- Crotoxin (CTX) is the main toxic compound in the snake venom of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus. (wikipedia.org)
- Crotoxin is the main neurotoxin of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus . (bvsalud.org)
- We examined the effect of crotoxin, the neurotoxic complex from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, on the uptake of ³H-choline in minces of smooth muscle myenteric plexus from guinea pig ileum. (scielo.org)
- Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom and its major toxin, crotoxin or type II PLA2 (CB) subunit of this toxin, modulates immune and inflammatory responses, interfering with the activity of leukocytes. (fapesp.br)
- These toxins, such as crotoxin from the pit viper C. durissus terrificus and a-agkistrodotoxin from the Agkistrodon halys pallas, act on presynaptic neuromuscular junctions to prevent the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (scoiltrad.com)
- The inhibitory effect of crotoxin on ³H-choline uptake seems to be associated with its phospholipase activity since the equimolar substitution of Sr2+ for Ca2+ in the incubation medium or the modification of the toxin with p-bromophenacyl bromide substantially decreased this effect. (scielo.org)
- The CB subunit induce an inhibitory effect on spreading and phagocytosis in macrophages and decreased the number of circulating blood and lymph lymphocytes. (fapesp.br)
- The purpose of this research is to assess the ability of crotoxin to induce temporary paralysis of extraocular and facial muscles in humans . (bvsalud.org)
- We first applied 2U of crotoxin in one of the extraocular muscles of 3 amaurotic individuals to be submitted to ocular evisceration. (bvsalud.org)
- In the second stage, we applied crotoxin in 12 extraocular muscles of 9 patients with strabismic amblyopia . (bvsalud.org)
- The objective of this study was to appraise the action and effectiveness of the crotoxin induced paralysis of the extraocular muscle and to compare its effects. (women-in-hospitality.com)
- These researchers found that 60 per cent of the venom consisted of a neurotoxic substance, later referred to as crotoxin. (wikipedia.org)
- Since Tx1 contracts isolated guinea pig ileum, we have investigated the effect of this toxin on acetylcholine release, as well as its binding to myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle membranes from the guinea pig ileum. (scielo.org)
- Crotoxin was the first proteinic toxin to be crystallized (Protein crystallization). (wikipedia.org)
- Higher concentrations of crotoxin or more extensive incubation times with this toxin resulted in elevation of LDH activity detected in the assay supernatant. (scielo.org)
- Moreover, this toxin also up-regulated protein expression of COX-2 isoform, whereas an inhibitor of phospholipases A2 enzyme activity, abrogated this effect. (fapesp.br)
- Snake venom contains mainly proteins and peptides (90-95% of the dry weight of venom) and they are responsible for almost all of its biological effects. (snakevenomdb.org)
- Androgel gel price in india, ciclo sustanon e deca - Acheter des stéroïdes en ligne Androgel gel price in india The objective of this study was to appraise the action and effectiveness of the crotoxin induced paralysis of the. (mugabiimran.com)
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- Crotoxin is a heterodimeric beta-neurotoxin, composed of an acidic, non-toxic and non-enzymatic subunit (CA), and a basic, weakly toxic, phospholipase A2 protein (CB). (wikipedia.org)
- While the presynaptic effect is caused by the CB subunit, it is enhanced by the presence of the CA subunit. (wikipedia.org)
- The interface between CA and CB is formed by three tryptophan amino acids which play an important role in the stability of the crotoxin complex. (wikipedia.org)
- The isoforms thereby also play a role in the stability of the crotoxin complex. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, some venom proteins can inhibit platelet function and cause a "true" anticoagulant effect. (scoiltrad.com)
- In the last stage, crotoxin was used in the treatment of blepharospasm in another 3 patients . (bvsalud.org)
- This study provides data suggesting that crotoxin may be a useful new therapeutic option for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm . (bvsalud.org)
- In the concentration range used (0.03-1 µM) and up to 10 min of treatment, crotoxin decreased ³H-choline uptake by 50-75% compared to control. (scielo.org)
- The toxic effect of crotoxin is determined mainly by the phospholipase A2 action of CB. (wikipedia.org)
- The primary mechanistic action of crotoxin is twofold, a presynaptic and a postsynaptic action. (wikipedia.org)
- We suggest that this inhibition could explain, at least in part, the blocking effect of crotoxin on neurotransmission. (scielo.org)
- Shows inhibition of melanoma cells and proapoptotic effect, interfering with the adhesion mechanisms. (snakevenomdb.org)
- Our results show that crotoxin inhibits ³H-choline uptake with high affinity (EC25 = 10 ± 5 nM). (scielo.org)
- The only local side effects observed were slight conjunctival hyperemia , which recovered spontaneously. (bvsalud.org)
- Testoviron Depot 250 Injection View Uses, Side Effects, Price and test depot. (women-in-hospitality.com)
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- The structure of crotoxin is composed by the components CA and CB in a 1:1 molecular ratio. (wikipedia.org)
- No patient showed any systemic side effect or change in vision or any eye structure problem after the procedure . (bvsalud.org)
- There are some hypotheses and models that try to explain the pharmacological effects of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. (wikipedia.org)
- We expect that with further studies crotoxin could be an option for many other medical areas. (bvsalud.org)
- Membrane damage by the PLA2 activity allows PLA2 to enter cells and specifically bind to proteins and receptors either agonistic or antagonistic, inducing pharmacological effects non-enzymatically. (wikipedia.org)
- The effects on the digestive system consisted of more frequent constipation (OR = 1.57), suggesting decreased gastrointestinal mobility probably due to dysfunctional autonomic activity (Winkler et al. (aurorakinaseb.com)
- Crotoxin (CTX) is the main toxic compound in the snake venom of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus. (wikipedia.org)
- This paper shows the results of quercitrin effects on the structure and biological activity of secretory phospholipase (sPLA 2 ) from Crotalus durissus terrificus , which is the main toxin involved in the pharmacological effects of this snake venom. (hindawi.com)
- 4. A comparative study of biological activities of crotoxin and CB fraction of venoms from Crotalus durissus terrificus, Crotalus durissus cascavella and Crotalus durissus collilineatus. (nih.gov)
- 7. Role of crotoxin, a phospholipase A2 isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, on inflammatory and immune reactions. (nih.gov)
- 8. Preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of a tetrameric phospholipase A2 formed by two isoforms of crotoxin B from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. (nih.gov)
- 9. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of crotoxin B from Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. (nih.gov)
- 11. Antiplasmodial effect of the venom of Crotalus durissus cumanensis, crotoxin complex and Crotoxin B. (nih.gov)
- 13. Insights into the role of oligomeric state on the biological activities of crotoxin: crystal structure of a tetrameric phospholipase A2 formed by two isoforms of crotoxin B from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. (nih.gov)
- 16. Cross-neutralization of the neurotoxicity of Crotalus durissus terrificus and Bothrops jararacussu venoms by antisera against crotoxin and phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom. (nih.gov)
- 17. The origin of the diversity of crotoxin isoforms in the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus. (nih.gov)
- Crotoxin (CTX) is the main neurotoxic component of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. (bvsalud.org)
- The different isoforms of both subunits CA and CB can form crotoxin complexes which can be subdivided into two classes: moderately toxic with a high phospholipase A2 activity or more toxic with a lower enzymatic activity. (wikipedia.org)
- The isoforms thereby also play a role in the stability of the crotoxin complex. (wikipedia.org)
- Crotoxin is a heterodimeric beta-neurotoxin, composed of an acidic, non-toxic and non-enzymatic subunit (CA), and a basic, weakly toxic, phospholipase A2 protein (CB). (wikipedia.org)
- 15. Crotoxin: novel activities for a classic beta-neurotoxin. (nih.gov)
- The toxic effect of crotoxin is determined mainly by the phospholipase A2 action of CB. (wikipedia.org)
- There are some hypotheses and models that try to explain the pharmacological effects of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. (wikipedia.org)
- 10. First crotoxin-like phospholipase A(2) complex from a New World non-rattlesnake species: nigroviriditoxin, from the arboreal Neotropical snake Bothriechis nigroviridis. (nih.gov)
- Since 1966 until today, investigations into pharmacological applications for crotoxin are conducted. (wikipedia.org)
- Membrane damage by the PLA2 activity allows PLA2 to enter cells and specifically bind to proteins and receptors either agonistic or antagonistic, inducing pharmacological effects non-enzymatically. (wikipedia.org)
- This could lead to pharmacological effect by means of the damage to the membranes and membrane proteins, or by the lysophospholipids and fatty acids released in hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
- 2008. Pharmacological properties of purinergic receptors and their effects on proliferation and induction of neuronal differentiation of p19 embryonal carcinoma cells. (plataforma-cpe.org)
- Although some studies indicate that Q has a more pronounced effect in downregulating the inflammatory response relative to Qn, other studies highlight a significant anti-inflammatory effect from both glycosides (Qn and rutinoside) in experimental colitis models in rats and other biological essays [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The present study investigated the effect of CTX on the secretory activity of monocultured macrophages and macrophages co-cultivated with LLC-WRC 256 cells. (bvsalud.org)
- The effect of the macrophage secretory activities on tumour cell proliferation was also evaluated. (bvsalud.org)
- Boc-2, a selective antagonist of formyl peptide receptors, blocked both the stimulatory effect of CTX on the macrophage secretory activity and the inhibitory effect of these cells on tumour cell proliferation. (bvsalud.org)
- 12. Cytotoxicity of crotoxin on murine erythroleukemia cells in vitro. (nih.gov)
- There was no significant effect observed in triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels, anavar and winstrol at the same time. (jameshughgough.com)