AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
ChromosomesVirus IntegrationHIV IntegraseChromosome MappingDNA, ViralCell DivisionChromosome BandingX ChromosomeCell LineChromosome AberrationsHIV-1Sex ChromosomesChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosome SegregationChromosomes, HumanChromosomes, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosome DeletionChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosomes, FungalChromosomes, PlantChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XChromosome PairingChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, MammalianChromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10Chromosomes, Human, YChromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosome DisordersChromosomes, Human, XChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosome PaintingChromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5KaryotypingChromosomes, Human, Pair 15In Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Human, 16-18Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20Chromosomes, Artificial, YeastMitosisChromosomes, Human, 13-15Genetic LinkageChromosome BreakageChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YMolecular Sequence DataRing ChromosomesMeiosisChromosome PositioningGenetic MarkersChromosome InversionChromosomes, Human, 4-5Base SequenceMutationCentromereX Chromosome InactivationMetaphaseAneuploidyChromosomes, InsectTranslocation, GeneticHybrid CellsChromosome StructuresPhenotypeSpindle ApparatusRecombination, GeneticChromosomes, Human, 19-20Asymmetric Cell DivisionCrosses, GeneticCell Nucleus DivisionCloning, MolecularAmino Acid SequenceMicrosatellite RepeatsLod ScorePedigreeCell Cycle ProteinsAllelesDNAKinetochoresNondisjunction, GeneticCell CycleTelomereChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneDNA ReplicationTrisomyDrosophila melanogasterSequence Analysis, DNANucleic Acid HybridizationModels, Genetic
MitosisSegregationSets of chromosomesGenes Chromosomes CancerCondensationEnds of chromosomesTime a cell dividesDescribing the movement of chromosomesTelomeresAbnormalitiesProteinsMeiosisChromatinMetaphaseOrganismBiologyOccurSecond meiotic divisionMicrotubulesAnaphaseSpindleAbnormal chromosomesGeneCancerSpermMeiotic divisionCopies of chromosomeReduces the chromosomeGenetic materialHomologous chromosomeOccursKinetochores23rd pairInterphase cellsGeneticsReplicateHuman chromosomePairsInheritanceGenomeDiploid cellMechanismCentromereCompactionMitotic cellCentriolesPaternalSomatic cellsAberrationsIdenticalStructureAcentricReplicationCentrosomesTelomere
Mitosis17
  • Recent projects have focused on the contributions of kinesin-8 motor proteins to chromosome movements, and kinetochore capture in early mitosis. (colorado.edu)
  • To avert this potential crisis, the cell devotes a substantial amount of energy during early mitosis to gradually reorganizing the sister chromatids into shorter structures that separate more easily. (jove.com)
  • Premature chromosome condensation (PCC), also known as premature mitosis, occurs in eukaryotic organisms when mitotic cells fuse with interphase cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Analysis of the mcd1 mutant and cell cycle-dependent expression pattern of Mcd1p suggest that this protein functions in chromosome morphogenesis from S phase through mitosis. (nih.gov)
  • It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences whereas a chromatid is one of the two copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis). (icsesolutions.com)
  • c) An aster is a cellular structure shaped like a star, formed around each centrosome during mitosis in an animal cell whereas spindle fibers are aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division. (icsesolutions.com)
  • As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis 6 . (nature.com)
  • Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
  • Here we show that pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei spatially cluster throughout mitosis and identify the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex as an essential regulator of this process. (nature.com)
  • During the division of somatic cells (mitosis) newly duplicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate and segregate to opposite daughter cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • The increased multipolar mitotic spindles were associated with an increased number of cells in the G2 phase of mitosis, indicating a mitotic checkpoint response. (cdc.gov)
  • Understanding the "active chromosome" and how chromosome morphology influences mitosis is pivotal to the understanding of novel routes to mitotic defects and causes for aneuploidy. (europa.eu)
  • Here I propose to investigate how dynamic mitotic chromosomes are assembled and how their morphology contributes to various aspects of mitosis. (europa.eu)
  • I will develop experimental conditions to mimic different degrees of "cohesion fatigue" (partial loss of sister chromatid cohesion), as well as a variety of abnormalities in chromosome structure and size and quantitatively evaluate how chromosome cohesion and condensation influence chromosome dynamics and signaling of the surveillance mechanism that control mitosis (the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint). (europa.eu)
  • Mitosis is a single nuclear division that results in two nuclei which may be usually partitioned into two new cells. (styleslicker.com)
  • In mitosis, the daughter cells have the identical variety of chromosomes as the mother or father cell, while in meiosis, the daughter cells have half the variety of chromosomes as the parent. (styleslicker.com)
  • The central player for chromosome segregation in both mitosis and meiosis is the macromolecular kinetochore structure, which is assembled by >100 structural and regulatory proteins on centromere DNA. (bvsalud.org)
Segregation18
Sets of chromosomes3
Genes Chromosomes Cancer3
Condensation9
  • This reorganization relies on condensin, a protein complex involved in the condensation of chromosomes. (jove.com)
  • Condensins use energy generated by ATP hydrolysis to promote two major processes that facilitate sister chromatid separation: chromosome condensation and sister chromatid resolution. (jove.com)
  • During chromosome condensation, chromatids become tightly packed. (jove.com)
  • this condensation is required in order for the cell to divide properly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Condensation during the G2 phase yields long chromosomes with two chromatids. (wikipedia.org)
  • The precise mechanism of chromosome condensation, as well as the premature condensation, is still in question. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, because chromosome condensation occurs spontaneously in M-phase extracts, sperm nuclei are added directly to CSF extracts to assay condensation. (nih.gov)
  • The mcd1 mutant is defective in sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome condensation. (nih.gov)
  • Others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation. (wikipedia.org)
Ends of chromosomes3
  • Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes, much as plastic tips protect shoelaces. (sciencenews.org)
  • all genes associated with this syndrome (ie, DKC1 , TERT, TERC, NOP10 ) encode proteins in the telomerase complex responsible for maintaining telomeres at the ends of chromosomes regarding shortening length, protection, and replication. (medscape.com)
  • Telomeres are structures at the ends of chromosomes that contain repetitive stretches of DNA. (cdc.gov)
Time a cell divides3
  • And each time a cell divides, chemical marks allow a cell to restore its 3D folding of its genome. (mit.edu)
  • Each time a cell divides, enzymes chew off a tiny portion of its telomeres. (sciencenews.org)
  • Telomeres provide a buffer that grows shorter every time a cell divides. (cdc.gov)
Describing the movement of chromosomes1
Telomeres9
  • Chromosomes have caps of repetitive DNA called telomeres at their ends. (listverse.com)
  • Every time cells divide, their telomeres shorten, which eventually prompts them to stop dividing and die. (listverse.com)
  • The jellyfish also had unique mutations that stunted cell division and prevented telomeres - chromosomes' protective caps - from deteriorating. (newscientist.com)
  • Telomeres also protect a chromosome's DNA sequence as it is being copied during cell division. (cdc.gov)
  • Over time, telomeres become so short that cell division stops and the cell dies. (cdc.gov)
  • With each round of cell division, the length of telomeres is shortened and the enzyme telomerase compensates by maintaining telomere length in germline and stem cells. (medscape.com)
  • The telomeres are the DNA-protein structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, which serve to protect and stabilize the genome. (lu.se)
  • Normal cellular ageing involves the shortening of telomeres in each cell division. (lu.se)
  • In cancer cells, the telomerase enzyme elongates telomeres, providing a mechanism for a continued unlimited cell division. (lu.se)
Abnormalities6
  • These signs and symptoms include delayed development, intellectual disability, certain physical abnormalities, and the characteristic features of a genetic condition called Gorlin syndrome (also known as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome). (medlineplus.gov)
  • These cell division abnormalities result in an extra partial or full chromosome 21. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Such abnormalities may be caused by an irregular activity of the APC/C. To verify this idea, Ms. Penkner conducted clever experiments in which she inactivated the APC/C in yeast cells in addition to Mnd2. (scienceblog.com)
  • Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Down syndrome is a chromosome disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21 that results in intellectual disability and physical abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In some people, leukemia is caused by certain abnormalities of the chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The continuously updated material also makes it possible to address scientific questions related to the mechanisms through which chromosomal/genomic changes participate in the carcinogenic process by elucidating why, how and when chromosome abnormalities are formed, the chromosomal anatomy of cytogenetic changes and genes involved in fusions, the role chromosome aberrations play in the formation of fusion genes, and the mechanisms by which gene fusions exert their effects. (lu.se)
Proteins10
  • Egg extracts, in which the cell cycle state can be manipulated, contain stockpiles of nuclear proteins (including condensin and cohesin) sufficient for the assembly of thousands of nuclei per microliter. (nih.gov)
  • Chromosome 9 likely contains 800 to 900 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The physical association between Mcd1p and Smc1p, one of the SMC family of chromosomal proteins, further suggests that Mcd1p functions directly on chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones . (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the cell nucleus, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones, forming a densely packed structure known as chromatin. (mit.edu)
  • Genes are specific sequences of nucleotides on a chromosome that encode particular proteins which express in the form of some particular feature of the body. (icsesolutions.com)
  • The proteins made from these genes make a complex called cohesion that helps to regulate the organization and maintenance of chromosomes during cellular division. (brighthub.com)
  • I plan to use a multidisciplinary approach, combining acute protein inactivation, 4D-live cell imaging and biophysical/mathematical approaches to evaluate role of condensin complexes, one of the most abundant non-histone chromosomal proteins, in the process of chromosome assembly. (europa.eu)
  • Through a series of manipulations, in which the researchers inhibited the activity of individual proteins, they found two enzymes that were necessary for meiosis: Mec1, which is similar to ATR, known to suppress tumors in humans, and DDK, which is a vital coordinator of chromosome reshuffling. (nyu.edu)
  • Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
Meiosis15
Chromatin4
  • Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular, they found that certain chromatin regions, with marks telling cells not to read a particular segment of DNA, attract each other and form dense clumps called heterochromatin, which are difficult for the cell to access. (mit.edu)
  • e) If there are 46 chromosomes in a cell there will be 46 chromatin fibres inside the nucleus during interphase. (icsesolutions.com)
  • Nanotube s were observed in association with mitotic spindle microtubules, the centrosomes and condensed chromatin in cells exposed to 0.024, 0.24, 2.4 and 24 µg/cm2 SWCNT. (cdc.gov)
Metaphase4
Organism6
  • A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Individual cells inevitably fail and die, but as long as they can replace themselves with fresh functioning cells, the organ, and indeed organism, will remain intact. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • All cells in an organism have the same genetic content, but the genes used (expressed) by the cell may be regulated in different ways. (perkins.org)
  • To do so, they examined budding yeast--a model organism in cell biology because its chromosome replication and regulation are similar to that of humans. (nyu.edu)
  • Consider that the homologous chromosomes of a sexually reproducing organism are originally inherited as two separate sets, one from every mother or father. (styleslicker.com)
  • We are using the yeast model organism Saccharomyces castellii, which has telomere traits and telomerase activity that are highly similar to human cells. (lu.se)
Biology12
  • 1 Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104. (nih.gov)
  • 3 Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104. (nih.gov)
  • It is rare to find such a wide-ranging perspective on this topic in one volume and this collection of papers will be valuable to investigators interested in many aspects of cell biology, genetics, and cancer. (cshlpress.com)
  • APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 10 Biology Chapter 2 Cell Cycle, Cell Division and Structure Of Chromosomes. (icsesolutions.com)
  • This course element will introduce you to the fundamental principles of medically related cell biology and molecular and clinical genetics. (le.ac.uk)
  • Prof. Franz Klein and his colleague, Ph.D. student Alexandra Penkner from the Department of Chromosome Biology of the Max Perutz Laboratories at the Campus Vienna Biocenter, have now published results on an important regulation of this process in the journal CELL. (scienceblog.com)
  • In your first year, your modules give you an insight into various biological and chemical disciplines, including biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, microbiology and physiology. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Nature Cell Biology 2007, 9 (10), 1192-1198. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Journal of Cell Biology 2006, 174 (6), 791-801. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Nature Cell Biology 2006, 8 (9), 1035-1037. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • As students of biology are learning about the structure of the chromosome, present this model in addition to any raised lines that the text provides. (perkins.org)
Occur8
  • Kinetochore capture by spindle microtubules and the subsequent chromosome movements occur via highly dynamic microtubules that maintain kinetochore attachment during significant microtubule turnover. (colorado.edu)
  • these processes occur over two main phases of the cell cycle. (jove.com)
  • An error may occur in cell division during the early phases of a fetus' development. (medicinenet.com)
  • However, in order for normal development to occur, chromosomes must be replicated prior to their reshuffling. (nyu.edu)
  • The missing sex chromosome error can occur in either the mother's egg cell or the father's sperm cell. (chkd.org)
  • The majority of CDK2's known meiotic functions occur during prophase of the first meiotic division. (lu.se)
  • During our lifetime, spontaneous mutations can occur in the cells. (lu.se)
  • When a cell divides, the mutations are passed on to the daughter cells, but only mutations that occur in the DNA of the gametes are passed on to the next generation. (lu.se)
Second meiotic division2
Microtubules6
Anaphase2
  • The command for opening the cohesin rings, which initiates the division, comes via the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C). Klein explains, "While we worked on Mnd2, colleagues in the USA and Germany isolated Mnd2 as one of 13 subunits of the APC/C. However, the important role of Mnd2 was not revealed. (scienceblog.com)
  • Additionally, kinetochores can act as a signaling hub, regulating the start of anaphase through the spindle assembly checkpoint, and controlling the movement of chromosomes during anaphase. (bvsalud.org)
Spindle4
  • We are working to understanding how the mitotic spindle organizes and moves chromosomes. (colorado.edu)
  • Despite being studied for over a century, the manner by which forces are generated by the spindle and move chromosomes remains poorly understood. (harvard.edu)
  • We have previously shown mitotic spindle aberrations in cultured primary and immortalized human airway epithelial cells exposed to 24, 48 and 96 µg/cm2 single-walled carbon nanotube s (SWCNT). (cdc.gov)
  • To investigate mitotic spindle aberrations at concentrations anticipated in exposed workers, primary and immortalized human airway epithelial cells were exposed to SWCNT for 24-72 h at doses equivalent to 20 weeks of exposure at the Permissible Exposure Limit for particulates not otherwise regulated. (cdc.gov)
Abnormal chromosomes2
  • these abnormal chromosomes are often observed in cancer cells. (cdc.gov)
  • The resulting abnormal chromosomes interfere with normal control of cell division, so that affected cells multiply uncontrollably or are resistant to normal cell death, resulting in leukemia. (msdmanuals.com)
Gene26
  • Because the affected gene is on the X chromosome, girls are carriers of the mutant gene but develop the disease only very rarely (one in about 50 million). (news-medical.net)
  • The cohesin complex tethers the identical copies of each chromosome, called sister chromatids, together following DNA replication and promotes normal interphase chromosome structure and gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • The translocation involved in this condition, written as t(9;22), fuses part of the ABL1 gene from chromosome 9 with part of the BCR gene from chromosome 22, creating an abnormal fusion gene called BCR-ABL1 . (medlineplus.gov)
  • The abnormal chromosome 22, containing a piece of chromosome 9 and the fusion gene, is commonly called the Philadelphia chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The protein produced from the BCR-ABL1 gene signals cells to continue dividing abnormally and prevents them from self-destructing, which leads to overproduction of the abnormal cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The S. cerevisiae MCD1 (mitotic chromosome determinant) gene was identified in genetic screens for genes important for chromosome structure. (nih.gov)
  • What we have done in this work is develop a simple model that highlights qualitative features of the chemical systems inside cells and how they need to work in order to make memories of gene expression stable. (mit.edu)
  • In other words, gene is the DNA segment of the chromosome and it controls the expression of characteristics. (icsesolutions.com)
  • The report notes that the gene, eed, when functioning normally in female mouse embryos, keeps the paternal X chromosome inactive and many of its genes shut down in early placental cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Other studies have shown that the gene Xist is responsible for putting the molecular brakes only on the X chromosome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This gene is activated from the X chromosome that's going to be shut down, which in early placental material is only the X from the father, according to Terry Magnuson, PhD, senior author of the new study and Kenan professor of genetics at UNC-CH School of Medicine. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This gene is also involved in telling cells where to go in the embryo - to make head versus tail versus gut. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Without this gene functioning in the proper way, those cells move to the wrong place. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Inactivating one of two X chromosomes in female mouse stem cells: The X-inactivating gene Xist produces many RNA copies (pink), a process that is driven by a small region on the X chromosome called Xert (yellow). (technologynetworks.com)
  • The Xist gene awakens and produces hundreds of RNA molecules, encasing one X chromosome and making it shrink into a small lump. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The Berlin scientists identified a genetic circuit that receives information about the developmental stage of the cell and passes it on to the Xist gene. (technologynetworks.com)
  • In an initial screening experiment, the scientists determined 138 DNA segments on the X chromosome that appeared to be involved in signaling around the Xist gene in some way. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Pseudogenes associated with this gene are located on chromosome 9. (nih.gov)
  • Each chromosome consists of a single very long DNA molecule, and each gene on the chromosome is a particular segment of that DNA. (perkins.org)
  • Individuals have two of each chromosome and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired from each parent. (perkins.org)
  • The gene expression varies between different types of cell and when these epigenetic changes are inherited by daughter cells through cell division in the womb, different tissues and organs are built. (lu.se)
  • Gene expression is the process of several steps through which the information in a gene's DNA sequence is transferred to the structures and functions of a cell. (lu.se)
  • The Database of Chromosome Aberrations and Gene Fusions in Cancer, established in 1980, is an attempt to register systematically all published cytogenetic aberrations reported in cancer, including patient and tumor characteristics, gene fusions identified by cytogenetics or massively parallel sequencing, and studies pertaining to the clinical relevance of cytogenetic aberrations and/or gene rearrangements. (lu.se)
  • Mitelman F, Johansson B, Mertens F, Schyman T, Mandahl N. Cancer chromosome breakpoints cluster in gene-rich genomic regions. (lu.se)
  • For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
  • The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
Cancer11
  • Deletions of part or all of chromosome 9 are commonly found in bladder cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Bladder cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the bladder become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These chromosomal changes are seen only in cancer cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A rearrangement (translocation) of genetic material between chromosomes 9 and 22 causes a type of cancer of blood-forming cells called chronic myeloid leukemia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This slow-growing cancer leads to an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Usually, this will make the cell initiate apoptosis leading to its own death, but sometimes mutations in the cell hamper this process and thus cause progression of cancer . (wikipedia.org)
  • However, in most cases, these patterns of chromothripsis differed from those in cancer genomes as the rearrangements were largely restricted to a single daughter cell and lacked the canonical oscillations in DNA copy-number states 2 . (nature.com)
  • These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)
  • Mitotic clustering drives the unequal inheritance of acentric fragments by a single daughter cell, providing an explanation for the origins of distinct patterns of chromothripsis found across diverse cancer types and congenital disorders. (nature.com)
  • Although it is normally inactive in most other cells in the body, telomerase is activated in cancer cells, making them "immortal. (cdc.gov)
  • Although most cancer cells activate telomerase to maintain telomere length, about 10% of tumors use an alternative telomere lengthening mechanism, the so-called ALT mechanism. (lu.se)
Sperm13
  • The cell type that has 22 autosomes and an X sex chromosome is a gamete, such as an egg or sperm cell. (answers.com)
  • Absence of the X chromosome that occurs due to a defect in the father's sperm or in the mother's egg. (medicinenet.com)
  • Half the chromosomes come from the egg (the mother) and half come from the sperm (the father). (mayoclinic.org)
  • This XY chromosome pair includes the X chromosome from the egg and the Y chromosome from the sperm. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The cell division, which leads to the formation of gametes (egg and sperm cells), serves a different purpose. (scienceblog.com)
  • However, sexual reproduction relies on the production of gametes - eggs and sperm -that contain only one set of chromosomes. (nyu.edu)
  • When a baby is conceived, a normal egg cell and normal sperm cell start with 46 chromosomes. (chkd.org)
  • The egg and sperm cells then divide in half. (chkd.org)
  • The egg and sperm cells then have 23 chromosomes each. (chkd.org)
  • When a sperm with 23 chromosomes fertilizes an egg with 23 chromosomes, the baby will then have a complete set of 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs. (chkd.org)
  • Sometimes an error occurs when an egg or sperm cell is forming. (chkd.org)
  • But it is often an error that happened by chance when the father's sperm cell was forming. (chkd.org)
  • Germ cells (eggs and sperm) and stem cells contain an enzyme, telomerase, that restores telomere length. (cdc.gov)
Meiotic division2
  • Left: nondisjunction shown at first meiotic division resulting in uneven distribution of chromosomes. (smartdraw.com)
  • then, at the first meiotic division, they are partitioned into completely different nuclei. (styleslicker.com)
Copies of chromosome2
  • Two copies of chromosome 9, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (news-medical.net)
  • The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 9. (medlineplus.gov)
Reduces the chromosome1
  • The specialized kind of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half results in the production of haploid phase in the life cycle is 1. (neetprep.com)
Genetic material2
  • For a living cell to divide successfully, each daughter cell must inherit the correct genetic material. (colorado.edu)
  • Chromosomes appear only immediately prior to cell division and are made up of 2 exact copies of genetic material (chromatids). (perkins.org)
Homologous chromosome1
  • Individuals receive one homologous chromosome from each parent. (perkins.org)
Occurs5
Kinetochores2
  • Bod1-depleted cells form syntelic attachments that can oscillate and generate enough force to separate sister kinetochores, suggesting that microtubule-kinetochore interactions were intact. (rupress.org)
  • Kinetochores play a crucial role in cell division by connecting chromosomal DNA and microtubule polymers. (bvsalud.org)
23rd pair2
Interphase cells2
Genetics1
  • A research team led by Lise Meitner Group Leader Edda Schulz at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (MPIMG) found the answer to this decades-old puzzle in mouse stem cells and published their results in the journal Molecular Cell . (technologynetworks.com)
Replicate2
Human chromosome1
Pairs5
  • Chromosome 9 is made up of about 140 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents approximately 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (news-medical.net)
  • Affected individuals are missing at least 352,000 base pairs, also written as 352 kilobases (kb), in the q22.3 region of chromosome 9. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In this statement, reduction means that the number of chromosomes are reduced to half i.e. out of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, only single set of chromosomes are passed on to the sex cells. (icsesolutions.com)
  • Sequencing of daughter cell pairs derived from micronucleated mother cells demonstrated that complex rearrangements are indeed a common outcome of micronucleus formation. (nature.com)
  • There are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. (mayoclinic.org)
Inheritance4
  • Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
  • The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)
Genome2
  • Genes on chromosome 9 are among the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 total genes in the human genome. (news-medical.net)
  • MIT study suggests 3D folding of the genome is key to cells' ability to store and pass on "memories" of which genes they should express. (mit.edu)
Diploid cell1
  • Typically, when a diploid cell divides, it first duplicates each of its chromosomes. (jove.com)
Mechanism2
  • Here we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient fibroblasts containing ring chromosomes with large deletions and found that reprogrammed cells lost the abnormal chromosome and duplicated the wild-type homologue through the compensatory uniparental disomy (UPD) mechanism. (ca.gov)
  • This mechanism is thought to restrict the lifespan of cells to a limited number of divisions, making telomere length a measure of aging at the cellular level. (cdc.gov)
Centromere2
  • [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chromosome is composed of two identical chromatids attached at the centromere. (perkins.org)
Compaction1
  • In contrast, condensin is active largely in M phase and promotes the compaction of individual chromosomes. (nih.gov)
Mitotic cell2
  • PCC results when an interphase cell fuses with a mitotic cell, causing the interphase cell to produce condensed chromosomes prematurely. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclin dependent-kinase 2 (CDK2) plays important functions during the mitotic cell cycle and also facilitates several key events during germ cell development. (lu.se)
Centrioles1
Paternal2
  • Once the paternal X chromosome is shut down, then the cells must continue to divide and keep it shut down. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In this process, maternal and paternal versions of each chromosome pair up and swap sections of their DNA through a process known as homologous recombination-a "reshuffling" that gives rise to chromosomes with new combinations of maternal and paternal genes. (nyu.edu)
Somatic cells1
  • It is only known that MPF is a key enzyme that induces PCC in somatic cells or oocytes, as they play a key role in cell cycle regulation and cell growth control. (wikipedia.org)
Aberrations3
  • Ring chromosomes are structural aberrations commonly associated with birth defects, mental disabilities and growth retardation. (ca.gov)
  • Owing to the severity of these large aberrations that can affect multiple contiguous genes, no possible therapeutic strategies for ring chromosome disorders have been proposed. (ca.gov)
  • Our results suggest a fundamentally different function for cellular reprogramming as a means of 'chromosome therapy' to reverse combined loss-of-function across many genes in cells with large-scale aberrations involving ring structures. (ca.gov)
Identical1
  • During the M phase, the duplicated chromosomes are separated and distributed to two genetically identical daughter cells. (jove.com)
Structure8
  • Chromosome structure in both interphase and M-phase cells is strongly influenced by the action of the cohesin and condensin protein complexes. (nih.gov)
  • We present a model for mitotic chromosome structure that incorporates this previously unsuspected link. (nih.gov)
  • [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
  • Previous work by Mirny's lab has shown that the 3D structure of chromosomes is, to a great extent, determined by these epigenetic modifications, or marks. (mit.edu)
  • a) A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. (icsesolutions.com)
  • In initial experiments, Ms. Penkner observed defects in meiotic chromosome structure, DNA breaks and premature separation of sister chromatides in cells lacking Mnd2. (scienceblog.com)
  • The simplest use for this model is in describing the structure of the chromosome. (perkins.org)
  • Macromolecular synthesis (chromosome structure, cell division and its control). (lu.se)
Acentric3
  • Inactivation of CIP2A-TOPBP1 caused acentric fragments to disperse throughout the mitotic cytoplasm, stochastically partition into the nucleus of both daughter cells and aberrantly misaccumulate as cytoplasmic DNA. (nature.com)
  • Mitotic clustering facilitates the reassembly of acentric fragments into rearranged chromosomes lacking the extensive DNA copy-number losses that are characteristic of canonical chromothripsis. (nature.com)
  • Such structures are a result of chromosome fragments or entire acentric chromosomes which are lost during a cell division. (bvsalud.org)
Replication1
  • In this way, Mec1 acts like a traffic cop that allows chromosome replication to finish without interruption, before giving DDK the ok to begin the reshuffling. (nyu.edu)
Centrosomes1
  • We have now demonstrated fragmented centrosomes, disrupted mitotic spindles and aneuploid chromosome number at those doses. (cdc.gov)
Telomere1
  • Telomere shortening and chronic diseases could be caused by the same cell-damaging processes, such as oxidative stress and inflammation. (cdc.gov)