Effects xanthines. Medical search. Frequent questions

These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. (wikipedia.org)
The following chemical reactions are catalyzed by xanthine oxidase: hypoxanthine + H2O + O2 ⇌ xanthine + H2O2 xanthine + H2O + O2 ⇌ uric acid + H2O2 Xanthine oxidase can also act on certain other purines, pterins, and aldehydes. (wikipedia.org)
hypoxanthine (one oxygen atom) xanthine (two oxygens) uric acid (three oxygens) Because XO is a superoxide-producing enzyme, with general low specificity, it can be combined with other compounds and enzymes and create reactive oxidants, as well as oxidize other substrates. (wikipedia.org)
In the reaction with xanthine to form uric acid, an oxygen atom is transferred from molybdenum to xanthine, whereby several intermediates are assumed to be involved. (wikipedia.org)
Because xanthine oxidase is a metabolic pathway for uric acid formation, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol is used in the treatment of gout. (wikipedia.org)
XO is an enzyme that generates ROS by catalyzing the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. (hindawi.com)
This study will assess the serum uric acid lowering effects and safety of lesinurad compared to placebo in patients who are intolerant or have a contraindication to allopurinol or febuxostat. (astrazenecaclinicaltrials.com)
Symptoms can include high levels of molybdenum in your blood, uric acid, and xanthine oxidase. (rochester.edu)
The most common medications that block uric acid production include xanthine oxidase inhibitors like allopurinol (Aloprim, Lopurin, Zyloprim) and febuxostat (Uloric). (harvard.edu)
The usual choice for reducing uric acid levels is allopurinol, because it inhibits xanthine oxidase and can depress new purine synthesis. (yourdictionary.com)
It is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and accordingly inhibits the biosynthesis of uric acid. (yourdictionary.com)

Febuxostat (Fx) is a recently developed xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, which has been definitively proved to be effective and safe for gout treatment [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)

Since xanthine oxidase is involved in the metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine, caution should be taken before administering allopurinol and 6-mercaptopurine, or its prodrug azathioprine, in conjunction. (wikipedia.org)
Type II xanthinuria may result from a failure of the mechanism which inserts sulfur into the active sites of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, a related enzyme with some overlapping activities (such as conversion of allopurinol to oxypurinol). (wikipedia.org)
In practice, approximately 20% of patients report side effects with allopurinol and 5% discontinue allopurinol due to side effects. (astrazenecaclinicaltrials.com)
Xanthine oxidase activity was inhibited in young adult and aged mice via a subcutaneously placed time-release (2.5 mg/day) allopurinol pellet, 7 days before the start of in situ electrically stimulated isometric contractions. (cdc.gov)
Our results show that compared to control conditions, suppression of xanthine oxidase activity by allopurinol reduced xanthine oxidase activity. (cdc.gov)
Side effects of allopurinol include fever, rash, hepatitis and kidney problems. (harvard.edu)

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of febuxostat, a novel inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), on renal damage in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats. (hindawi.com)
Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a stimulant drug and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. (shapefit.com)

The same protein, which in humans has the HGNC approved gene symbol XDH, can also have xanthine dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.17.1.4). (wikipedia.org)
Most of the protein in the liver exists in a form with xanthine dehydrogenase activity, but it can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification. (wikipedia.org)
Studies have shown that xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) accelerates tumor growth, and also induces mutations or produces cytotoxic effects concurrently. (medsci.org)
Here is some fragment output from a query designed to find complete coding regions for genes encoding xanthine dehydrogenase. (yourdictionary.com)

Xanthine oxidase (XO, sometimes 'XAO') is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. (wikipedia.org)
It is suggested that xanthine oxidoreductase, along with other enzymes, participates in the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in mammalian tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Xanthine oxidoreductase gene polymorphisms are associated with high risk of sepsis and organ failure. (cdc.gov)

There are a number of reactive nitrogen oxide species, such as N2O3 and ONOO-, that can alter critical cellular components under high local concentrations of NO. However, NO can also abate the oxidation chemistry mediated by reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 and O2- that occurs at physiological levels of NO. In addition to the antioxidant chemistry, NO protects against cell death mediated by H2O2, alkylhydroperoxides, and xanthine oxidase. (researchgate.net)
Although S. baicalensis inhibited the lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and red blood cells, the extract showed inhibitory actions on aminopyrine N-demethylase and xanthine oxidase activities as well as an pro-oxidant effect observed in the Fe3+-EDTA-H2O2 system. (nih.gov)

This is not a complete list of theophylline side effects. (rxwiki.com)
Theophylline is one example of xanthine that is usually used to treat bronchial asthma through relaxing the airways. (bartleby.com)

Our Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate Injection (caffeine alkaloid) Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
Yerba Mate also contains a xanthine alkaloid called Mateine. (glenbrookfarm.com)

Avoid large amounts of caffeine as this may increase the side effects of this medication. (rxwiki.com)
What Are Side Effects of Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate? (rxlist.com)
Although the effects of caffeine excess have been widely studied, little information is available on potential interactions between the other active ingredients of energy drinks and caffeine. (researchgate.net)
However, based on this review regarding possible interactions between caffeine and taurine, we conclude that taurine should neutralize several untoward effects of caffeine excess. (researchgate.net)
At the cardiovascular level, they concluded that 'if there are any interactions between caffeine and taurine, taurine might reduce the cardiovascular effects of caffeine. (researchgate.net)
Therefore, purpose of this study was to assess acute electrophysiologic effects of caffeine and taurine, two of the main ingredients of energy drinks, in an experimental whole-heart model. (researchgate.net)
Science has established that caffeine has numerous physiological and psychological effects on the central nervous system (CNS). (shapefit.com)
Theobromine is an xanthine-derivative of caffeine, an ingredient that has mild stimulating effects. (ultimatefatburner.com)
Mateine acts like caffeine but doesn't have the side effect of caffeine. (glenbrookfarm.com)

Concomitant xanthine derivatives, steroids, diuretics may potentiate hypokalemia. (empr.com)
Particular caution is advised in severe asthma, as this effect may be potentiated by concomitant treatment with xanthine derivatives, steroids and diuretics. (yourdictionary.com)

This review will address these aspects of the chemical biology of this multifaceted free radical and explore the beneficial effect of NO against oxidative stress. (researchgate.net)
Inhibition of xanthine oxidase reduces oxidative stress and improves skeletal muscle function in response to electrically stimulated isometric contractions in aged mice. (cdc.gov)

These enzymes are in charge of the breakdown of xanthine, hypoxanthine, and sulfite. (rochester.edu)

However, raloxifene had only small effects on xanthine oxidase, an enzyme related to aldehyde oxidase. (aspetjournals.org)

Xanthine oxidase is defined as an enzyme activity (EC 1.17.3.2). (wikipedia.org)
Xanthine oxidase is a superoxide-producing enzyme found normally in serum and the lungs, and its activity is increased during influenza A infection. (wikipedia.org)
pentoxifylline will increase the level or effect of fezolinetant by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. (medscape.com)
zileuton will increase the level or effect of pentoxifylline by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. (medscape.com)
This study examined the contribution and functional significance of the xanthine oxidase enzyme as a potential source of oxidant production in aged skeletal muscle during repetitive in situ electrically stimulated isometric contractions. (cdc.gov)

Its role is to blocks the effects of adrenergic drugs, such as adrenaline or epinephrine, on nerves of the sympathetic nervous system. (umc-cares.org)

Bovine xanthine oxidase (from milk) was originally thought to have a binding site to reduce cytochrome c with, but it has been found that the mechanism to reduce this protein is through XO's superoxide anion byproduct, with competitive inhibition by carbonic anhydrase. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibition of xanthine oxidase has been proposed as a mechanism for improving cardiovascular health. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity decreased caspase-3 activity, but it had no effect on other markers of mitochondrial-associated apoptosis. (cdc.gov)

During severe liver damage, xanthine oxidase is released into the blood, so a blood assay for XO is a way to determine if liver damage has happened. (wikipedia.org)
Febuxostat side effects include rash, nausea and reduced liver function. (harvard.edu)

All of our tea-bags contain 3.5 grams of tea, DOUBLE the size of most tea-bags on the market, so you can enjoy more of the flavor, nutrition, and energizing effects of Yerba Mate! (matefactor.com)

All isolated compounds (1-6) were evaluated to determine their inhibitory effects on α- glucosidase and xanthine oxidase . (bvsalud.org)
none of these compounds inhibited xanthine oxidase activity. (bvsalud.org)

Xanthinuria is a rare genetic disorder where the lack of xanthine oxidase leads to high concentration of xanthine in blood and can cause health problems such as renal failure. (wikipedia.org)
Febuxostat significantly attenuated renal damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats in addition to exerting hypouricemic effect. (hindawi.com)
Some of the renal protective effects of Fx were clarified in animal models with diabetes, such as db/db mice [ 8 ] and diabetic Zucker rats [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
In the present study, we investigated the effects of Fx on renal injury in STZ-induced diabetic rats with the aim to search novel therapeutic method for DKD. (hindawi.com)
Moderate to severe renal impairment: monitor for anticholinergic effects. (empr.com)

Enhanced hypotensive effects. (medscape.com)
Comment: May increase hypotensive effects. (medscape.com)

The drugs were developed to treat people with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and this is where their effects are the most prominent. (brainblogger.com)
o-3-methoxy- N-methylmorphinan) is a one of the older and popular antitussive drugs that used to treat the cold symptoms that effects centrally at the cough center to raise the threshold for coughing (Goodman 1990, Dale)(Goodman 1990, Dale)(Dale) DXM is also combined with other active ingredients like chloropheniramine and it could abuse or misuse for numbing and hallucinogenic such as LSD. (bartleby.com)
It can take several weeks to a few months for these drugs to take full effect. (harvard.edu)

However, this drug may cause severe adverse effects because of its level in the blood. (bartleby.com)
12 The intake of taurine by energy drinks (1 L energy drink contains on average 3180 mg/L) exceeds by far the mean daily intake from omnivore diets (58 mg). 2 Consequently, there is growing concern about possible adverse effects mediated by taurine due to excessive energy drink consumption. (researchgate.net)

Zwei weitere ergographische Versuchsreihen über die Wirkung orchistischen Extraktes [Two further ergographic experimental series on the effects of testicular extracts]. (jameslindlibrary.org)

We determined the presence of EndoMT in the pulmonary vasculature in vivo and the functional effects on pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) undergoing EndoMT in vitro. (surrey.ac.uk)

glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. (bvsalud.org)
Stigmastane-type steroid saponins from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina and their α -glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. (bvsalud.org)

Type I xanthinuria has been traced directly to mutations of the XDH gene which mediates xanthine oxidase activity. (wikipedia.org)

Although taurine is considered a conditionally essential nutrient for humans and is thought to play a key role in several human diseases, clinical studies evaluating the effects of taurine are limited. (researchgate.net)
There are only a few case reports supporting beneficial effects in humans. (researchgate.net)

Aminophylline may interact with other medications, resulting in higher blood levels and increasing the risk of side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
Common side effects include nausea, headache, and insomnia. (rxwiki.com)
Did you experience many side effects while taking this drug? (rxwiki.com)
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. (rxwiki.com)
You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. (rxwiki.com)
This is not a complete list of Theo-24 side effects. (rxwiki.com)
Furthermore, the use of any drug is associated with potential side effects (e.g., headaches) that might eliminate any potential gains in productivity and creativity . (brainblogger.com)
Side effects are rare and transient if occur. (umc-cares.org)
All medication can cause side effects. (anytimedoctor.co.uk)
Report a suspected side effect or falsified product to the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. (medicines.org.uk)
the incidence of side effects is then higher. (medscape.com)
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ABSTRACT There is growing evidence that dietary antioxidants may have favourable effects in reducing cancer risk. (who.int)
Our study supports a protective effect of dietary antioxidants in relation to breast cancer risk. (who.int)

These agents provide no bronchodilatory effect but are useful in controlling the underlying inflammation of allergic asthma. (medscape.com)

The effect of cocaine on cardiac muscle and coronary vessels remains poorly understood. (medscape.com)
This agent has little effect on cardiac muscle contractility. (medscape.com)
It relaxes bronchial smooth muscles by action on β2 receptors, with little effect on cardiac muscle contractility. (medscape.com)
These agents cause bronchial smooth muscle relaxation with little effect on cardiac muscle contractility. (medscape.com)

whereas, when ROS production increases and the cell's ability to neutralize ROS decreases, the overall effect on tissues is destructive (aging and disease). (life-enthusiast.com)

In acute cocaine exposure, the vasoconstrictive action of the drug seems to have the predominant effect. (medscape.com)

The effect produced by some therapeutic measures on the different forms of leucocytes in pulmonary tuberculosis. (jameslindlibrary.org)

Others can accelerate neuronal communication through increased release of certain neuromediators or through agonistic effects on the receptors of these neuromediators. (brainblogger.com)

12 However, this beneficial effect seems to be overridden at higher concentrations by distinct hazardous electrophysiologic effects. (researchgate.net)

This effect may be present with acute cocaine use. (medscape.com)

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) separation of ephedrine and its three structural analogs based on polar retention effect on graphite (PREG) mechanism using Supel™ Carbon LC column. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Another reaction catalyzed by xanthine oxidase is the decomposition of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO), a class of reactive nitrogen species, to nitric oxide (NO), which reacts with a superoxide anion to form peroxynitrite under aerobic conditions. (wikipedia.org)

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Anatomy2

Organisms5

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs76

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Uric acid11

Developed xanthine oxidase1

Allopurinol6

Inhibitor2

Dehydrogenase4

Oxidoreductase3

H2O22

Theophylline2

Alkaloid2

Caffeine9

Derivatives2

Oxidative stress2

Hypoxanthine1

Aldehyde oxidase1

Enzyme5

Adrenergic drugs1

Inhibition3

Liver2

Yerba Mate1

Compounds2

Renal5

Hypotensive2

Drugs3

Adverse effects2

Extracts1

Endothelial1

Inhibitory2

Gene1

Humans2

Side16

Antioxidants2

Asthma1

Cardiac muscle4

Neutralize1

Drug1

Therapeutic1

Receptors1

Beneficial effect1

Acute1

High1

Conditions1

White8

Clinical1

Treatment1