates staging of Blimp1-dependent primordial germ cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. (nih.gov)
When this plasmid is introduced into mouse ES cells, the altered genomic sequences are able to undergo homologous recombination with the corresponding endogenous sequences, thereby inroducing the desired modifications into the moust genome. (unc.edu)
The correct starting point for considering human cloning and human embryonic stem cell research is the empirical science of mouse molecular biology and frog genetics. (lifeissues.net)
Transgenic reporter mouse embryonic stem cells were used in this study. (siu.edu)
To promote adhesion of mouse embryonic stem cells and to initiate integrin-based mechanical signaling, the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin was used. (siu.edu)
In the presence of fibronectin and a small molecule called leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), which is known to maintain pluripotency and self-renewal, mouse embryonic stem cells responded by exhibiting expressions of both GFP and DsRed. (siu.edu)

Consequently, we demonstrate that cells overexpressing KDM4 members are defective in DNA mismatch repair (MMR), as evident by the instability of four microsatellite markers and the remarkable increase in the spontaneous mutations frequency at the HPRT locus. (biologists.com)

perform single-nucleus multi-omics and integrated transcriptional and chromatin analysis to identify differences between human stem cell-derived and primary islets. (nature.com)
report that ESRRB drives activation of the transcriptional programme regulating the formative transition of naive embryonic stem cells. (nature.com)

Since the germ cell lineage is not established right away by induction, there is a higher chance for mutation to occur before the cells are specified. (wikipedia.org)

Furthermore, xenotransplantation assays demonstrated that a subset of induced cells properly colonize the spermatogonial niche. (nature.com)
It may also be possible to convert spermatogonial stem cells to totipotent cells, capable of becoming almost any other cell type and similar to embryonic stem cells. (scienceblog.com)
GDNF was also found to be excreted by the Sertoli cells that surround and support the spermatogonial stem cells in the testes. (scienceblog.com)
The identification of the exogenous factors that allow these stem cells to proliferate in culture establishes the foundation to study the basic biology of spermatogonial stem cells," Kubota said. (scienceblog.com)

Thus, there is an increasing interest in the search for alternatives to generate autologous germ cells in vitro . (nature.com)
These fertilized eggs are cultured in a petri dish for five to six days to generate a ball of a few hundred cells known as a blastocyst. (futurity.org)

CNVs) impact molecular (e.g., gene regulation, epigenomic landscape) and cellular processes (e.g., signaling) in various cell types across development and disease? (nih.gov)
The process of removing the cells or 'decellularisation' is relatively simple requiring breaking open the cells with water and cleaning out the cellular debris with enzymes and detergents. (eurostemcell.org)
The reporter cell line shows the cellular endogenous activity of pluripotency gene Oct3/4 with green fluorescent protein (GFP) while also reporting mesoderm-specific gene, Brachyury, activity with DsRed fluorescent protein. (siu.edu)

His enthusiasm for the potential applications of germ cells and stem cells to medicine and biology served to expand the scope of research in the center. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Reijo Pera, who is now a professor of cell biology and neurosciences at Montana State University, is the senior author of a paper describing the research, published May 1 in Cell Reports . (stanford.edu)
Other research in the lab is focused on the pathogenesis and biology of thyroid cancer cells and cancer stem cells. (mdanderson.org)
Philipp Kaldis received his PhD from the ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zürich, Switzerland, in 1994 where he worked on the mitochondrial creatine kinase with Dr. Theo Wallimann and Dr. Hans Eppenberger at the Institute for Cell Biology. (a-star.edu.sg)
Hiroshi Kubota, a research assistant professor of cell biology at the Penn Veterinary school, developed the serum-free culture system that enabled him, along with Brinster and researcher Mary R. Avabock, to discover the essential ingredients that will sustain these cells. (scienceblog.com)

The advance will allow researchers to manipulate and examine human germ cells in the laboratory. (nih.gov)
Through a variety of tests, they confirmed that the green fluorescing cells behaved-and could establish laboratory cell lines that behaved-like germ cells. (nih.gov)
The ability to study germ cells in laboratory cultures will open up several promising new avenues of research. (nih.gov)
Laboratory observation of human germ cells has the potential to yield important clues to the origins of unexplained infertility and to the genesis of many birth defects and chromosomal disorders. (nih.gov)
Stem cell research is changing the way we view laboratory research, disease diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities. (eurostemcell.org)

To consider the 'hand' example again, all of the cells in your hand come from either mesoderm or ectoderm, but to produce distinct cell types may require very different signals and thus not be possible in a single in-vitro culture. (eurostemcell.org)
Here in this work, the synergistic effect of chemical and mechanical signaling in driving cells towards mesoderm germ-layer was investigated. (siu.edu)
Collectively, this study shows the importance of chemical, but also the importance of mechanical signaling to transduce cells to mesoderm. (siu.edu)

About twenty years ago, clinicians began screening blastocysts for aneuploidy-cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes-as it was known to be a leading cause of miscarriage. (futurity.org)

Remarkably, EpiLC exposure did not negatively affect PGC specification and resulted in a concentration-dependent effect on PGCLC proliferation in XX but not XY cells. (nih.gov)
Germ cell specification begins during cleavage in many animals or in the epiblast during gastrulation in birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
However, more mutation rate data will need to be collected across several taxa, particularly data collected both before and after the specification of primordial germ cells before this hypothesis on the evolution of germ plasm can be backed by strong evidence. (wikipedia.org)

As germ cells are quiescent and therefore not dividing, they are not susceptible to mutation. (wikipedia.org)
A lower mutation rate would be selected for, which is one possible reason for the convergent evolution of the germ plasm. (wikipedia.org)

The National Institutes of Health maintains two websites to assist investigators: "Implementation Issues for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research" contains additional information related to NIH activities and procedures, including Frequently Asked Questions, at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/stem_cells.htm. (nih.gov)
Here, we report the isolation and culture of cells from human EBs as well as a characterization of their gene expression during growth in several different culture environments. (johnshopkins.edu)
4. Meiotic competent human germ cell-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells induced by BMP4/WNT3A signaling and OCT4/EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) selection. (nih.gov)
15. Direct Reprogramming of Human Primordial Germ Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Efficient Generation of Genetically Engineered Germ Cells. (nih.gov)
The researchers began with human embryonic stem cells, engineering them to fluoresce a green color when a gene found only in germ cells is turned on. (nih.gov)
When DAZL was turned off in human embryonic stem cells, just half as many germ cells formed. (nih.gov)
Human males can produce gametes from puberty into advanced old age because the testes contain stem cell populations. (taylorfrancis.com)
The selected committee members are meeting to debate and reach an ethical consensus on proposed legislation concerning human cloning and human embryonic stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
The purpose of this meeting is to listen to all relevant opinions concerning this critically important piece of legislation on human cloning and human embryonic stem cell research that we Parliamentarians have already decided to propose. (lifeissues.net)
This period of human life is so mysterious, so to be able to see how it happens in a dish - to have access to these individual stem cells, to understand why so many pregnancies fail and how we might be able to prevent that from happening - is quite special," said Zernicka-Goetz. (neurosciencenews.com)

Anatomy27

Organisms3

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes11

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Differentiation18

Extra-embryonic3

Tumor18

Generated from human embryonic1

Pluripotent cells6

Primordial germ7

Gonadal2

Tumors18

Regulated during embryonic deve1

PGCs10

Germline9

Tissue8

Testicular2

Sperm19

Genes10

Endoderm3

Mice5

Embryo12

Epigenetic4

Gonads8

Somatic10

Mammalian4

Precursor2

Male germ line1

Genetic4

Female germ2

Migrate1

Embryonal carcinoma1

Murine1

Developmental2

Tissues12

Fate7

HESCs1

Adult4

Embryos6

Metastatic1

Pineal parenchymal1

Methylation1

Migration2

Ovarian1

Mouse7

Mutations1

Transcriptional2

Lineage1

Spermatogonial4

Generate2

Cellular3

Biology5

Laboratory5

Mesoderm3

Blastocysts1

Specification3

Mutation2

Human10