AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Antimycin AElectron TransportMicroscopy, ElectronElectronsMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningElectron Transport Complex IIIRotenoneHydroxyquinolinesUbiquinoneMitochondriaOxidation-ReductionCyanidesMethacrylatesMicroscopy, Electron, TransmissionSuccinatesCytochromesOligomycinsElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyCytochrome b GroupUncoupling AgentsQuinone ReductasesOxygen ConsumptionAmobarbitalOxidoreductasesSuccinic AcidFerricyanidesPotassium CyanideMitochondria, LiverRhodobacterElectron Transport Complex IVSpectrophotometryCytochromes c1Carbonyl Cyanide p-TrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazoneKineticsCytochrome c GroupThenoyltrifluoroacetoneCarbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl HydrazoneDiuronNADH DehydrogenaseNADMitochondria, HeartReactive Oxygen SpeciesMicroscopy, Electron, Scanning TransmissionOxidative PhosphorylationAdenosine TriphosphateCell RespirationThiazolesSubmitochondrial ParticlesDinitrophenolsElectron Transport Chain Complex ProteinsNADH, NADPH OxidoreductasesDimercaprolFerrocyanidesOxygenElectron Transport Complex IElectron Probe MicroanalysisHydrogen PeroxideSuccinate DehydrogenaseAntimetabolitesElectron Transport Complex IIRhodobacter sphaeroidesHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSpectrum AnalysisIron-Sulfur ProteinsCattleParacoccus denitrificansCytochrome ReductasesCytochromes bMultienzyme ComplexesTetramethylphenylenediamineSalicylamidesBacterial ChromatophoresMalatesMalonatesPhotosynthesisSuperoxidesQuinones
RotenoneInhibitor of electron transportCyanideInhibitorsReactive oxygenInhibitionRespiratoryNADHCytochromesRespirationBindsCytochrome c oxidaMembraneCoenzymeRedoxOxygenCompoundsPathwaySynthesisInsensitiveEnzymeProtonsProteinInhibitsTransport chainComplexCarriersAcidPumpCells grownPiscicideFlowYieldShownProduce
Rotenone6
  • Preparations of rat-liver mitochondria catalyze the oxidation of exogenous NADH by added cytochrome c or ferricyanide by a reaction that is insensitive to the respiratory chain inhibitors, antimycin A, amytal, and rotenone, and is not coupled to phosphorylation. (rupress.org)
  • Finally antimycin A , a complex III inhibitor, and rotenone , a complex I inhibitor, are added to shut down electron transport chain function. (wixsite.com)
  • We exposed the hsp6 reporter strain from early L3 stage on for two days to 0.25 mM rotenone, which targets the ubiquinone of complicated I, or to 0.25 mM antimycin A, which prevents electron transfer from coenzyme Q to cytochrome C. Each substances happen to be shown to improve the volume of ROS [33,36]. (icbinhibitor.com)
  • Compounds tested were a) rotenone, b) thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA), c) antimycin A, d) sodium azide and e) betaine. (cyprotex.com)
  • The sulfide-oxidizing activity was assessed by high-resolution respirometry, measuring the stimulatory effect of sulfide on rotenone-inhibited cell respiration in the absence or presence of antimycin A. Compared to cells grown under normoxic conditions (air O2), cells exposed for 24 h to hypoxia (1% O2) displayed a 1.3-fold reduction in maximal sulfide-oxidizing activity and 2.7-fold lower basal O2 respiration. (univaq.it)
  • in the presence of rotenone and antimycin A). JO 2,res was doubled by PMA. (southwales.ac.uk)
Inhibitor of electron transport2
  • Antimycin A is an inhibitor of electron transport from cytochrome b to cytochrome complex III (cytochrome c reductase). (cellsignal.jp)
  • Gill and Stewart (6) found antimycin, an inhibitor of electron transport, reduced the yield of C. psittaci grown in L cells even though cytochromes and flavoproteins have not been detected in chlamydiae (E. Weiss and L. A. Kriesow, Bacteriol. (docksci.com)
Cyanide11
  • Although cyanide acts to block the electron transport chain, Antimycin A and cyanide act in different mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • In large doses, cyanide quickly binds with iron in cytochrome a3, preventing electron transport in the cytochrome. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide blocks the cellular electron transport mechanism and cellular respiration by inhibiting the mitochondrial ferricytochrome oxidase system and other enzymes. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide binds to the electron transport chain and prevents the transfer of electrons to oxygen, so it would stop NADH from being turned into NAD+. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide is a gas that inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide combines with cytochrome oxidase and prevents the transfer of electrons to oxygen. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Photosystem II-dependent oxygen exchange was insensitive to a variety of inhibitors (azide, carbon monoxide, cyanide, antimycin A, and salicylhydroxamic acid) and radical scavengers. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2,6-Dichloro-phenol indophenol prevents switch-over of electrons between the cyanide-sensitive and -insensitive pathway of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in the presence of inhibitors. (ac.ke)
  • To evolve a simple oxygen electrode-based method to estimate alternative respiration, one needs to develop a procedure to prevent switch-over of electrons to either pathway upon inhibition by cyanide or salicylhydroxamic acid. (ac.ke)
  • redox potential +0.217 V), an artificial electron acceptor having a redox potential quite similar to the site near cytochrome c1 (redox potential +0.22 V) on the cyanide-sensitive pathway, was used with isolated mitochondria and leaf discs in the absence and presence of inhibitors (potassium cyanide, antimycin A, and salicylhydroxamic acid). (ac.ke)
  • Polarographic data confirmed electron acceptance by DCPIP only from the inhibited (by cyanide or salicylhydroxamic acid) mitochondrial electron transport chain, hence preventing switch-over of electrons between the cyanide-sensitive and cyanide-insensitive pathway of respiration. (ac.ke)
Inhibitors1
  • The use of complex specific substrates and inhibitors allows the identification of the individual complexes (complex I, complex II, complex III and complex IV) of the electron transport chain (ETC) involved in mitochondrial toxicity. (cyprotex.com)
Reactive oxygen3
Inhibition3
  • Treatment of HeLa cells with Antimycin A results in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibition of cell growth through apoptosis. (cellsignal.jp)
  • indicates in SUIT protocols the option to extend the titrations by (1) inhibition of electron transfer (typically by antimycin A , Ama) to induce ROX, optionally followed by an assay of cytochrome c oxidase activity, with sequential titration of ascorbate and TMPD (AsTm) and azide (Azd) for evaluation of the chemical O 2 background due to autoxidation reactions. (mitoglobal.org)
  • A reduction in OCR following the addition of test compound indicates inhibition of one of the complexes of the electron transport chain. (cyprotex.com)
Respiratory3
  • H2S is synthesized endogenously and mainly metabolized by a mitochondrial sulfide-oxidizing pathway including sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR), whereby H2S-derived electrons are injected into the respiratory chain stimulating O2 consumption and ATP synthesis. (univaq.it)
  • In soluble guanylyl cyclase, heme serves as a protein cofactor for fundamental cellular processes, such as as the nitric oxide sensor, and thus plays an important role in electron transport in the respiratory chain, oxidative stress re- signal transduction. (medicinelakex1.com)
  • known hemoproteins and does not require heme for electron trans- Most aerobic organisms synthesize heme by a multistep pathway port in the respiratory chain, protection against oxidative stress, or that is conserved in all three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, desaturation of fatty acids. (medicinelakex1.com)
NADH3
  • The data indicate that the electron-transport system associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane involves catalytic components similar to, or identical with, the microsomal NADH-cytochrome b 5 reductase and cytochrome b 5 . (rupress.org)
  • The electron emitted from NADH + H⁺ or FADH₂ reaches oxygen through a series of electron carriers called the electron transport chain. (sciencequery.com)
  • OXPHOS depends on the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC), which transfers electrons from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen. (biorxiv.org)
Cytochromes2
  • 5. In the electron transport system, cytochromes are arranged according to their redox potential. (sciencequery.com)
  • 2). In aerobic organisms that produce energy mainly through Some kinetoplastids that parasitize insects obtain heme from their oxidative phosphorylation, most of the synthesized heme is used bacterial endosymbionts, which can be eliminated by antibiotic for the formation of the cytochromes functioning in the electron treatment, turning these protists into heme auxotrophs (17). (medicinelakex1.com)
Respiration8
  • Antimycin A is an inhibitor of cellular respiration, specifically oxidative phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This prevents the electron transport chain (the last part of cellular respiration) from working, meaning that the cell can no longer produce ATP for energy. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • The electron transport chain is one of the processes in cellular respiration. (sciencequery.com)
  • The transport electron chain is the third stage of cellular respiration. (sciencequery.com)
  • Binding of Antimycin A to cytochrome c reductase inhibits the oxidation of ubiquinol, disrupts the Q-cycle of enzyme turnover, and halts cellular respiration (1). (cellsignal.jp)
  • Interestingly, the S-EV fraction contained a MitoTracker-positive subpopulation, which was inhibited by the respiration inhibitor antimycin A, indicating the presence of mitochondria with membrane potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functionally, AOX expression supports azide- and antimycin A-resistant respiration. (bioblast.at)
  • They carry out aerobic respiration, a process that involves the breakdown of glucose and other fuel molecules to produce ATP through a series of interconnected reactions, including the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. (bmglabtech.com)
Binds3
  • Antimycin A binds to the Qi site of cytochrome c reductase, inhibiting the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol in the Qi site, thereby disrupting the Q-cycle of enzyme turn over. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because Antimycin A binds to a specific protein in the electron transport chain, its toxicity can be highly species dependent because of subtle species specific differences in ubiquinol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antimycin A binds and inhibits Bcl2/Bcl-xL-related anti-apoptotic proteins, which are commonly over-produced by cancer cells (5,6). (cellsignal.jp)
Cytochrome c oxida1
  • Multiple evidence indicates that Ciona intestinalis alternative oxidase (AOX) can safely be expressed in mammalian cells, where it is efficiently targeted to mitochondria and enzymatically active under conditions where the final enzyme of the electron transfer-pathway, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), is inhibited either chemically and/or genetically [1-3]. (bioblast.at)
Membrane1
  • 1. The electron transport chain is a series of electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells, through which the electrons obtained from the glycolysis and Krebs cycle are released. (sciencequery.com)
Coenzyme1
  • Electron transport takes place between complexes I-IV and two mobile electron carriers (coenzyme Q and cytochrome c ). (elifesciences.org)
Redox2
  • It was hypothesized that the inclusion of appropriate electron acceptor, possessing redox potential close to one of the electron transport carriers in between ubiquinone (branch point) and cytochrome a-a3, should be able to stop switch-over of electrons to either pathway by working as an electron sink. (ac.ke)
  • Members of the genus reduced ferrous (Fe2+) state, which enables it to accept or do- Trypanosoma lost the entire biosynthetic pathway and extract nate electrons and to function in various redox reactions and heme from host blood (18, 19), whereas Leishmania spp. (medicinelakex1.com)
Oxygen1
Compounds2
  • Antimycin A (more exactly Antimycin A1b) is a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces bacteria and a member of a group of related compounds called antimycins. (wikipedia.org)
  • One research group studying these symbiotic Streptomyces bacteria recently identified the biosynthetic gene cluster for antimycins, which was unknown despite the compounds themselves being identified 60 years ago. (wikipedia.org)
Pathway1
  • citation needed] It has also been found to inhibit the cyclic electron flow within photosynthetic systems along the proposed ferredoxin quinone reductase pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Synthesis1
Insensitive1
  • In the presence of antimycin-A, electron transport chain inhibitor, as evidenced by antimycin-A insensitive O 2 consumption, Arnica inhibited lipid peroxidation of mitochondrial membranes. (thieme-connect.de)
Enzyme1
Protons2
  • During electron transport, complexes I, III, and IV pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, generating a proton gradient that provides the protonmotive force exploited by complex V to synthesize ATP. (elifesciences.org)
  • Substrate oxidation-driven electron transfer is coupled to the translocation of protons across the IMM to generate an electrochemical gradient harvested by the ATP synthase (CV) for ATP production. (biorxiv.org)
Protein1
Inhibits1
Transport chain13
Complex1
  • The electron leak is thought to primarily occur in complex I and complex III where electrons react with O 2 , forming superoxide, the primary ROS from mitochondria. (nature.com)
Carriers1
Acid1
  • A T. gondii strain selected under ELQ-316 drug pressure was found to possess a Thr222-Pro amino acid substitution that confers 49-fold resistance to ELQ-316 and 19-fold resistance to antimycin, a well-characterized Q i site inhibitor. (elsevierpure.com)
Pump1
  • In deeper bodies of water, a pump mechanism is used to disperse Antimycin A through a perforated hose stretching the length of the water column. (wikipedia.org)
Cells grown1
Piscicide2
  • Antimycin A is the active ingredient in Fintrol, a chemical piscicide (fish poison) used in fisheries management. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antimycin A has long been used as a piscicide in commercial fish farms, and possesses strong antifungal, insecticidal, and nematocidal activities (3). (cellsignal.jp)
Flow1
  • The expression and function of NRP-1 and its specific protective mechanism were investigated by Western Blot, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, magnetic resonance imaging, transmission electron microscopy, etc. (biomedcentral.com)
Yield1
  • However at 10 ppb, Antimycin A is used as a selective killing agent to kill smaller or more sensitive species that may reduce the yield of commercial farming. (wikipedia.org)
Shown2
  • citation needed] Fungus-growing attine ants have been shown to use antimycins - produced by symbiotic Streptomyces bacteria - in their fungiculture, to inhibit non-cultivar (i.e. pathogenic) fungi. (wikipedia.org)
  • The light-driven O 2 exchange was Shown to involve the plastoquinone pool as an electron carrier, but not cytochrome b 6 f. (elsevierpure.com)
Produce1
  • Antimycin A is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States, as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. (wikipedia.org)