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Cerebral InfarctionIntracranial PressureBrain EdemaBrain InfarctionBrain IschemiaBrain InjuriesIntracranial HypertensionCerebrovascular DisordersTomography, X-Ray ComputedBrainCerebrovascular CirculationInfarctionMyocardial InfarctionMagnetic Resonance ImagingCerebral ArteriesBlood-Brain BarrierAquaporin 4Brain ChemistryBrain NeoplasmsBlood PressureInfarction, Middle Cerebral ArteryCerebral HemorrhageEdemaDiuretics, OsmoticPressureTime FactorsDisease Models, AnimalGlasgow Coma ScalePseudotumor CerebriIschemic Attack, TransientRats, Sprague-DawleyDiabetic KetoacidosisStrokePosterior Leukoencephalopathy SyndromeHypertensive EncephalopathyBrain MappingMiddle Cerebral ArteryCerebral AngiographyIntracranial Embolism and ThrombosisCerebral PalsyDiffusion Magnetic Resonance ImagingBrain DiseasesMonitoring, PhysiologicTreatment OutcomeHydrocephalusCraniocerebral TraumaDecompressive CraniectomyRisk FactorsProspective StudiesSubarachnoid HemorrhageNeuroprotective AgentsMannitolCraniotomyPulmonary EdemaPapilledemaAcute DiseaseGlasgow Outcome ScaleSaline Solution, HypertonicBody WaterCerebral VeinsHypertensionRetrospective StudiesCerebral CortexHead Injuries, ClosedBrain Injury, ChronicCerebral VentriclesMalaria, CerebralDiffuse Axonal InjuryBrain StemHypoxia, BrainBrain Damage, ChronicEclampsiaCerebrospinal Fluid ShuntsStroke, LacunarLeukoaraiosisElectrocardiographyRats, WistarNeuronsVentriculostomyHemodynamicsBrain ConcussionPredictive Value of TestsStatus EpilepticusComaIntracranial EmbolismVentricular Dysfunction, LeftHypothermia, InducedBlast InjuriesAltitude SicknessCase-Control StudiesBlood Flow VelocitySpecific GravityCarbon DioxideRecovery of FunctionAnalysis of VarianceTriethyltin CompoundsInjury Severity ScoreAge FactorsOxygenHyperammonemia
Intracerebral hemorrhageElevation of blood pressureEndothelialStrokeIschemiaPosteriorStrokesEtiologyReversibleSeizuresFluidTomographyCasesSymptomsBlood pressurePatientsDeathResultsDisruption of the blood-brain bPerfusion pressureHemorrhageCytotoxic edemaMonro-KellieCerebellarMalignantDecompressiveHypertensionSecondaryTumorsAcuteHepaticReducesClinicalTissueDiseaseMagneticVascularArterialSurgicalCentral nervouMedicalSurgery
Intracerebral hemorrhage2
  • The incidence of this disorder should be considered in terms of its potential causes and is present in most cases of traumatic brain injury, central nervous system tumors, brain ischemia, and intracerebral hemorrhage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thrombosis also form in cerebral venous, which is termed as cerebral venous thrombosis(CVT), a particular type of cerebrovascular disease, characterized by intracerebral hemorrhage and infarction, associated with increased intracranial pressure due to cerebrospinal fluid absorption and cerebral venous drainage, accounting for 0.5-1% of strokes ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Elevation of blood pressure2
  • Increased pressures within the skull can cause a compensatory elevation of blood pressure to maintain cerebral blood flow, which, when associated with irregular breathing and a decreased heart rate, is called the Cushing reflex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Failure of cerebral autoregulation from a sudden elevation of blood pressure results in endothelial injury and vasogenic edema. (medlink.com)
Endothelial2
  • BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction is common in patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis, and is a major cause of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). (bvsalud.org)
  • Recently, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been shown to cause endothelial dysfunction by infecting vascular endothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)
Stroke7
  • Younger age Higher severity of symptoms on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Signs of current ischemia on clinical exam Decreased level of consciousness Hyper dense artery sign and larger affected area on CT imaging Higher blood glucose Cerebral edema has been traditional classified into two major sub-types: cytotoxic and vasogenic cerebral edema. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on the etiology, stroke can be classified into ischemic or hemorrhagic subtypes, which ranks second among the leading causes of death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Stroke is caused not only by arterial thrombosis but also by cerebral venous thrombosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • The ischemic stroke accounts for the 87% of all cases, which results from the cerebral arteries occlusion due to thrombosis, atherosclerosis and platelets plug ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Hypoxia and ischemia of the brain are key pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemic stroke ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The molecular pathological hallmarks of arterial stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • this can be helpful in confirming the diagnosis and excluding mimics of hypertensive encephalopathy such as ischemic stroke. (medlink.com)
Ischemia1
  • During cerebral ischemia for example, the blood-brain barrier remains intact but decreased blood flow and glucose supply leads to a disruption in cellular metabolism and creation of energy sources, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (wikipedia.org)
Posterior3
  • Background Cerebrovascular dysregulation syndromes, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), are challenging to diagnose because they are rare and require advanced neuroimaging for confirmation. (bvsalud.org)
  • These radiographic findings in hypertensive encephalopathy, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome supported the concept that the syndrome results from fluid and protein extravasation across the blood-brain barrier, owing to failure of cerebral autoregulation. (medlink.com)
  • MRI imaging in all cases demonstrated posterior leukoencephalopathy without infarction that resolved after cessation of the purportedly triggering medication, delivery, or control of blood pressure. (medlink.com)
Strokes3
  • Cerebral edema is a major cause of brain damage and contributes significantly to the mortality of ischemic strokes and traumatic brain injuries. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, malignant brain edema was present in roughly 31% of people with ischemic strokes within 30 days after onset. (wikipedia.org)
  • The following were reliable predictors for development of early cerebral edema in ischemic strokes. (wikipedia.org)
Etiology1
  • The extent and severity of the symptoms of cerebral edema depend on the exact etiology but are generally related to an acute increase of the pressure within the skull. (wikipedia.org)
Reversible1
Seizures1
Fluid3
  • Cerebral edema is excess accumulation of fluid (edema) in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The treatment of cerebral edema depends on the cause and includes monitoring of the person's airway and intracranial pressure, proper positioning, controlled hyperventilation, medications, fluid management, steroids. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the skull is a fixed and inelastic space, the accumulation of cerebral edema can displace and compress vital brain tissue, cerebral spinal fluid, and blood vessels, according to the Monro-Kellie doctrine. (wikipedia.org)
Tomography1
Cases1
  • Several cases of neurological complications in patients without kidney dysfunction, and only a few cases in patients with chronic kidney disease, have been reported in the literature. (bvsalud.org)
Symptoms2
Blood pressure1
Patients1
  • This simple classification helps guide medical decision making and treatment of patients affected with cerebral edema. (wikipedia.org)
Death3
  • The Cushing reflex often indicates compression of the brain on brain tissue and blood vessels, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain and eventually death. (wikipedia.org)
  • The following individual sub-types have been identified: In general, cytotoxic edema is linked to cell death in the brain through excessive cellular swelling. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ultimate consequence of cytotoxic edema is the oncotic death of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Results1
  • Ischemic hypoxia is caused by an impaired arterial blood supply, whereas congestive hypoxia results from an impaired venous return. (frontiersin.org)
Disruption of the blood-brain b2
  • The pathophysiology of brain edema involves failure of the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump and disruption of the blood-brain barrier, leading to cytotoxic edema and cellular death. (j-stroke.org)
  • Generally accepted theories revolve around disruption of the blood-brain barrier secondary to elevated intracranial pressures or endothelial injury induced by ischemia from a vasoconstrictive response to rising blood pressure or toxins/cytokines. (bvsalud.org)
Perfusion pressure2
Hemorrhage3
  • 4 Tissue shifts can also stretch and tear cerebral vessels, causing intracranial hemorrhage such as Duret's hemorrhage of the brainstem. (j-stroke.org)
  • Cerebrovascular disease refers to any abnormality in the brain resulting from a pathological process of the cerebral blood vessels, such as thrombosis, embolism, or hemorrhage ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Various factors that have been associated with poor outcome include altered sensorium, hypertensive etiology, hyperglycemia, longer time to control the causative factor, elevated C reactive protein, coagulopathy, extensive cerebral edema, and hemorrhage on imaging. (bvsalud.org)
Cytotoxic edema2
  • The following individual sub-types have been identified: In general, cytotoxic edema is linked to cell death in the brain through excessive cellular swelling. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ultimate consequence of cytotoxic edema is the oncotic death of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Monro-Kellie2
  • As the skull is a fixed and inelastic space, the accumulation of cerebral edema can displace and compress vital brain tissue, cerebral spinal fluid, and blood vessels, according to the Monro-Kellie doctrine. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 The Monro-Kellie doctrine dictates that since the brain is encased in a finite space, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) due to cerebral edema can result in herniation through the foramen magnum and openings formed by the falx and tentorium. (j-stroke.org)
Cerebellar4
  • Another life-saving decompressive surgery is suboccipital craniectomy for patients with brainstem compression by edematous cerebellar infarction. (j-stroke.org)
  • In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the management of cerebral and cerebellar infarction with malignant edema. (j-stroke.org)
  • Five major paired arteries supply the dog brain, namely, the rostral, middle, and caudal cerebral arteries and the rostral and caudal cerebellar arteries ( 1 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • All but the caudal cerebellar arteries branch from a ring at the base of the brain, called the cerebral arterial circle or the Circle of Willis, which is formed from the paired internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery ( 1 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Malignant4
  • For example, malignant brain edema was present in roughly 31% of people with ischemic strokes within 30 days after onset. (wikipedia.org)
  • Malignant cerebral edema following ischemic stroke is life threatening, as it can cause inadequate blood flow and perfusion leading to irreversible tissue hypoxia and metabolic crisis. (j-stroke.org)
  • Multiple randomized clinical trials have shown that preemptive decompressive hemicraniectomy effectively reduces mortality and morbidity in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. (j-stroke.org)
  • Malignant cerebral edema following ischemic stroke is life threatening. (j-stroke.org)
Decompressive1
Hypertension2
Secondary1
  • As a secondary aim, the authors investigated whether low jugular bulb oxygen saturation values were associated with brain parenchymal damage as evaluated by diffusion-weighted imaging. (silverchair.com)
Tumors3
  • Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine whether indomethacin and propofol induce cerebral ischemic damage in patients undergoing craniotomy for cerebral tumors. (silverchair.com)
  • Nine patients subjected to craniotomy for supratentorial brain tumors in propofol-fentanyl anesthesia were studied. (silverchair.com)
  • Administration of indomethacin during propofol anesthesia is not associated with evidence of ischemic damage in patients with brain tumors, as evaluated by diffusion-weighted imaging. (silverchair.com)
Acute1
  • The extent and severity of the symptoms of cerebral edema depend on the exact etiology but are generally related to an acute increase of the pressure within the skull. (wikipedia.org)
Hepatic1
  • Eight patients with PRES resulting from different etiologies varying from pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, post-partum headache with seizures, neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, snake bite, Dengue fever with encephalopathy, alcoholic liver cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy, and lastly reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). (bvsalud.org)
Reduces1
  • INDOMETHACIN, a fatty acid cyclooxygenase inhibitor, is a cerebral vasoconstrictor and reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF) without affecting cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRo 2 ) in clinical 1 and experimental studies. (silverchair.com)
Clinical1
  • Previous clinical reports have not demonstrated evidence of indomethacin-induced cerebral ischemic damage. (silverchair.com)
Tissue2
  • This typically causes impaired nerve function, increased pressure within the skull, and can eventually lead to direct compression of brain tissue and blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Cushing reflex often indicates compression of the brain on brain tissue and blood vessels, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain and eventually death. (wikipedia.org)
Disease1
  • As cerebral edema is present with many common cerebral pathologies, the epidemiology of the disease is not easily defined. (wikipedia.org)
Magnetic1
Vascular1
  • As the focus of this review is to describe established and emerging imaging modalities for characterizing vascular accidents, knowledge of the vascular anatomy of the brain is essential. (frontiersin.org)
Arterial1
Surgical1
Central nervou1
  • Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes (RCVS) and primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) are invariably considered in the differential diagnosis of new cerebral arteriopathies. (bvsalud.org)
Medical1
  • Furthermore, general medical care is critical because of the complex interactions between the brain and other organ systems. (j-stroke.org)
Surgery1