The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of nitrofurantoin is unusual among antibacterials.Nitrofurantoin is reduced by bacterial flavoproteins to reactive intermediates which inactivate or alter bacterial ribosomal proteins and other macromolecules. (nih.gov)
This is made possible by the rapid reduction of nitrofurantoin inside the bacterial cell by flavoproteins (nitrofuran reductase) to multiple reactive intermediates that attack ribosomal proteins, DNA,respiration, pyruvate metabolism and other macromolecules within the cell. (stadmed-global.com)
Urinary tract infe6
Nitrofurantoin is an antibacterial medication used to treat urinary tract infections, but it is not as effective for kidney infections. (wikipedia.org)
Current uses include the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and prophylaxis against UTIs in people prone to recurrent UTIs. (wikipedia.org)
Nitrofurantoin is an anti-infective agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of urinary tract infections when due to susceptible strains of Escherichia coli , enterococci , Staphylococcus aureus , and certain susceptible strains of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species. (wikidoc.org)
There are two formulations of nitrofurantoin: Macrocrystals - (Macrodantin, Furadantin) - 25, 50, or 100 mg capsules - taken once every 6 hours[citation needed] Monohydrate/macrocrystals - (Macrobid) - 100 mg capsules - taken once every 12 hours or 2 times a day (written on prescriptions as BID, which is the last part of the trade name MacroBID). (wikipedia.org)
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Nitrofurantoin Capsules, USP (monohydrate/macrocrystals) and other antibacterial drugs, Nitrofurantoin Capsules, USP (monohydrate/macrocrystals) should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. (nih.gov)
Nitrofurantoin Capsules , USP (monohydrate/macrocrystals)is a hard gelatin capsule shell containing the equivalent of 100 mg of nitrofurantoin in the form of 25 mg of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals and 75 mg of nitrofurantoin monohydrate. (nih.gov)
Based on urinary pharmacokinetic data, the extent and rate of urinary excretion of nitrofurantoin from the 100 mg Nitrofurantoin Capsules, USP (monohydrate/ macrocrystals) are similar to those of the 50 mg or 100 mg nitrofurantoin (macrocrystals) capsule. (nih.gov)
Plasma nitrofurantoin concentrations after a single oral dose of the 100 mg Nitrofurantoin Capsules, USP (monohydrate/ macrocrystals) are low, with peak levels usually less than 1 mcg/mL. (nih.gov)
Monohydrate2
Twenty-five percent is macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin, which has slower dissolution and absorption than nitrofurantoin monohydrate. (nih.gov)
The remaining 75% is nitrofurantoin monohydrate contained in a powder blend which, upon exposure to gastric and intestinal fluids, forms a gel matrix that releases nitrofurantoin over time. (nih.gov)
Nitrofuran1
Nitrofurantoin is a nitrofuran antimicrobial agent with activity against certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. (nih.gov)
Recommended for the treatment of pyelonephritis1
Nitrofurantoin is not recommended for the treatment of pyelonephritis, and intra-abdominal abscess, because of extremely poor tissue penetration and low blood levels. (wikipedia.org)
Works by slowing b1
While it usually works by slowing bacterial growth, it may result in bacterial death at the high concentrations found in urine. (wikipedia.org)
Furadantin1
Furadantin should be given with food to improve drug absorption and, in some patients, tolerance. (wikidoc.org)
Microbiology1
The efficacy of nitrofurantoin in treating UTIs combined with a low rate of bacterial resistance to this agent makes it one of the first-line agents for treating uncomplicated UTIs as recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotic2
Increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance to other commonly used agents, such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones, has led to increased interest in using nitrofurantoin. (wikipedia.org)
Many or all strains of the following genera are resistant to nitrofurantoin: Enterobacter Proteus Pseudomonas Antibiotic susceptibility testing should always be performed to further elucidate the resistance profile of the particular strain of bacteria causing infection. (wikipedia.org)
Excretion1
Treatment of this type of patient carries an increased risk of toxicity because of impaired excretion of the drug. (wikidoc.org)
Antagonism3
Antagonism has been demonstrated in vitro between nitrofurantoin and quinolone antimicrobials. (nih.gov)
nitrofurantoin decreases effects of BCG vaccine live by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
nitrofurantoin decreases effects of microbiota oral by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
Urine3
Approximately 20 to 25% of a single dose of nitrofurantoin is recovered from the urine unchanged over 24 hours. (nih.gov)
Nitrofurantoin is highly soluble in urine, to which it may impart a brown color. (nih.gov)
Nitrofurantoin is bactericidal in urine at therapeutic doses. (nih.gov)
Bacteria1
The broad-based nature of this mode of action may explain the lack of acquired bacterial resistance to nitrofurantoin, as the necessary multiple and simultaneous mutations of the target macromolecules would likely be lethal to the bacteria. (nih.gov)
Resistance1
Development of resistance to nitrofurantoin has not been a significant problem since its introduction in 1953. (nih.gov)
Efficacy1
However, the efficacy of nitrofurantoin in treating clinical infections due to these microorganisms has not been established in adequate and well-controlled trials. (fda.gov)
Common adverse reactions include loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting . (wikidoc.org)
Adult2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Nitrofurantoin in adult patients. (wikidoc.org)
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use of Nitrofurantoin in adult patients. (wikidoc.org)
Reduction1
If use is unavoidable, closely monitor for adverse reactions and consider dose reduction of BCRP substrate drug (refer BCRP substrate prescribing information). (medscape.com)
Systemic1
Many of the severe side effects of this drug are more common in the elderly and those with renal impairment, as this causes the drug to be retained in the body and reach higher systemic levels. (wikipedia.org)
Patients3
Nitrofurantoin is contraindicated in patients with decreased renal function (CrCl (wikipedia.org)
Nitrofurantoin is contraindicated in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) because of risk of intravascular hemolysis resulting in anemia. (wikipedia.org)
There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Nitrofurantoin in pediatric patients. (wikidoc.org)
Elderly1
Thus, the drug is not recommended for the elderly population according to 2012 AGS Beers criteria. (wikipedia.org)
Form1
The drug works by damaging bacterial DNA, since its reduced form is highly reactive. (stadmed-global.com)
Infections1
Nitrofurantoin has been shown to have good activity against:[citation needed] E. coli Staphylococcus saprophyticus Coagulase negative staphylococci Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus agalactiae Citrobacter species Klebsiella species Bacillus subtilis species It is used in the treatment of infections caused by these organisms. (wikipedia.org)