Doses benzodiazepines and barbiturates gaba antagonists. Medical search. Frequent questions

Most convulsants are antagonists (or inverse agonists) at either the GABAA or glycine receptors, or ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists. (wikipedia.org)
GABAA receptor antagonists are drugs that bind to GABAA receptors but do not activate them and inhibit the action of GABA. (wikipedia.org)
3-Mercaptopropionic acid Allylglycine Glycine receptor antagonists are drugs which inactivates the glycine receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Bicuculline Brucine Colubrine Diaboline Gelsemine Hyenandrine Laudanosine Oripavine RU-5135 (also GABA antagonist) Sinomenine Strychnine Thebaine Tutin Ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists are drugs that activate the ionotropic glutamate receptors in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Ethanol interacts with GABA receptors, enhancing activity. (medscape.com)
GABA receptors are a family of chloride ion channels that mediate inhibitory neurotransmission. (medscape.com)
Chronic ethanol exposure has been found to alter gene expression and to increase cellular internalization of certain subunits, affecting the type of GABA receptors that are available at the cell surface and the synapse. (medscape.com)
Non-selective benzodiazepine (BZ) binding-site full agonists, exemplified by diazepam, act by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA at GABA(A) receptors containing either an alpha1, -2, -3 or -5 subunit. (hhs.gov)
More specifically, the alpha2- and/or alpha3-containing GABA(A) receptors play a role in anxiety whereas the alpha1 subtype is involved in sedation, raising the possibility of a compound that selectively modulates alpha2- and/or alpha3-containing receptors but does not affect alpha1-containing receptors would be a non-sedating anxiolytic. (hhs.gov)
The benzodiazepine binding site of GABA(A) receptors as a target for the development of novel anxiolytics. (hhs.gov)
Benzodiazepines produce a variety of effects by binding to the benzodiazepine receptor site and magnifying the efficiency and effects of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) by acting on its receptors . (psychonautwiki.org)
The anticonvulsant properties of benzodiazepines may be, in part or entirely, due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels rather than benzodiazepine receptors. (psychonautwiki.org)
Lorazepam is thought to have a relatively high affinity for GABA receptors compared to other benzodiazepines, which may also explain its marked amnesic effects. (psychonautwiki.org)
Millikan 2009) Furthermore, our traditional agents are less less likely to work, because GABA receptors are lost or internalized into cells. (first10em.com)
Trazodone - found in Sleep-T Synergy and Sleep-T Synergy Forte this antidepressant medication increases serotonin in the brain by preventing its reuptake and subsequent breakdown in brain cells and acts as an antagonist at 5-HT-2A/2C serotonin receptors. (victoryselect.com)
Fast inhibition in the nervous system is commonly mediated by GABA A receptors comprised of 2α/2β/1γ subunits. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, GABA C receptors containing onlyρ subunits (ρ1-ρ3) have been predominantly detected in the retina. (jneurosci.org)
Fast inhibition in the CNS is principally mediated by the neurotransmitter GABA acting on GABA A and GABA C ionotropic receptors ( Macdonald and Olsen, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates bind gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptors, increase the affinity of the receptor to GABA, and promote inhibitory neurotransmitter effects. (merckmanuals.com)
Some cross-tolerance exists between alcohol and sedatives, especially drugs that act on GABA-A receptors. (merckmanuals.com)
Diphenhydramine is an H1 receptor antagonist, which means that it binds to the H1 receptor so that histamine in the body cannot activate those receptors in the smooth muscle. (powerofprobiotics.com)
The potency of CBD increased and efficacy preserved in binary α1/α2β2 receptors indicating that their effects do not involve the classic benzodiazepine site. (researchgate.net)
Exploration of extrasynaptic α4β2δ receptors revealed that both compounds enhanced GABA EC5 evoked currents at concentrations ranging from 0.01-1 μM. (researchgate.net)
the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), THC and CBD potentiate GABA A receptors [21, 22] . (researchgate.net)
In this regard, CBD inhibition of 5-HT 3 receptors may contribute to its role in modulation of nociception and emesis, potentiation of GABA receptors may account for its anti-seizure, anxiolytic and analgesic effects, and potentiation of glycine receptors may be relevant for CBD anti-nociceptive actions [3,16, 22] . (researchgate.net)
Isoflurane likely binds to GABA , glutamate and glycine receptors, but has different effects on each receptor. (mdwiki.org)
Isoflurane acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA A receptor in electrophysiology studies of neurons and recombinant receptors. (mdwiki.org)

Their reduced intrinsic efficacy relative to full agonists such as diazepam resulted in an improved preclinical pharmacological profile in that there was a large window between anxiolytic and sedative doses and their dependence and abuse liabilities were much lower. (hhs.gov)
Temazepam (trade name Restoril ) is a short-acting [3] psychoactive substance of the benzodiazepine class which produces anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant , and amnesic effects. (psychonautwiki.org)
Benzodiazepines are the most commonly prescribed and abused sedative-hypnotics, but they produce less respiratory depression than barbiturates. (medscape.com)
Benzodiazepine overdose is most dangerous in combination with other sedative-hypnotics. (medscape.com)
Treatment of withdrawal syndromes is identical for withdrawal from all sedative-hypnotics because all drugs in this category, including barbiturates, sleeping pills, benzodiazepines, and alcohol, exhibit cross-dependence. (medscape.com)
The duration and degree of reversal of sedative benzodiazepine effects are related to the dose and plasma concentrations of flumazenil as shown in the following data from a study in normal volunteers. (nih.gov)
Sonata (zaleplon) is a non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotic drug used to treat insomnia. (rxlist.com)
Doses of sedative medications in pediatric patients must be calculated on a mg/kg basis, and initial doses and all subsequent doses should always be titrated slowly. (nih.gov)
Sedative Doses of Midazolam Depress Hypoxic Ventilatory Responses in Humans. (benzo.org.uk)
Belonging to the azaspirodecanedione drug class, 2 buspirone is a serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor agonist that is not chemically or pharmacologically related to benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other sedative/anxiolytic drugs. (arlen.com.br)
Buspirone hydrochloride tablets, USP are an antianxiety agent that is not chemically or pharmacologically related to the benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or other sedative/anxiolytic drugs. (arlen.com.br)
The benzodiazepines (pronounced [ˌbɛnzoː.daɪˈæzəˌpiːn] , often abbreviated to "benzos" ) are a class of psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic , sedative , anxiolytic , anticonvulsant , muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are mediated by slowing down the central nervous system . (wikidoc.org)
It is a barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative. (t3db.ca)

Its main pharmacological action is to increase the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA A receptor. (psychonautwiki.org)
The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. (achievingthedream.org)
The most extensive of these are GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glutamate . (nootropicsexpert.com)
Zolpidem Tartrate (Zolpidem Tartrate) TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE for ORAL use.Initial U.S. Approval: 1992RECENT MAJOR CHANGES Dosage and Administration (2) 4/2013 Dosage and Administration, Dosage in Adults (2.1) 4/2013Warnings and Precautions (5) 4/2013INDICATIONS AND USAGE Zolpidem tartrate extended-release tablets, USP a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A agonist are indicated for the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance. (drugs-library.com)

An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. (achievingthedream.org)
At low doses, trazodone appears to act as a serotonin antagonist and at higher doses as an agonist. (victoryselect.com)
potential mechanisms include increased synaptic availability of GABA and accumulation of natural benzodiazepine receptor ligands with agonist properties. (bvsalud.org)

However, animals treated with diazepam do have a transient ataxia at higher doses. (hhs.gov)
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. (psychonautwiki.org)
Generally, doses of approximately 0.1 mg to 0.2 mg (corresponding to peak plasma levels of 3 to 6 ng/mL) produce partial antagonism, whereas higher doses of 0.4 to 1 mg (peak plasma levels of 12 to 28 ng/mL) usually produce complete antagonism in patients who have received the usual sedating doses of benzodiazepines. (nih.gov)
Doxepin - found in Sleep-D Synergy and Sleep-D Synergy Forte, at higher doses this tricyclic medication acts as an antidepressant, but at the low doses found in this compound it preferentially binds to and blocks histamine receptor sites where it exerts its sleep maintenance effect. (victoryselect.com)

As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. (achievingthedream.org)
Responses to GABA C agonists were also enhanced by the GABA A receptor modulator pentobarbitone (300 μM). (jneurosci.org)
Electrophysiology revealed that responses to GABA C receptor agonists were enhanced by the GABA A receptor modulator zolpidem (500 n m ), which acts on the α1 subunit when the γ2 subunit is also present. (jneurosci.org)
The newer GABA-effective hypnotics are the only medications with demonstrated effectiveness in treating chronic insomnia with the majority of evidence supporting treatment efficacy for cognitive-behavioral therapy and short acting GABA-receptor agonists. (springer.com)

However, despite their proven clinical anxiolytic efficacy, such compounds possess a relatively narrow window between doses that produce anxiolysis and those that cause sedation, and are also associated with physical dependence and a potential for abuse. (hhs.gov)
in some cases, it has not completely reversed respiratory depression, and it can cause seizures in patients with benzodiazepine dependence. (medscape.com)
Tolerance is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. (achievingthedream.org)
Withdrawal and Detoxification from Benzodiazepine Dependence: A Potential Role for Clonazepam. (benzo.org.uk)
The extent of physical dependence is related to dose and duration of use. (merckmanuals.com)
Dependence" is addiction with withdrawal symptoms if the dose is missed. (powerofprobiotics.com)
Dependence varies with the benzodiazepine used and with the user. (wikidoc.org)

In patients who are physically dependent on benzodiazepines, slowly administer repeated doses of flumazenil. (medscape.com)

During withdrawal from alcohol, the loss of GABA-A receptor stimulation causes a reduction in chloride flux and is associated with tremors, diaphoresis, tachycardia, anxiety, and seizures. (medscape.com)
It's worth noting that the sudden discontinuation of benzodiazepines can be potentially dangerous or life-threatening for individuals using regularly for extended periods of time, sometimes resulting in seizures or death. (psychonautwiki.org)
Maegaki 2005) One prehospital RCT comparing benzodiazepines to placebo, although underpowered, suggests benefit from early intervention in seizures. (first10em.com)
In animals pretreated with high doses of benzodiazepines over several weeks, flumazenil elicited symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal, including seizures. (nih.gov)
[1] Benzodiazepines are useful in treating anxiety , insomnia , agitation , seizures , and muscle spasms , as well as alcohol withdrawal . (wikidoc.org)

Benzodiazepines: Based on the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment Alcohol Scale Revised (CIWA-Ar) or the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS), very-high-dose bolus therapy, with the addition of phenobarbital as needed, may help reduce the need for mechanical ventilation and the length of time in the ICU. (medscape.com)
Fatal overdose may occur when benzodiazepines are combined with other depressants such as opiates , barbiturates , gabapentinoids , thienodiazepines , alcohol or other GABAergic substances . (psychonautwiki.org)
The channel has multiple receptor sites where alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines bind to exert their effects. (achievingthedream.org)
Barbiturates Alcohol and illicit drugs are toxic to the placenta and developing fetus and can cause congenital syndromes and withdrawal symptoms. (merckmanuals.com)
Risk increases with dose and use with other CNS depressants and alcohol. (drugs-library.com)
Concomitant Use of Central Nervous System Depressants Concomitant use of barbiturates, alcohol or other central nervous system depressants may increase the risk of hypoventilation, airway obstruction, desaturation, or apnea and may contribute to profound and/or prolonged drug effect. (druginteractionchecker.com)

Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. (achievingthedream.org)
Lower doses are necessary for older (over 60 years) or debilitated patients and in patients receiving concomitant narcotics or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants. (nih.gov)

Flumazenil does not antagonize the central nervous system effects of drugs affecting GABA-ergic neurons by means other than the benzodiazepine receptor (including ethanol, barbiturates, or general anesthetics) and does not reverse the effects of opioids. (nih.gov)
Concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. (nih.gov)
Risks from Concomitant Use with Opioids Concomitant use of benzodiazepines, including midazolam, and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma and death. (druginteractionchecker.com)

For patients with exposures to long-acting benzodiazepines or those with hepatic insufficiency with prolonged exposure to benzodiazepines, a continuous flumazenil infusion (0.25-1 mg/h) may be useful. (medscape.com)

The following events have been reported during postapproval use of flumazenil.Nervous System: Fear, panic attacks in patients with history of panic disorders.Withdrawal symptoms may occur following rapid injection of flumazenil in patients with long-term exposure to benzodiazepines. (drugcentral.org)

Many other drugs may cause convulsions as a side effect at high doses (e.g. bupropion, tramadol, pethidine, dextropropoxyphene, clomipramine) but only drugs whose primary action is to cause convulsions are known as convulsants. (wikipedia.org)
Convulsions are induced in captive animals, then high doses of anticonvulsant drugs are administered. (wikipedia.org)
Patients taking high doses of sedatives frequently have difficulty thinking, slow speech (with some dysarthria), decreased comprehension, poor memory, faulty judgment, narrowed attention span, and emotional lability. (merckmanuals.com)

Next, we'll take a look at each neurotransmitter system and examine how something other than serotonin, GABA, or glutamate may be causing your problem. (nootropicsexpert.com)

Users should note that with benzodiazepines , sudden discontinuation can be dangerous or even life-threatening for long-term or heavy users. (psychonautwiki.org)

Arguably the most important advance in the pharmacotherapy of severe mental disorders in the last fifty years was the substitution of barbiturates with the clinically safer benzodiazepines and the introduction of the theory-driven selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of depression. (biomedcentral.com)

Perinatal use of benzodiazepines also may cause neonatal withdrawal syndrome or toxicity (eg, apnea, hypothermia, hypotonia). (merckmanuals.com)

The GABA-gated chloride (Cl-) channel is embedded in the cell membrane of certain neurons. (achievingthedream.org)
Taken together these separate lines of evidence suggest that the effects of GABA in central neurons can be mediated by heteromeric complexes of GABA A and GABA C receptor subunits. (jneurosci.org)

Chronic ethanol abuse seems to modify the GABA receptor via several mechanisms, leading to a decrease in GABA activity. (medscape.com)

The majority of deaths occurred in patients with serious underlying disease or in patients who had ingested large amounts of non-benzodiazepine drugs (usually cyclic antidepressants), as part of an overdose.Serious adverse events have occurred in all clinical settings, and convulsions are the most common serious adverse events reported. (drugcentral.org)

Lorazepam (trade name Ativan or Tavor ) is a depressant substance of the benzodiazepine class. (psychonautwiki.org)
Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine central nervous system (CNS) depressant. (nih.gov)

Intravenous flumazenil has been shown to antagonize sedation, impairment of recall, psychomotor impairment and ventilatory depression produced by benzodiazepines in healthy human volunteers. (nih.gov)
In some patients, the higher morning blood levels following use of the 12.5 mg dose increase the risk of next day impairment of driving and other activities that require full alertness [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. (drugs-library.com)

The initial intravenous dose for sedation in adult patients may be as little as 1 mg, but should not exceed 2.5 mg in a normal healthy adult. (nih.gov)
The initial pediatric dose of midazolam for sedation/anxiolysis/amnesia is age, procedure, and route dependent (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION for complete dosing information). (nih.gov)

Bemegride and flumazenil are used to treat drug overdoses (of barbiturates and benzodiazepines respectively), but may cause convulsions if the dose is too high. (wikipedia.org)
Bemegride Bicuculline Cicutoxin Cyclothiazide DMCM FG-7142 Fipronil Flumazenil Flurothyl Gabazine IPTBO Laudanosine Oenanthotoxin Pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) Phenylsilatrane Picrotoxin Sarmazenil Securinine Sinomenine TBPO TBPS Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Thujone GABA synthesis inhibitors are drugs that inhibit the action of GABA. (wikipedia.org)
The benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil is available for the treatment of benzodiazepine intoxication. (medscape.com)
[ 15 ] Flumazenil acts by competitively inhibiting the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA-A receptor, thereby reversing the effects of benzodiazepines on the central nervous system. (medscape.com)
For adults Flumazenil should be administered in an initial IV dose of 0.2 mg given over 30 seconds, followed by a second 0.2 mg IV dose if there is no response after 45 seconds. (medscape.com)
Observe patients with benzodiazepine toxicity for at least 2 hours after recovery from flumazenil for late respiratory depression or resedation. (medscape.com)
Flumazenil Injection, USP is a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. (nih.gov)
Chemically, flumazenil is ethyl 8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo [1,5-a](1,4) benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate. (nih.gov)
Flumazenil, an imidazobenzodiazepine derivative, antagonizes the actions of benzodiazepines on the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
Flumazenil competitively inhibits the activity at the benzodiazepine recognition site on the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex. (nih.gov)
The duration and degree of reversal are related to the plasma concentration of the sedating benzodiazepine as well as the dose of flumazenil given. (nih.gov)
The pharmacokinetics of flumazenil are dose-proportional up to 100 mg. (nih.gov)
Peak concentrations of flumazenil are proportional to dose, with an apparent initial volume of distribution of 0.5 L/kg. (nih.gov)
The following adverse reactions were considered to be related to flumazenil administration (both alone and for the reversal of benzodiazepine effects) and were reported in studies involving 1875 individuals who received flumazenil in controlled trials. (drugcentral.org)

These drugs generally act as stimulants at low doses, but are not used for this purpose due to the risk of convulsions and consequent excitotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
Benzodiazepine drugs contain a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring, which is a seven membered ring with the two nitrogen constituents located at R 1 and R 4 . (psychonautwiki.org)
This oxygen substitution at R 2 is shared with other benzodiazepine drugs with the suffix -azepam. (psychonautwiki.org)
If concurrent use of codeine and buspirone is imperative, reduce the dose of one or both drugs. (pdr.net)
If hydrocodone is used with buspirone, the dose of one or both drugs should be reduced. (pdr.net)
Sedatives include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and related drugs. (merckmanuals.com)
Abused anxiolytics and sedatives include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other drugs taken to promote sleep. (merckmanuals.com)
The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS. (lookformedical.com)
Prior to the administration of midazolam in any dose, the immediate availability of oxygen, resuscitative drugs, age- and size-appropriate equipment for bag/valve/mask ventilation and intubation, and skilled personnel for the maintenance of a patent airway and support of ventilation should be ensured. (druginteractionchecker.com)
Should such reactions occur, the response to each dose of midazolam and all other drugs, including local anesthetics, should be evaluated before proceeding. (druginteractionchecker.com)

[4] Temazepam, like other benzodiazepines , binds to specific sites on the GABA A gamma-amino-butyric acid receptor. (psychonautwiki.org)
When temazepam binds to the GABA A receptor, it causes the Cl - ion pore to open more frequently. (psychonautwiki.org)
PubChem]Hexobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABA-A receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. (t3db.ca)

Chemically, midazolam HCl is 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4 H -imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine hydrochloride. (nih.gov)

Midazolam hydrochloride is a water-soluble benzodiazepine available as a sterile, nonpyrogenic parenteral dosage form for intravenous or intramuscular injection. (nih.gov)
The risk of neurodegeneration was increased in combination of these agents with nitrous oxide and benzodiazepines such as midazolam . (mdwiki.org)

The status of these and other BZ site compounds with claimed, but often not explicitly stated, GABA(A) subtype selectivity (such as ELB-139 and ocinaplon) will be reviewed in relation to their development as non-sedating anxiolytics for the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. (hhs.gov)
Following chlordiazepoxide in 1963 diazepam hit the market under the brand name Valium, followed by many further benzodiazepine compounds which were introduced over the subsequent years and decades. (wikidoc.org)

Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system. (lookformedical.com)
4. Pretreatment (30 min) with the non-selective muscarinic antagonists scopolamine (0.1, 0.3 or 1 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and atropine (0.3, 1 or 3 mg kg(-1), s.c.) but not methylatropine (1, 3 or 10 mg kg(-1), s.c) significantly inhibited stretching induced by Ro 04-6790 (30 mg kg(-1), i.p.). 5. (lookformedical.com)

For pediatric patients, the initial dose is 0.01 mg/kg given IV over 15 seconds (not to exceed 0.2 mg). (medscape.com)
In a study of pediatric patients with an anxiety disorder, doses of 5 to 30 mg PO twice daily were safe and well-tolerated in adolescents (n = 12). (pdr.net)

However, the advent of molecular genetic and pharmacological approaches has begun to delineate which GABA(A) receptor subtypes are associated with the various pharmacological effects of the non-selective BZs. (hhs.gov)
Medical References on Benzodiazepines, side-effects and risks A Aarskog D. Association between Maternal Intake of Diazepam and Oral Clefts. (benzo.org.uk)
Tolerance" means that the medication loses its effectiveness at the same dose so you need a higher dosage to get effects. (powerofprobiotics.com)
1. The present study examined the effects of the selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist 4-amino-N-(2, 6 bis-methylamino-pyrimidin-4-yl)-benzene sulphonamide (Ro 04-6790) on locomotor activity and unconditioned behaviour in male Sprague Dawley rats (230-300 g). 2. (lookformedical.com)
However, it lacks the hypnotic effects of barbiturates . (wikidoc.org)
Consider dose reduction of either or both agents to avoid serious adverse effects. (medscape.com)

Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. (psychonautwiki.org)

The dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist, haloperidol (0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg kg(-1), s.c.) given at the same time as Ro 04-6790 (30 mg kg(-1), i.p.) had no effect on the stretching induced by the 5-HT6 antagonist. (lookformedical.com)

The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium) was discovered serendipitously in 1954 by the Austrian scientist Leo Sternbach (1908-2005), working for the pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche . (wikidoc.org)
Three years later chlordiazepoxide was marketed as a therapeutic benzodiazepine medication under the brand name Librium. (wikidoc.org)

In a single- and multiple-dose absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) study, using tritium-labelled drug, temazepam was well absorbed and found to have minimal (8%) first-pass drug metabolism. (psychonautwiki.org)
If the patient overdosed on barbiturates, administer intravenous sodium bicarbonate to alkalinize the urine, which increases the rate of barbiturate excretion. (medscape.com)

The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. (t3db.ca)

Benzodiazepines are also used to treat the panic that can be caused by hallucinogen intoxication. (wikidoc.org)

Temazepam is a drug of the benzodiazepine class. (psychonautwiki.org)
Lorazepam is a drug of the benzodiazepine class. (psychonautwiki.org)
The yawning behaviour, however, was not dose-dependent nor was the number of yawns in any of the drug treated groups significantly greater than in those treated with saline. (lookformedical.com)
Your doctor can either prescribe you a benzodiazepine or a non-benzodiazepine drug, depending on your problems. (sleepsociety.com.au)

The maximal level of enhancement seen with either CBD or 2-AG were on α2-containing GABAA receptor subtypes, with approximately a 4-fold enhancement of the GABA EC5 evoked current, more than twice the potentiation seen with other α-subunit receptor combinations. (researchgate.net)

6. These data suggest that systemic injection of the 5-HT6 antagonist, Ro 04-6790, produces a stretching behaviour that appears to be mediated by an increase in cholinergic neurotransmission in the CNS and which could be a useful functional correlate for 5-HT6 receptor blockade. (lookformedical.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms3

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs106

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes10

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Health Care4

Geographicals1

Receptors27

Sedative13

Gamma-amin5

Agonist3

Higher doses4

Agonists4

Dependence7

Physically dependent on benzodiazepines1

Seizures5

Alcohol6

Depressants2

Opioids3

Long-acting benzodia1

Exposure to benzodiazepines1

High doses3

Glutamate1

Sudden discontinuation1

Serotonin1

Withdrawal1

Neurons2

Ethanol1

Overdose1

Depressant2

Impairment2

Sedation2

Flumazenil14

Drugs10

Binds3

Chemically1

Midazolam2

Compounds2

Muscarinic2

Pediatric2

Effects6

Lower doses1

Dopamine1

Chlordiazepoxide2

Excretion2

Inhibitory effect1

Intoxication1

Drug4

GABAA1

Injection1