• The molecules having odd electrons are usually highly reactive and tend to dimerize. (uochemists.com)
  • Oxidative damage of DNA molecules associated with electron-transfer reactions is an important phenomenon in living cells, which can lead to mutations and contribute to carcinogenesis and the aging processes. (intechopen.com)
  • ROS and RNS free radicals are molecules or molecular fragments containing one or more unpaired electrons in atomic or molecular orbitals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • And at the end, after the 4th electron and adding a proton, you get 2 water molecules. (lindau-nobel.org)
  • You see there a di-iron centre, and you see here 2 flavin molecules which are used to supply electrons for the reduction of oxygen to water. (lindau-nobel.org)
  • Molecules is pleased to announce a Special Issue dedicated to Professor Alberto Gasco of the University of Turin, Italy, for his outstanding contributions to research on nitric oxide (NO)-donors. (mdpi.com)
  • In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. (xpressbioeurope.com)
  • During nitrification, ammonium is biologically oxidized to nitrite (nitritation) and then to nitrate (nitratation) with O 2 as terminal electron acceptor. (iwaponline.com)
  • Each oxidized nitrogen form is catalyzed by a specific enzyme (NO 3 , NO 2 , NO or N 2 O reductase) and attends as an electron acceptor for the denitrifying bacteria respiration, coupled with biodegradable organic compound as electron donor for energy generation. (iwaponline.com)
  • Oxygen is used as terminal electron acceptor via respiration by roots, soil microbes, and soil organisms (Sylvia, 2005), and is lost from the soil system in the form of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). (kenyon.edu)
  • Although energy yields are much greater with oxygen than with any other terminal electron acceptor (see #Electron tower theory, section 2.1.1), under anoxic conditions anaerobic and facultative microbes can use alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate, ferric iron (Fe III), manganese (IV) oxide, sulfate, and carbon dioxide to produce energy and build biomass. (kenyon.edu)
  • Electron acceptor used in aggregates. (kenyon.edu)
  • As explained in the #introduction , microorganism can use alternative terminal electron acceptor when dissolved oxygen is absent (nitrate,perchlorate, sulfate, carbon dioxide). (kenyon.edu)
  • They successively use electron acceptors according to the order of electron acceptor utilization based on the electron tower. (kenyon.edu)
  • The progression of electron acceptor utilization is observed in soil aggregates and pollutant plume. (kenyon.edu)
  • Oxygen is the most common electron acceptor, and some organisms can not live long without it. (kenyon.edu)
  • Anaerobic and facultative bacteria will use the electron acceptor which yields the highest energy, or the acceptor which is most available. (kenyon.edu)
  • Electron tower theory explains the utilization order of electron acceptor for respiration. (kenyon.edu)
  • on the contrary, obligate anaerobes can never use oxygen as electron acceptor. (kenyon.edu)
  • Isotope Effect in the Magneto-Optoelectronic Response of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Donor-Acceptor Exciplexes. (utah.edu)
  • MSH is a potent antioxidant, which acts as an electron donor/acceptor and assists as a cofactor in detoxifying free radicals, xenobiotics, and alkylating agents. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • 2002. Fast estimation of hydrogen-bonding donor and acceptor propensities: a GMIPp study . (ub.edu)
  • Nitric oxide reductase (NAD(P), nitrous oxide-forming) (EC 1.7.1.14, fungal nitric oxide reductase, cytochrome P450nor, NOR (ambiguous)) is an enzyme with systematic name nitrous oxide:NAD(P) oxidoreductase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spectroscopic and kinetic studies on reaction of cytochrome P450nor with nitric oxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methylene blue and cytochrome c (cyt- c ) were evaluated as electron carriers and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH) and ascorbate were considered as electron donors. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • Pseudoazurin dramatically enhances the reaction profile of nitrite reduction by Paracoccus pantotrophus cytochrome cd1 and facilitates release of product nitric oxide. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this work, we have investigated the effect of a physiological electron donor to cytochrome cd(1), the copper protein pseudoazurin, on the mechanism of nitrite reduction by the enzyme. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It is clear that cytochrome cd(1) functions significantly differently in the presence of its two substrates, nitrite and electron donor protein, than in the presence of nitrite alone. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Researchers in the Gray group have succeeded in accelerating the delivery of electrons and holes to the buried active site of cytochrome P450 by tethering a photochemical redox sensitizer to P450 substrate analogs. (caltech.edu)
  • A major protein in this process is cytochrome c, component of the electron transport chain on the external face of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (xpressbioeurope.com)
  • Changes in the oxidation state of terminal electron acceptors may result in nutrient loss from the system via volatilization or leaching. (kenyon.edu)
  • Facultative and strict anaerobic bacteria have the ability to use other oxidizing agents/electron acceptors to carry out respiration. (kenyon.edu)
  • The availibility and concentration of electron acceptors changes as the soil profile increases in depth. (kenyon.edu)
  • Depending on the type of electron acceptors used by microorganisms, microbes can be classified into the strict aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes. (kenyon.edu)
  • If oxygen is plentiful, they tend to use oxygen because microorganisms gain much energy from reducing oxygen rather than other electron acceptors. (kenyon.edu)
  • Questions remain, however, regarding the contributions of solvents to long-range interactions between electron donors and acceptors. (caltech.edu)
  • Investigations of ET reactions between excited metal complexes and electron acceptors in rigid protic and aprotic media are probing the factors that control distant couplings through solvents. (caltech.edu)
  • The majority of the cellular energy (ATP) in eukaryotic cells is generated in the mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation, during which electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen. (xpressbioeurope.com)
  • 2008. A microscopic study of the deoxyhemoglobin-catalyzed generation of nitric oxide from nitrite anion . (ub.edu)
  • All combinations of electron donors and carriers were evaluated in the following order: NADH plus methylene blue, ascorbate plus methylene blue, NADH plus cyt- c , and ascorbate plus cyt- c . (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • The results indicated that methylene blue was an effective electron carrier than cyt- c in the presence of NADH. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • Lower temperature resulted in an increased nonenzymatic MetMb reduction for methylene blue regardless of electron donor (ascorbate, P = 0.03, NADH, P = 0.04). (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • First, Methylene Blue acts as an electron donor, providing electrons that can restore NAD+ levels in the body. (pensummed.pro)
  • The orthologous enzymes from plants and animals also contain a reductase domain and use only NADPH as the electron donor (cf. (expasy.org)
  • A two-year lysimeter study was undertaken to compare the environmental effects (e.g. nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions) of soil applied lactose-depleted dairy factory effluent (LD-DFE) with lactose-rich DFE. (5doc.co)
  • The hydrogel samples were made by using the freeze‑thawing method, and they were examined using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), porosity amusement, swelling ratio and keratin release kinetic models that analyzed using (zero-order, first-order Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models). (preprints.org)
  • NAD+/NADH is the most common mobile electron carrier used in catabolism. (xpressbioeurope.com)
  • Complejo enzimático que cataliza la DESCARBOXILACIÓN oxidativa y la DESAMINACIÓN de la GLICINA en DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO, AMONÍACO, NADH y N5N10-metilenotetrahidrofolato. (bvsalud.org)
  • The buried organic matter (e.g., weathered plant biomass) in these deposits has likely served as a long-lived electron donor fueling sulfate reduction and, directly or indirectly, Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction, thus contributing to the formation of iron sulfide minerals and deposits of poorly soluble U(IV) (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
  • The objective of this study was to characterize electron donors and carriers in nonenzymatic MetMb and MetHb reduction at various temperatures and postmortem muscle pHs in vitro. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • However, limited knowledge is currently available on the roles of other electron carriers and electron donors involved in MetHb and MetMb reduction at postmortem muscle conditions. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (xpressbioeurope.com)
  • 2014. Mechanistic insight into the enzymatic reduction of truncated hemoglobin N of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Role of the CD loop and Pre-A motif in electron cycling . (ub.edu)
  • The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using DPPH and nitric oxide free radical scavenging assay. (ijpsr.com)
  • These extracts showed a high antioxidant capacity by the method of DPPH, -carotene, and nitric oxide. (bvsalud.org)
  • NO has one unpaired electron in π * 2p orbital so it is paramagnetic in nature. (uochemists.com)
  • The NO gas is paramagnetic because it contains an unpaired electron. (uochemists.com)
  • The half-life of the ascorbate radical is long enough to be measured directly by electron paramagnetic resonance, however. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • 4. Experiments involving measurement of cyclic GMP levels, electrochemical detection of NO and electron paramagnetic resonance of haemoglobin in red blood cells, indicated that scavenging of NO generated from S-nitrosothiols by haemoglobin was responsible for the lack of effect of S-nitrosothiols on platelets in whole blood. (uhi.ac.uk)
  • When nitric oxide is reacted with oxygen to give NO 2 . (uochemists.com)
  • While factors such as nitric oxide modulate HPV, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been suggested to act as essential mediators in HPV. (ersjournals.com)
  • Ammonia chemical characteristics by reacting with phenolphthalein exhibits, colored with red, the addition of acid leads to neutralization.Heating ammonia allows him to appear as a reducing agent.It is able to burn in oxygen, the result is a water and nitrogen.In the oxidation of ammonia to obtain a catalyst of platinum oxide, nitrogen, a product for the industrial synthesis of nitric acid. (tipings.com)
  • The parental strain reduced sulfate with Fe0 as the sole electron donor, but the hydrogenase mutant did not. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nitric oxide is an important intermediate in the manufacturing of nitric acid HNO 3 by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia (Ostwald process). (uochemists.com)
  • resilience of nitrogen is used to clean metal surfaces of oxides during soldering.In the oxidation of ammonia with sodium hypochlorite (compulsory presence of gelatin) obtained hydrazine.Reaction with halogen (chlorine, iodine) afforded explosives. (tipings.com)
  • We conducted a 20-day microcosm experiment in which NRZ sediments, which were enriched in buried woody plant material, served as the sole source of electron donors and microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • The dissolution of actinide and lanthanide oxides in ionic liquid media and the electrochemical behavior of the resultant solutions are discussed in this paper. (hindawi.com)
  • The mitochondrial electron transport chain creates an electrochemical gradient through a series of redox reactions. (xpressbioeurope.com)
  • With loss of the first electron, vitamin C oxidizes to the ascorbate free radical (semidehydroascorbic acid). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • OLEDs as models for bird magnetoception: detecting electron spin resonance in geomagnetic fields. (utah.edu)
  • At the antioxidant level it's electronic warfare between electron donors and electron stealers. (primalrejuvenation.com)
  • NO acts as the three electron donor and ligands which donates two elecrons. (uochemists.com)
  • Vitamin C sequentially donates two electrons from the double bond between carbons two and three. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Now let us look at the structure of nitric acid. (uochemists.com)
  • Ascorbic acid is also needed in the biosynthesis of multiple bodily enzymes , And when used in combination with garlic, vitamin C is ridiculously effective at increasing nitric oxide levels , and therefore also blood flow. (anabolicmen.com)
  • The PUREX process involves the dissolution of spent nuclear fuel in nitric acid medium followed by the selective extraction of uranium and plutonium in a solution of tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) in n-dodecane (DD). (hindawi.com)
  • The difficulties inherent in handling NO, due to its gaseous nature and reactivity, have led to the development of a number of NO donors, namely, compounds that can release NO under physiological conditions. (mdpi.com)
  • In contrast, redox-inert zinc pseudoazurin did not affect cd(1)-X, indicating a crucial role for electron movement between monomers or individual enzyme dimers rather than simply a protein-protein interaction. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Electron exchange with metal cofactors deeply buried in the interiors of redox enzymes is often quite slow. (caltech.edu)
  • Now, look carefully at the molecular orbital diagram of NO, the last electron is in the π * 2p orbital since this last electron is in an antibonding orbital, the bond order is reduced to 2.5. (uochemists.com)
  • Ammonia chemical properties of their exhibits also largely due to the unshared electron pair.It is able to take over a proton, thereby forming an ammonium ion.In aqueous ammonia (known as ammonia) has a slightly alkaline reaction.Ammonium salts obtained by reacting with acids promotes ammonia.The chemical properties of this compound are similar or complexing nucleophiles. (tipings.com)
  • The geometry of the active site (three classes have been described), the possible electron donors in vivo and the current hypothesis for the catalytic mechanism will be discussed. (unl.pt)
  • 1. S-Nitrosothiols are nitric oxide (NO) donor drugs that have been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma (PRP) in vitro and to inhibit platelet activation in vivo. (uhi.ac.uk)
  • Impacts of cigarette smoking on blood circulation: do we need a new approach to blood donor selection? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Smoking may affect the blood circulation of donors, and subsequently the blood components, and ultimately the recipients of transfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We reviewed the articles about the influence of smoking on smokers' blood circulation as well as the impact of donated blood products on transfusion when these smokers act as blood donors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Carbon starvation can affect the activity of microbes, thereby affecting the metabolism and the extracellular electron transfer (EET) process of biofilm. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vitamin C is an electron donor, or reducing agent (see Fig. 29.1 ), and all its known functions are attributable to this property. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • When these electrons are lost, vitamin C is oxidized, and another compound is reduced, thereby forestalling oxidation of the reduced compound. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • If you put a third electron and a proton on it, you get 2 hydroxyl radicals. (lindau-nobel.org)
  • If you put one electron onto the dioxygen you get a superoxide radical which is highly oxidising. (lindau-nobel.org)